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BAZELE TEORETICO-METODOLOGICE
ALE ANALIZEI ECONOMICO-FINANCIARE
1.1 Analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU �vQ�PHFDQLVPXO�FRQGXFHULL
3URFHVXO�GH�FRQGXFHUH�QX�VH�SRDWH�ED]D�SH�UXWLQ �úL� LQWXL LH�FL�SH�R�
DQDOL] �úWLLQWLILF ��SH�R�FXQRDúWHUH�WHPHLQLF �D�VLWXD LHL�GDWH��R�LGHQWLILFDUH�D�YXOQHUDELOLW LORU�úL�RSRUWXQLW LORU�GH�GH]YROWDUH�
ÌQWUHSULQGHUHD�HVWH�R�RUJDQL]D LH�VRFLDO ��FX�R�VWUXFWXU �úL�GLQDPLF �specific , fapt ce determin úi complexitatea actului decizional. Ca activitate SUDFWLF ��DQDOL]D�HFRQRPLco-ILQDQFLDU �DUH�XQ�FDUDFWHU�SHUPDQHQW��LQGLIHUHQW�GH� VXELHFWXO� FDUH� R� HIHFWXHD] � GHRDUHFH� SULQ� YDORULILFDUHD� LQIRUPD LHL�IXUQL]DWH� GH� VLVWHPXO� úL� SROLWLFLOH� FRQWDELOH, se pot formula concluzii SHUWLQHQWH�DVXSUD�DQVDPEOXOXL�DFWLYLW LL�VDX�VHJPHQWHORU�DFHsteia.
3H� ED]D� DQDOL]HL�� IDFWRUXO� XPDQ� IRUPXOHD] � FRQFOX]LL� SULQ� FDUH� VH�GLULMHD] �HIRUWXO�DVWIHO�vQFkW�HIHFWHOH�V �ILH�PD[LPH��VDWLVIDFkQG�SULQ�DFHasta FHULQ HOH�SURSULHWDULORU�FDSLWDOXULORU�LQYHVWLWH�
1.2 'HOLPLW UL�FRQFHSWXDOH�SULYLQG�DQDOL]D�HFRQRPLFR-fiQDQFLDU
Analiza Economico-)LQDQFLDU � VWXGLD] � PHFDQLVPXO� GH� IRUPDUH� úL�modificare a fenomenelor economice prin descompunerea lor în elemente FRPSRQHQWH�� vQ� S U L� VLPSOH� úL� SULQ� VWDELOLUHD� IDFWRULORU� GH� LQIOXHQ ��Descompunerea se face în trepte, de la complex la simplu, în vederea LGHQWLILF ULL�FDX]HORU�ILQDOH�FDUH�H[SOLF �R�DQXPLW �VWDUH�GH�IDSW��XQ�DQXPLW�QLYHO�GH�SHUIRUPDQ �VDX�R�DQXPLW �HYROX LH�D�ORU��Fig. 1.1).
1
)LJ������6FKHPD�GHVI úXU ULL�DQDOL]HL�HFRQRPLFR-financiare1.
Elementele = S U L�FRPSRQHQWH�DOH�IHQRPHQXOXL�DQDOL]DW�
Factorii = IRU H� PRWULFH� FDUH� SURYRDF �� GHWHUPLQ � XQ�fenomen, un rezultat.
Cauzele finale = vPSUHMXU UL� FDUH� vQ� DQXPLWH� FRQGL LL� H[SOLF �DSDUL LD� XQXL� IHQRPHQ�� VWDUHD� úL� HYROX LD�acestuia.
AnaOL]D� HFRQRPLF � VWXGLD] � IHQRPHQHOH� GLQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH�HFRQRPLF��UHVSHFWLY�DO�FRQVXPXOXL�GH�UHVXUVH�úL�DO�UH]XOWDWHORU�RE LQXWH��De asemenea, trebuie OXDWH� vQ� FRQVLGHUDUH� UHOD LLOH� VWUXFWXUDO-IXQF LRQDOH� úL� D�FHORU� FDX] -efect. Complexitatea analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUH� GHFXUJH� úL�GLQ�IDSWXO�F �vQ�HFRQRPLH�H[LVW �XUP WRDUHOH�VLWXD LL� • DFHODúL�HIHFW�SRDWH�IL�SURGXV�GH�FDX]H�GLIHULWH� • DFHHDúL�FDX] �SRDWH�SURGXFH�HIHFWH�GLIHULWH� • HIHFWH�GLIHULWH�VH�SRW�FRPELQD�GkQG�R�UH]XOWDQW �D�FRPSOH[XOXL�GH�IDFWRUL�
sau foU H� • FRPSOH[LWDWHD�úL�LQWHQVLWDWHD�FDX]HL�SRW�GHWHUPLQD�QX�QXPDL�LQWHQVLWDWHD�
fenomenului dat, ci úL�calitatea lui; • vQ� IHQRPHQXO� DQDOL]DW� SRW� DS UHD� vQVXúLUL� SH� FDUH� QX� OH-a avut nici un
element al fenomenului.
1 ����������� ���� ��� ���� �������� � ����������� ��� �!�!� "� � ���������#$ �!���&% ��� ��'� �����! � �(��)(*,+.- ��/&���!�� ��0 � - �21�3�4�5.�
Fenomenul X
1
1.1 1.2
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2.1 1.2.2
a b c d d e f g
2
2.1 2.2 2.3
3
3.1 3.2
Elemente
Factori de grad I
Factori de grad II
Cauze finale
1.3 Probleme principale privind bazele teoretico-metodologice ale analizei economico-financiare
1.3.1 Tipologia analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUH� úL� D� IDFWRULORU� GH�
LQIOXHQ �� &RQ LQXWXO� SURFHVXOXL� GH� DQDOL] � HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU
Tipologia Analizei Economico-Financiare
$QDOL]D�HFRQRPLF �SRDWH�IL�FODVLILFDW �vQ�PDL�PXOWH�WLSXUL�vQ�IXQF LH�de diferite criterii, astfel:
I) 'XS � UDSRUWXO� vQWUH� PRPHQWXO� vQ� FDUH� VH� HIHFWXHD] � DQDOL]D� úL� FHO� DO�GHVI úXU ULL�IHQRPHQXOXL�
A) analiza post-factum sau post operatorie,� �DQDOL]D� UHDOL] ULL�obiectivelor);
B) analiza previzionaO �VDX�SURVSHFWLY .
II) 'LQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� DO� vQVXúLULORU� HVHQ LDOH� VDX� DO� GHWHUPLQ ULORU�cantitative ale fenomenelor:
A) DQDOL]D�FDOLWDWLY � B) DQDOL]D�FDQWLWDWLY �
III) 'XS �QLYHOXO�OD�FDUH�VH�GHVI úRDU �DQDOL]D� A) DQDOL]D�PLFURHFRQRPLF � B) DQDOL]D�PDFURHFRQRPLF �
IV) 'XS �PRGXO�GH�XUP ULUH�vQ�WLPS�D�IHQRPHQHORU� A) DQDOL]D�VWDWLF � B) DQDOL]D�GLQDPLF �
V) 'XS �FULWHULLOH�GH�VWXGLHUH�D�IHQRPHQHORU� A) analiza tehnico-HFRQRPLF �� B) analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU � C) DQDOL]D�ILQDQFLDU �
VI) În�IXQF LH�GH�GHOLPLWDUHD�RELHFWului analizat: A) analiza pH�UDPXUL��DQDOL]D�SH�XQLW L�RUJDQL]DWRULFH��vQWUHSULQGHUL��
grupuri de întreprinderi, holdinguri); B) analiza pe probleme (cifra de afaceri, rentabilitate, etc).
����������&D�GLVFLSOLQ �LQGHSHQGHQW �vQ�SODQXO�GH�vQY PkQW��FDUH�úL-a delimitat obiectul în procesul de formare a specialistului economist, analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU � U VSXQGH� XQRU� QHFHVLW L� SUDFWLFH�� ILLQG� DQFRUDW � vQ�UHDOLW LOH� vQWUHSULQGHULL�� $FHDVWD�� SH� ED]D� LQIRUPD LHL� H[LVWHQWH�� FHUFHWHD] �UH]XOWDWHOH�RE LQXWH��IDFWRULL�FDUH�OH-au determinDW�úL�FRQFRUGDQ D�DFHVWRUD�FX�FULWHULLOH� GH�HILFLHQ ��HYLGHQ LLQG�SRVLELOLW ile de sporire a SHUIRUPDQ HORU�întreprinderii.
&RQ LQXWXO�SURFHVXOXL�GH�aQDOL] �economico-fLQDQFLDU
3URFHVXO� GH� DQDOL] � HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU � UHSUH]LQW inversul HYROX LHL�UHDOH�D�IHQRPHQXOXL��$QDOL]D�SRUQHúWH�GH�OD�UH]XOWDWHOH�SURFHVXOXL�vQFKHLDW�F WUH�HOHPHQWH�úL�IDFWRUL��FXSULQ]kQG�XUP WRDUHOH�HWDSH�
1) Delimitarea obiectului analizei, care presupune constatarea anumitor
fapte, fenomene, rezultate. Delimitarea obiectului se faFH� vQ� WLPS� úL�sSD LX��FDOLWDWLY�úL�FDQWLWDWLY�
2) 'HWHUPLQDUHD� HOHPHQWHORU�� IDFWRULORU� úL� FDX]HORU� IHQRPHQXOXL� VWXGLDW��
'HVFRPSXQHUHD�vQ�HOHPHQWH�SUHVXSXQH�R�DQDOL] �VWUXFWXUDO ��)DFWRULL�VH�XUP UHVF�vQ�PRG�VXFFHVLY��WUHFkQG�GH�OD�FHL�FX�DF LXQH�GLUHFW �OD�Fei cu DF LXQH�LQGLUHFW ��SkQ �OD�VWDELOLUHD�FDX]HORU�ILQDOH��SULPDUH�;
3) 6WDELOLUHD� IDFWRULORU�SUHVXSXQH�úL�GHWHUPLQDUHD�FRUHOD LHL�GLQWUH�ILHFDUH�
IDFWRU� úL� IHQRPHQXO� DQDOL]DW�� FkW� úL� D� FRUHOD LHL� GLQWUH� IDFWRULL� FDUH�ac LRQHD] ;
4) 0 VXUDUHD� LQIOXHQ HORU� GLIHULWHORU� HOHPHQWH� VDX� IDFWRUL�� VH� XWLOL]HD] �
DQDOL]D� FDQWLWDWLY � SHQWUX� FXDQWLILFDUHD� LQIOXHQ HORU�� D� UH]HUYHORU�interne, a aprecierii cât mai exacte a rezultatelor;
5) Sintetizarea rezultatelor analizei, stabilindu-VH�FRQFOX]LLOH�úL�DSUHFLHULOH�
asupra activLW LL�GLQ�VIHUD�FHUFHWDW ;
6) (ODERUDUHD� P VXULORU� FDUH� UHSUH]LQW � FRQ LQXWXO� GHFL]LLORU� PHQLWH� V �DVLJXUH� R� IRORVLUH� RSWLP � D� UHVXUVHORU�� SHQWUX� VSRULUHD� HILFLHQ HL�DFWLYLW LL�vQ�YLLWRU�
&ODVLILFDUHD�IDFWRULORU�GH�LQIOXHQ �D�IHQRPHQHORU�HFRQRPLFH
FiecDUH� vQWUHSULQGHUH�� LQGLIHUHQW� GH� WLSXO�� SURILOXO� GH� DFWLYLWDWH� úL�ORFDOL]DUHD�HL�VH�FRQIUXQW �FX�R�PXOWLWXGLQH�GH�IDFWRULL�FDUH�IRUPHD] �PHGLXO�de afaceri.
5HOD LLOH� GH� LQWHUDF LXQH� GLQWUH� ILUP � úL� VRFLHWDWH� VXQW� UHFLSURFH� úL�extrem de complexe, ele putânG�IL�SXVH�vQ�HYLGHQ �FX�DMXWRUXO�Fig 1.2 ����������0DQDJHULL�vQWUHSULQGHULL�QX�R�SRW�DGPLQLVWUD�FX�VXFFHV�I U �D� LQH�FRQW�GH� IDFWRULL� FDUH� GHFXUJ� GLQ� UHOD LLOH� GH� LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH� UHFLSURF � GLQWUH�vQWUHSULQGHUH� úL� PHGLXO� H[WHUQ�� FXP� DU� IL�� IDFWRUL� WHKQLci, tehnologici, economici, sociali, politici, juridici psihologici, demografici etc.
5HOD LL�GLUHFWH 5HOD LL�LQGLUHFWH
)LJ������5HOD LLOH�GH�LQWHUDF LXQH�GLQWUH�ILUP �úL�VRFLHWDWH2
2 G.A. Steiner, J.F.Steiner/Business, Government and Society/Mc Graw-Hill, Inc./USA/1991
Mass-media
Întreprinderea
6� ���!�� ��� � �comunitare
locale
Organismele de '� �� ��� �7�consumatorilor
�,� ����!
Comunitatea de afaceri
Guvernul Grupurile politice
Comunitatea 8 ������ ��
Creditorii
Sindicatele
9 � �!�
Firmele concurente
Intelectualii
Managerii companiei
Grupurile de interes
special
�,����� :;� < ��=;� � � le �������!� ������ � �>=?��� �
le ���7���#$�!
Furnizorii
Biserica
< ��=;� � � le juridice
$FHúWL� IDFWRUL� DF LRQHD] � GH� UHJXO � QX izolat, ci interdependent, corelat, într-XQ� VLVWHP� GH� OHJ WXUL� vQFKHJDWH�� ,GHQWLILFDUHD� ORU� QHFHVLW �FXQRDúWHUHD�SUHFLV �D�F L�GH�IRUPDUH�D�UH]XOWDWXOXL��D�OHJ WXULORU�FDX]DOH�DOH�acestuia.
&ODVLILFDUHD� IDFWRULORU� VH� SRDWH� IDFH� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� PDL� PXOWH�
criterii: I) 'XS �QDWXUD�ORU�
� WHKQLFL�� WHKQRORJLFL�� RUJDQL]D LRQDOL�� HFRQRPLFL�� VRFLDO-politici, demografici, psihologici, biologici, naturali etc.
II) 'XS �FDUDFWHUXO�ORU�vQWU-R�DQXPLW �UHOD LH�GH�FDX]DOLWDWH� � factori calitativi; � factori cantitativi, care sunt pXUW WRULi materiali ai celor calitativi; � IDFWRUL�GH� VWUXFWXU , care intervin atunci când rezultatul analizei
VH�UHIHU �OD�P VXUL�DJUHJDWH��FRPSXVH�GLQ�PDL�PXOWH�HOHPHQWH�� III) 'XS �PRGXO�FXP�DF LRQHD] �
� IDFWRUL� FX� DF LXQH� GLUHFW �� FDUH� vúL� H[HUFLW � QHPLMORFLW� LQIOXHQ D�asupra fenomenului analizat;
� IDFWRUL� FX� DF LXQH� LQGLUHFW � �GH� JUDGXO� ������Q��� FDUH� DF LRQHD] �asupra fenomenului analizat, prin intermediul altor factori.
IV) ÌQ�IXQF LH�GH�DFWLYLWDWHD�vQWUHSULQGHULL� � IDFWRUL� GHSHQGHQ L� GH� DFWLYLWDWHD� vQWUHSULQGHULL�� VXQW� FHL� FDUH� vúL�
au originea în eforturile depuse de întreprindere pentru economisirea tuturor categoriilor de resurse. De exemplu, VFKLPEDUHD� VWUXFWXULL� SURGXF LHL� GHSLQGH� GH� DFWLYLWDWHD�întreprinderii.
� IDFWRUL�LQGHSHQGHQ L�GH�DFWLYLWDWHD�vQWUHSULQGHULi. V) 'XS �JUDGXO�GH�VLQWHWL]DUH�
� IDFWRUL�VLPSOL��FDUH�QX�SRW�IL�GH]PHPEUD L� � IDFWRUL�FRPSOHFúL��FDUH�VXQW�GHWHUPLQD L�GH�R�VHULH�GH�DO L�IDFWRUL�
VLPSOL�VDX�FRPSOHFúL� VI) 'XS �L]YRUXO�DF LXQLL�ORU�
� factori interni (endogeni), care vúL� au originea în interiorul îQWUHSULQGHULL� �GH� H[HPSOX� RUJDQL]DUHD� LQWHUQ � D� SURGXF LHL��ULWPLFLWDWHD�SURGXF LHL��UD LRQDOL] ULOH�vQ�SURGXF LH etc);
� factori externi (exogeni), care� vúL� DX� RULJLQHD� vQ� PHGLXO� H[WHUQ�întreprinderii (de exemplu modificarea cursului de schimb, FRQFXUHQ D��LQIOD LD etc.)
VII) 'XS �VWDGLXO�FLUFXLWXOXL�HFRQRPLF� � IDFWRUL�VSHFLILFL�DSURYL]LRQ ULL�� � IDFWRUL�VSHFLILFL�SURGXF LHL�� � IDFWRUL�VSHFLILFL�YkQ] ULL�SURGXF LHL�HWF�
VIII) 'XS �SRVLELOLW LOH�GH�SUHYL]LXQH� � IDFWRUL� SUHYL]LELOL� �FHU L� VDX� GHWHUPLQDELOL�, care� DF LRQHD] în
cadrul unor procese controlate de conducerea întreprinderii. � factori imprevizibili (aleatori), care� DF LRQHD] � QHFRQWURODW�� FD�
XUPDUH�D�XQRU�DEDWHUL�GH�OD�GHVI úXUDUHD�QRUPDO �D�XQRU�SURFHVH�HFRQRPLFH�VDX�VXE�LPSXOVXO�XQRU�IRU H�GLQ�DIDU �
IX) 'XS �LQWHQVLWDWHD�DF LXQLL�ORU� � IDFWRUL�GRPLQDQ L� �IDFWRUL� FKHLH��� VXQW� FHL� D� F URU� LQIOXHQ �HVWH�
KRW UkWRDUH�vQ�RE LQHUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU� � IDFWRUL� VHFXQGDUL�� FHL� D� F URU� LQIOXHQ � QX� HVWH� KRW UkWRDUH� vQ�
RE LQHUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU��
1.3.2 5ROXO� DQDOL]HL� vQ� HYDOXDUHD� úL� UHJODUHD� SHUIRUPDQ HORU�
economico-financiare ale întreprinderii
(WLPRORJLF�� GLDJQRVWLFXO� vQVHDPQ �FDSDFLWDWHD� GH� GLVFHUQ PkQW�� LDU�într-R� DFFHS LXQH� VLQWHWLF �� DQDOL]D� GLDJQRVWLF� SUHVXSXQH� UHSHUDUHD�VLPWRPHORU��D�GLVIXQF LRQDOLW LORU�XQHL�ILUPH��FHUFHWDUHD�úL�DQaliza faptelor úL� a UHVSRQVDELOLW LORU�� LGHQWLILFDUHD� FDX]HORU� GLVIXQFWLRQDOLW LORU��HODERUDUHD�XQRU�SODQXUL�GH�DF LXQH�SULQ�D�F URU�DSOLFDUH�SUDFWLF se asigur UHGUHVDUHD�úL�DPHOLRUDUHD�SHUIRUPDQ HORU�
Efectuarea diagnosticului unei firme poate fi motiYDW �QX�QXPDL�GH�VLWXD LD�vQ�FDUH�DFHDVWD�DUH�GLILFXOW L��UHVSHFWLY�GLVIXQF LRQDOLW L��FL�úL�DWXQFL�FkQG��DúD�FXP�VSXQH�-HDQ�3LHUUH�7KLEDXW��³vQWUHSULQGHUHD�DUH�R�EXQ �VWDUH�GH�V Q WDWH³� GDU� VH� GRUHúWH� vPEXQ W LUHD� SHUIRUPDQ HORU� HL�� 'HRDUHFH� SULQ�analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU � VH� VWDELOHVF� SXQFWHOH� WDUL� úL� VODEH� GLQ�DFWLYLWDWHD�XQHL�ILUPH�GDU�úL�P VXULOH�FH�XUPHD] �D�VH�DSOLFD�SH�WHUPHQ�VFXUW�úL� OXQJ� SHQWUX� DWLQJHUHD� DQXPLWRU� RELHFWLYH� SURSXVH�� DQDOL]D� GLDJQRVWLF�FRQVWLWXLH�R�SDUWH�FRPSRQHQW �D�PDQDJHPHQWului strategic al întreprinderii.
În general, în func ie de scop, diagnosticul poate fi restrâns la anumite probleme sau extins în accep iunea de diagnostic global. 'H�H[HPSOX��vQ�DQDOL]D�GRVDUXOXL�GH�FUHGLW�vQWRFPLW�GH�F WUH�E QFL��DFFHQWXO�este pus pe cDSDFLWDWHD�GH�SODW �D�vQWUHSULQGHULL��I U �D�H[FOXGH�úL�DOWH�DVSHFWH�DOH�DFWLYLW LL�ILQDQFLDUH�
'LDJQRVWLFXO�UH]XPDW�OD�R�DQXPLW �SUREOHP �economico-ILQDQFLDU �D�firmei, folosit în practica PDQDJHULDO �FXUHQW ��VH�HIHFWXHD] �PDL�DOHV�FkQG�VH�VHPQDOHD] �GLVIXQF LRQDOLW L� vQ�DFWLYLWDWHD�DFHVWHLD��&kQG�vQWUHSULQGHUHD�VH�FRQIUXQW �FX�GLILFXOW L�JUDYH�VH�LPSXQH�XQ�GLDJQRVWLF�FRPSOH[��JOREDO�
În concluzie, analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU �DUH�XQ�URO�IXQGDPHQWDO�vQ�HYDOXDUHD�� UHJODUHD�úL�DPHOLRUDUHD�SHUIRUPDQ HORU�economico-financiare ale întreprinderii. De aceea, aceasta�FRQVWLWXLH�ED]D�VWXGLLORU�GH�IH]DELOLWDWH�úL�D�FHORU�GH�HYDOXDUH�HFRQRPLF �D�vQWUHSULQGHULORU�
Analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU �� DúD� FXP� V-D� PHQ LRQDW� DQWHULRU�� FD�DFWLYLWDWH�SUDFWLF ��DUH�XQ�FDUDFWHU�SHUPDQHQW�� LQGLIHUHQW�GDF �VH� UHDOL]HD] �GH�F WUH�XQ�FRPSDUWLPHQW�vQ�FDGUXO�ILUPHL,�VDX�GH�F WUH�VRFLHW L�VSHFLDOL]DWH�GH�FRQVXOWDQ ��DXGLW etc.
������0HWRGH�úL�WHKQLFL�XWLOL]DWH�vQ�DQDOL]D�HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU
În cadrul analizei economico-financiare VH� XWLOL]HD] � PDL� PXOWH�PHWRGH�úL�SURFHGHH�VSHFLILFH�VDX�vPSUXPXWDWH�GLQ�DOWH�úWLLQ H��$FHVWHD�VH�SRW�grupa în 2 categorii:
1) metode ale analizei calitative; 2) metode ale analizei cantitative.
1) 0HWRGH�úL�WHKQLFL�GH�DQDOL] �FDOLWDWLY :
1.1 'LYL]LXQHD�úL�GHVFRPSXQHrea rezultatelor. 1.2 &RPSDUD LD. 1.3 Stabilirea sistemului factorial-FDX]DO�DO�H[SOLF ULL�IHQRPHQXOXL. 1.4 Modelarea fenomenelor economice. 1.5 Interpretarea rezultatelor. 1.6 Generalizarea sau evaluarea rezultatelor.
1.1 'LYL]LXQHD�úL�GHVFRPSXQHUHD�UH]XOWDWHORU
Diviziunea� úL�GHVFRPSXQHUHD� UH]XOWDWHORU� úL�D�DEDWHULORU� ORU� VXQW�GH�mai multe feluri:
a) GLYL]LXQHD�GXS �WLPSXO�GH�IRUPDUH�D�UH]XOWDWHORU� b) GLYL]LXQHD�GXS �ORFXO�GH�IRUPDUH�D�acestora ; c) descompuneUHD�SH�S U L��HOHPHQWH��IDFWRUL�úL cauze.
1.2 &RPSDUD LD
Orice rezultat�DO�DFWLYLW LL�ILUPHL�VH�DQDOL]HD] �úL�DSUHFLD] �QX�FD�R�P ULPH�LPSRUWDQW �vQ�VLQH��FL�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQ�FULWHULX��ED] �GH�FRPSDUD LH��ÌQ�FD]XO�RULF UHL�vQWUHSULQGHUL��H[LVW �SRVLELOLWDWHD�XWLOL] ULL�XUP WRDUHORU�FULWHULL�GH� FRPSDUD LH�� QLYHOXO� RELHFWLYHORU programate, rezultatele perioadei (perioadelor) precedente, rezultatele altor întreprinderi concurente, rezultatele unor întreprinderi din DOWH� UL��QRUPDWLYH��VWDQGDUGH etc.
7LSXUL�GH�FRPSDUD LL� • FRPSDUD LL�vQ�WLPS�� • FRPSDUD LL�vQ�VSD iu; • FRPSDUD LL�vQ�func ie de un criteriu prestabilit (program, norme,
standarde, etaloane, valori de normalitate, niveluri stabilite de VWUXFWXUL�VSHFLDOL]DWH�EDQFDUH��VWDWLVWLFH��DJHQ LL�HWF.);
• FRPSDUD LL�FX�FDUDFWHU�VSHFLDO� (VWH�REOLJDWRULX�V � VH�DVLJXUH�FRPSDUDELOLWDWHD datelor, ele trebuind
V � DLE � XQ� FDUDFWHU� RPRJHQ�� V � ILH� H[SULPDWH� vQWU-XQ� HWDORQ� XQLF� úL� V � ILH�GHWHUPLQDWH�GXS �R�PHWRGRORJLH�XQLWDU �
1.3 Stabilirea sistemului factorial-FDX]DO�DO�H[SOLF ULL�IHQRPHQXOXL
3UHVXSXQH� VWDELOLUHD� IDFWRULORU� FDUH� GHWHUPLQ � IRUPDUHD� úL�PRGLILFDUHD� UH]XOWDWHORU��SUHFXP� úL� D� UHOD LLORU� VWUXFWXUDO-functionale dintre HOHPHQWHOH� IHQRPHQXOXL� HFRQRPLF�� (VWH� IRDUWH� LPSRUWDQW � FXQRDúWHUHD�QDWXULL�ILHF UXL�IDFWRU��FDQWLWDWLY��GH�VWUXFWXU �úL�FDOLWDWLY��SHQWUX�FD�VLVWHPXO�V � ILH� UHDOL]DW� ORJLF� úL� SH� ED]H� UHDOH� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� SULQFLSLXO� FRQGL LRQ ULL��FRUHO ULL�
1.4 Modelarea fenomenelor economice
0RGHOXO� HVWH� R� UHSUH]HQWDUH� VLPSOLILFDW � D� UHDOLW LL�� 0RGHOXO�� vQ�anali] �� HVWH� XQXO� economico-matematic, exprimat sub form � GH� HFXD LL��LQHJDOLW L��FRUHOD LL�GLQWUH�LQGLFDWRUL��IXQF LL�GH�SURGXF LH�HWF�
Tipologia modelelor: • modele imitative sau iconice; • modele analogice; • modele simbolice.
Dintre modelele analogice, graficele sunt frecvent utilizate în teoria úL�SUDFWLFD�HFRQRPLF �SHQWUX�YL]XDOL]DUea fenomenelor economice
Tipuri de grafice:
o cronograma; o diagrama (diagrama cu 2 variabile, sectorial , cu coordonate
polare, cu bare simple sau asociate) o KLVWRJUDPD�VDX�WDEHOXO�GH�SHQHWUD LH etc.
Modelele simbolice� VH� ED]HD] � SH� XWLOL]DUHD� VLPEROXUilor (litere, FLIUH�� vQ� UHSUH]HQWDUHD� IHQRPHQHORU� úL� D� UDSRUWXULORU� GLQWUH� HOH�� ÌQ�JHQHUDO, acestea LDX� IRUPD� XQRU� HFXD LL� VDX� LQHFXD LL� PDWHPDWLFH�� ÌQ� DQDOL]D�economico-ILQDQFLDU � SUHYDOHD] � PRGHOHOH� VLPEROLFH�� Acestea pot fi: PRGHOH� GH� FRUHOD LH� �GHWHUPLQLVWH� úL� DOHDWRULL��� DGLWLYH�� PXOWLSOLFDWLYH��EDODQ LHUH��GH�UDSRUW��FRPELQDWH�
0RGHOHOH� WUHEXLH� DVWIHO� FRQVWUXLWH� vQFkW� V � H[SULPH� FRUHFW� OHJ WXUD�GLQWUH� IDFWRUL� úL� IHQRPHQH� úL� V � H[LVWH� FRQFRUGDQ � GHSOLQ � vQWUH� OHJ WXUD�formal-PDWHPDWLF �úL�FHD�ORJLF-econoPLF �
2) 0HWRGH�GH�DQDOL] �FDQWLWDWLY �
������$FHVWH� PHWRGH� SHUPLW� FRPHQVXUDUHD� DF LXQLL� ILHF UXL� HOHPHQW� VDX�IDFWRU� DVXSUD� UH]XOWDWXOXL� DQDOL]DW�� SULQ� FDUH� VH� G � ILQDOLWDWH� GH� P ULPH� úL�VHQV� OHJ WXULORU� FDX]DOH�� GH� D� UHOLHID� IDFWRULL� FX� DF LXQH� PDL� LPSRUWDQW �DVXSUD� UH]XOWDWHORU� úL�GH�D�DSUHFLD�P VXUD� vQ�FDUH�DX�IRVW� IRORVLWH�UHVXUVHOH�întreprinderii.
3HQWUX�VHSDUDUHD�LQIOXHQ HORU�IDFWRULORU�VH�XWLOL]HD] �GLIHULWH�PHWRGH��vQ�IXQF LH�GH�IRUPD�PDWHPDWLF �SH�FDUH�R�vPEUac �UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�IDFWRUL�
Metode utilizate:
2.1. Indicatorii economico-financiari. 2.2. Indicii –� FD� PHWRG � GH� H[SULPDUH� D� GLQDPLFLL� IHQRPHQXOXL�
economico-financiar. 2.3. &RHILFLHQ LL��GH�VWUXFWXUD��HFKLOLEUX��HILFLHQ �. 2.4. Ratele (ratio sau rating). 2.5. Tehnicile scorurilor (scoring) ca metod a analizei
discriminante. 2.6. 0HWRGD�VXEVWLWXLULORU�vQ�ODQ ��PHWRGD�LWHUDULL�. 2.7. Metoda calcului matricial.
2.8. Metoda ABC. 2.9. Metodele cercet rii opera ionale (programare, tehnicile
jocurilor, simularea etc.). 2.10. Metodele analizei regresionale. 2.11. Metodele sociologice.
2.1. Indicatorii economico-financiari - IRUPD�GH�H[SULPDUH�FRQFHQWUDW �D�LQIRUPD LHL�
Exemplu: ∑ ⋅+= pqMCA v ,
unde: CA = cifra de afaceri; M �P UIXUL�YkQGXWH� qv = produsele vândute; p �SUH XO�GH�YkQ]DUH (exclusiv TVA).
2.2. Indicii,�UHSUH]LQW �R�PHWRG �IUHFYHQW�XWLOL]DW �vQ�DQDOL]D�IHQRPHQHORU�
economico -�ILQDQFLDUH��&X�DMXWRUXO�ORU�VH�VWDELOHúWH�GLQDPLFD�ID �GH�R�ED] �IL[ � VDX� vQ� ODQ �� VH� FRQVWUXLHVF� ULWPXUL�� VH� IDF� DSUHFLHUL� DVXSUD� HYROX LHL�performan HORU��D�FDSDFLW LL�VLVWHPXOXL�GH�D�HYROXD�vQWU-un context dat.
2.3. &RHILFLHQ LL�(ratele) de structur ��HFKLOLEUX�úL�HILFLHQ
5HSUH]LQW �R�PHWRG �GH�PDUH�XWLOLWDWH�în diagnosticarea fenomenelor
îQWUHSULQGHULL��D�SHUIRUPDQ HORU�ORU� &RILFLHQ LL� GH� VWUXFWXU � VH� GHWHUPLQ � SULn raportarea unei
componente la ansamblul fenomenului cercetat:
∑
=ei
eiKi ;
unde: Ki� �FRHILFLHQW�GH�VWUXFWXU ; ei = elementele componente ale fenomenului, rezultatului.
Coeficien LL� GH� HILFLHQ � UH]XOW � GLQ� FRPSDUDUHD� HIRUWXULORU� GHSXVH FX�UH]XOWDWHOH�RE LQXWH sau invers:
Efect
EfortK;
Efort
EfectK ee ==
unde:
eK �FRHILFLHQW�GH�HILFLHQ � Exemplu:
100K
PR
pr
nf ⋅= ,
unde: Rf �UDWD�UHQWDELOLW LL�ILQDQFLDUH a capitalului propriu; Pn = profitul net; Kpr= capitalul propriu.
Coeficien LL de echilibru VH�GHWHUPLQ �FD� raport îQWUH�GRX �P ULPL�
FRPSDUDELOH��FX�VHPQLILFD LH�vQ�WHUPHQL�GH�HFKLOLEUX�HFRQRPLF�VDX�ILQDQFLDU� De exemplu:
IK
KK
p
p
+= ,
unde: K = coeficientul (rata) autonomiei financiare; Kp = capitalul propriu; I = împrumuturile�SH�WHUPHQ�PHGLX�úL�OXQJ�
2.4. Ratele
5HSUH]LQW � XQ� UDSRUW� vQWUH� GRX � P ULPL� FRPSDUDELOH� ORJLFR-HFRQRPLF�� (OH� VXQW� ODUJ� U VSkQGLWH� vQ� OLWHUDWXUa� úL� SUDFWLFa din domeniul analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUH�� D� GLDJQRVWLF ULL� úL� HYDOX ULL� DFWLYLW LL�întreprinderilor.
De exemplu:
100qc
qcqpR c ⋅
−=
∑∑ ∑ ,
unde: Rc� �UDWD�UHQWDELOLW LL�UHVXUVHORU�FRQVXPDWH� T��� �FDQWLWDWHD�YkQGXW � c = costul pe unitate de produs; S�� ��SUH XO�PHGLX�GH�YkQ]DUH�SH�SURGXV�
Interpretarea ratelor trebuiH�I FXW �FX�SUXGHQ �vQ�IXQF LH�de fiecare termen al raportului.
5DWHOH�� FD�PHWRG � GH�P VXUDUH� D� IHQRPHQXOXL� HFRQRPLFR-financiar pot fi grupate în:
� UDWH�GH�VWUXFWXU ; � rate de gestiune; � rate de echilibru; � UDWH�GH�HILFLHQ .
2.5. Tehnicile scorurilor (scoring), ca metode ale analizei
discriminante
6FRUXO� �PHWRGD� VFRULQJ�� UHSUH]LQW � R� PHWRG � GH� DQDOL] �discriminant � FX� FDUH� VH� RSHUHD] � vQ� PHGLXO� H[WHUQ� DO� vQWUHSULQGHULL�� GH�UHJXO �vQ�E QFL��5HSUH]LQW �R�IXQF LH�FRQVWUXLW �SH�ED]D�XQXL�DQXPLW�QXP U�de indicatori.�'H� H[HPSOX�� XQD� GLQ� IXQF LLOH� VFRU� FX� FDUH� RSHUHD] �%DQFD�)UDQ HL��XWLOL]HD] 8�LQGLFDWRUL��LDU�YDORULOH�HL�DX�OD�ED] �REVHUY UL�vQ�WLPS��SH�un nXP U�GH�DQL úL�eVWH�DSOLFDELO �vQWUHSULQGHULORU�FX�SHVWH�����GH�VDODULD L� 3ULPHOH�OXFU UL�SULYLQG�Petoda scorurilor au fost realizate în S.U.A., vQWUH�DQLL������úL�������LDU�vQ�)UDQ D�VSUH�VIkUúLWXO�DQLORU�¶��� )XQF LD�VFRU�³�=�³�DUH�IRUPD�
Z = ax1 + bx2 +…..+ zxn , unde: x1 ,….. xn = ratele implicate în calcul; a,b,......z = coeficien ii de ponderare. Aceste metode se folosesc preponderent în investigarea echilibrului financiar, unde nu substituie alte metode,�FL�OH�FRPSOHWHD] �
6FRUXO� =� FDOFXODW� OD� QLYHOXO� XQHL� ILUPH� LQGLF � JUDGXO� GH�vulnerabilitate al acesteia, punând în eviGHQ existen D�GLVIXQF LRQDOLW LORU��DQDOL]D�FRPSDUDWLY �D�GLQDPLFLL�VFRUXOXL�LQGLYLGXDO�FX�HYROX LD�FRQVWDWDW �OD�nivelul sectorului de activitate reflect � SUHGLVSR]L LD� ILUPHL� OD� ULVF� vQWU-un DQXPLW�PHGLX�FRQFXUHQ LDO�
2.6. Metoda substituirilor în lan (metoda iter rii)
3HUPLWH�FXDQWLILFDUHD�FRQWULEX LHL�GLIHULWHORU�HOHPHQWH�VDX� IDFWRUL� OD�IRUPDUHD�úL�PRGLILFDUHD�rezultatului�ID �GH�XQ�QLYHO�GH�FRPSDUD LH�
6H�DSOLF �vQ�FD]XO�vQ�FDUH�UHOD LLOH�GH�WLS�GHWHUPLQLVW�GLQWUH�UH]XOWDW�úL�elemente sau factorii de LQIOXHQ � DX� IRUPD� GH� SURGXV� VDX� UDSRUW��SURSRU LRQDOLWDWH� GLUHFW � VDX� LQYHUV ��� ,WHUDUHD� VH� IDFH� FX� UHVSHFWDUHD� D� ��principii:
a) DúH]DUHD�IDFWRULORU�VH�IDFH�vQ�RUGLQHD�FRQGL LRQ rii lor economice, ceea FH�vQVHDPQ �RUGLQHD�GH�DQDOL] ��DGLF întâi factorii caQWLWDWLYL��úL�DSRL�FHL� FDOLWDWLYL� �GDF � DSDU� IDFWRULL� GH� VWUXFWXU � HL� LQWHUYLQ� LPHGLDW� GXS �cei cantitativi);
b) substituirile se fac succesiv; c) XQ�IDFWRU�VXEVWLWXLW�VH�PHQ LQH�FD�VWDUH�vQ�RSHUD LLOH�XOWHULRDUH�
De exemplu, într-un model de 3 factori, fenomenul cap W �H[SUHVLD�
Y = f (x) respectiv y = f (x1 , x2 , xn)
Exemplu: CA
P
A
CAAP e
eee ⋅⋅=
$GLF � 321 xxxy ⋅⋅= ,
unde:
eA = active de exploatare; CA �FLIUD�GH�DIDFHUL�vQ�SUH XUL�GH�YkQ]DUH��H[FOXVLY�79$��
eP = profitul din exploatare aferent cifrei de afaceri.
Cazul teoretic:
I) Modelul în forma unui produs de mai mul i factori:
cbaR ⋅⋅=
unde:
R = rezultat;
a,b,c = factori de influen �
a) ÌQ�P ULPL�DEVROXWH�� În care: 0000 cbaR ⋅⋅= úL��� 1111 cbaR ⋅⋅=
01 RRR −=∆ 6HSDUkQG� LQIOXHQ D� ILHF UXLD� GLQ� FHL� �� IDFWRUL� DVXSUD� PRGLILF ULL�
rezultatului ( R∆ ���UHOD LLOH�VXQW�XUP WRDUHOH� a) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�a:
0001000001 cb)aa(cbacba ⋅⋅−=⋅⋅−⋅⋅ b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
0011001011 c)bb(acbacba ⋅−⋅=⋅⋅−⋅⋅ c) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�c:
)cc(bacbacba 0111011111 −⋅⋅=⋅⋅−⋅⋅
b) ÌQ�P ULPL�UHODWLYH��
6H�DUH�vQ�YHGHUH�IRUPXOD�JHQHUDO �D�SURGXVXOXL�GH�LQGLFL�
1n
n320R
100
iiiiI −
⋅⋅= �
,
ÌQ�FD]XO�GDW��UH]XOW �
2cba
0
1R
100
iii100
R
RI
⋅⋅=⋅=
unde: IR = indicele rezultatului analizat; i1, i2,..., in = indicele factorului respectiv;
∆ IR = IR - 100.
a) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�a: ia - 100
b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
100
)100i(ii
100
ii baa
ba −⋅=−⋅
c) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�c:
2cbaba
2cba
100
)100i(ii
100
ii
100
iii −⋅=⋅−⋅⋅
II) Modelul în forma unui raport dintre doi factori:
II.1) b
aR = , unde: a = factor cantitativ;
b = factor calitativ.
ÌQ�P ULPL�DEVROXWH�
a) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�a:
0
01
0
0
0
1
b
)aa(
b
a
b
a −=−
b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
−⋅=−
011
0
1
1
1
b1
b1
aba
ba
ÌQ�P ULPL�UHODWLYH�
100i
i100
R
RI
b
a
0
1R ⋅=⋅=
a) �LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�a:
100ia − b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
ab
a i100ii −
⋅
II.2)b
aR = , unde: a = factor calitativ;
b = factor cantitativ.
ÌQ�P ULPL�DEVROXWH�
a) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
−=−
010
0
0
1
0
b
1
b
1a
b
a
b
a
b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�a:
1
01
1
0
1
1
b
)aa(
b
a
b
a −=−
ÌQ�P ULPL�UHODWLYH�
100i
iI
b
aR ⋅=
100II RR −=∆
a) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�b:
100i
100
b
2
−
b) LQIOXHQ D�IDFWRUXOXL�D�
b
2
b
a
i100
100xii −
0HWRGD� VH� DSOLF � úL� vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� vQWUH� YDULDELOHOH� XQXL� PRGHO�
H[LVW �UHOD LL�GH�VXP �úL�VDX�GLIHUHQ ��0HWRGD�EDODQWLHU ):
R = a + b – c;
De exemplu : D = Si + I – Sf, unde: D �YROXPXO�YkQ] ULORU� Si �VWRF�LQL LDO� I �LQWU UL� Sf = stoc final.
,QIOXHQ HOH�IDFWRULORU�VXQW�XUP WRDUHOH� ���,QIOXHQ D�VWRFXOXL�LQL LDO�
01 ii SS −
���,QIOXHQ D�LQWU ULORU�
01 II − 3. InIOXHQ D�VWRFXOXL�ILQDO�
( )01 ff SS −−
2.7. Metoda calculului matricial
6H� DSOLF � vQ� FD]XO� H[LVWHQ HL�XQRU� UHOD LL� GHWHUPLQLVWH� GH� WLS�SURGXV�VDX� UDSRUW� vQWUH� IHQRPHQXO� DQDOL]DW� úL� IDFWRULL� GH� LQIOXHQ �� 6HSDUDUHD�LQIOXHQ HL�IDFWRULORU� LQH�VHDPD�GH�RUGLQHD�GH�LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH�D�IDFWRULORU��înt ULQG� SULQFLSLLOH� PHWRGHL� VXEVWLWXLULORU� vQ� ODQ �� 6H� SRDWH� DSOLFD� vQ� WRDWH�domeniile analizei economice, iar utilizarea calculatoarelor electronice îi confer �XQ�PDUH�JUDG�GH�GHWDOLHUH��H[DFWLWDWH�úL�HILFLHQ .
2.8. Metoda ABC
,QL LDWRUXO� DFHVWHL� PHWRGH� HVWH� 3DUHWR�� 6H� PDL� QXPHúWH� úL� PHWRGD�������� úL� SURSXQH� R� DQDOL] � VHOHFWLY � D� FRPSRQHQWHORU� XQXL� IHQRPHQ� VDX�rezultat în func LH� GH� SR]L LD� ORU� vQ� FDGUXO� vQWUHJXOXL� 6H� XWLOL]HD] � SHQWUX�DQDOL]D�YkQ] ULORU�SH�SURGXVH��FDWHJRULL�GH�FOLHQ L�HWF�
ÌQ�FD]XO� VWUXFWXULL�YkQ] ULORU�SH�SURGXVH��FXUED� WHRUHWLF �presupune H[LVWHQ D�D���VXEJUXSH�FX�FDUDFWHULVWLFL�VSHFLILFH�
¾ 10-����GLQ�QXP UXO�GH�SURGXVH�VDX�P UIXUL�UHSUH]LQW ���-70% din cifra de afaceri (zona A); deci o subgruS �FDUH�FXSULQGH�IRDUWH�SX LQH�SURGXVH� VDX�P UIXUL�� GDU� FDUH� UHDOL]HD] o mare parte din cifra de afaceri;
¾ 25-���� GLQ� QXP UXO� GH� SURGXVH� VDX�P UIXUL� YkQGXWH� GDX� ��-30% din cifra de afaceri (zona B);
¾ 65-����GLQ�QXP UXO�GH�SURGXVH�VDX�P UIXUL�GDX���-15% din cifra de afaceri �]RQD�&���GHFL�GRX �VXEJUXSH�FDUH�GDX�PDL�SX LQ�GH�MXP WDWH�din cifra de afaceri dar FDUH� FRQFHQWUHD] � PDMRULWDWHD� SURGXVHORU�comercializate. $FHDVW � FXUE � WHRUHWLF � DUH� YDORDUH� DWâW� VWDWLVWLF � FkW� úL� LQGLFDWLY ��
$VWIHO�� FXUED� UHDO � VH� FRPSDU � FX� FHD� WHRUHWLF � úL� VH� GHSULQG� FRQFOX]LLOH respective.
2.9. Metode ale cercet rii opera ionale
6H� XWLOL]HD] � vQ� DGRSWDUHD� GHFL]LLORU� vQ� FD]XO� vQ� FDUH� LQWHUYLQ�QXPHURúL�IDFWRUL�FDUH�WUHEXLH�DYX L�vQ�YHGHUH���&ODVLILFDUH�
¾ PHWRGH� DOH� FHUFHW ULL� RSHUD LRQDOH� GHWHUPLQLVWH� �SURJUDPDUH� OLQLDU ��programare dinamic , teoria deciziei, teoria jocurilor, metoda drumului critic);
¾ PHWRGH� SUREDELOLVWLFH� �/DQ XULOH�0DUNRY�� SURFHVHOH� 3RLVVRQ�� WHRULD�ILUHORU�GH�DúWHSWDUH��PHWRGD�3HUW��
¾ metode simulative (metoda Monte Carlo, modelul dinamic al VLPXO ULL�JHVWLRQDUH�.
2.10. Metoda analizei regresionale
6H� XWLOL]HD] � vQ� FD]XO� UHOD LLORU� GH� WLS� VWRFDVWLF� GH� WLS� OLQLDU��KLSHUEROLF��SDUDEROLF��H[SRQHQ LDO�
2.11. Metodele sociologice
&X�DMXWRUXO�DFHVWRU�PHWRGH�VH�SXQ� vQ�HYLGHQ �IDFWRULL� LQGLUHF L� VDX�cauzele� SUH]XPWLYH��FHHD�FH�FRQGXFH� OD�RE LQHUHD�GH� LQIRUPD LL�GH�QXDQ ��HVHQ LDOH� SHQWUX� UHDOL]DUHD� XQXL� GLDJQRVWLF� FRUHFW� úL� HILFLHQW�� 0HWRGHOH�sociologice cele mai utilizate în analiza microeconomic sunt metoda chestionarului�úL�cea a interviului.
1.5. Interpretarea rezultatelor
'XS � FRPHQVXUDUHD� �FXDQWLILFDUHD�� LQIOXHQ HORU� HOHPHQWHORU� VDX�IDFWRULORU� DVXSUD� UH]XOWDWXOXL� HFRQRPLF�� VH� LQWHUSUHWHD] � UH]XOWDWHOH� vQ�IXQF LH�GH�VHPQLILFD LD�ORU�HFRQRPLF .
1.6 Generalizarea sau evaluarea rezultatelor
$FHDVWD� UHSUH]LQW � R�PHWRG �FDOLWDWLY � GH� UHXQLUH� vQWU-un ansamblu coerent a concluziilor rezultate din studiul factorial-cauzal al fenomenelor; VH�XWLOL]HD] �vQ�UDSRUWXO�GH�DQDOL] ��VWXGLLOH�GH�IH]DELOLWDWH�úL�GH�HYDOXDUH�HWF�
1.3.4 Sistemul de infRUPD LL� –� SUHPLV � D� HIHFWX ULL� DQDOL]HL�
economice
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exactitatea, profunzimea, vechimea sau vârsta�� YDORDUHD� LQIRUPD LHL� úL� costul ei.
������ 6LVWHPH� RUJDQL]D LRQDOH� DOH� DFWLYLW LL� GH� DQDOL] � economico-ILQDQFLDU
([LVW �PDL�PXOWH�SRVLELOLW L�GH�RUJDQL]DUH�úL�UHDOL]DUH�D�DFWLYLW LL�GH�
DQDOL] � HFRQRPLF � vQ� IXQF LH� GH� VFRSXO� XUP ULW� úL� GH� VXELHFW�� )irmele SXWHUQLFH� GH LQ� vQ� FDGUXO� ORU� XQ� FRPSDUWLPHQW� VSHFLDOL]DW� GH� DQDOL] �economico-financiDU � D� F UHL� UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH� HVWH� GH� D� HIHFWXD� DQDOL]H�economice pe probleme, studii utilizate în practica managerial �FXUHQW �VDX�de a efectua diagnostice globale.
În cadrul firmelor mici care nu dispun de compartimente specializate GH� DQDOL] �� DFWLYLWDWHD� GH� DQDOL] � HFRQRPLF � HVWH� UHDOL]DW � GH� ILHFDUH�FRPSDUWLPHQW�IXQF LRQDO,�SH�SUREOHPHOH�FDUH�LQWU �vQ�FRPSHWHQ D�DFHVWRUD��
$FWLYLWDWHD� GHVI úXUDW � GH� FRPSDUWLPHQWXO� GH� DQDOL] � HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU � FRQVW � vQ� UHDOL]DUHD� GH� UDSRDUWH� GH� GLDJQRVWLFDUH� SH� SUREOHPH��DQDOL]D�SH�ED] �GH�ELODQ �vQ�VFRSXO�SUH]HQW ULL�vQ�FDGUXO�úHGLQ HORU�FRQVLOLLORU�GH� DGPLQLVWUD LH�� UHVSHFWLY� DGXQDUHD� DF LRQDULORU�� GLDJQRVWLFH� JOREDOH� vQ�cazXO�H[LVWHQ HL�GLVIXQF LRQDOLW LORU�vQ�IXQF ionarea întreprinderii.
De asemenea, pot efectua analize tematice sau de ansamblu,
RUJDQLVPHOH� FUHDWH� VSHFLDO� SHQWUX� VROX LRQDUHD� XQRU� SUREOHPH� OHJDWH� GH��SURPRYDUHD� GH� QRL� SURGXVH�� VWXGLHUHD� FRQFXUHQ HL�� H[WLQGerea sau restrângerea unor actLYLW L��VWXGLL�GH�IH]DELOLWDWH etc.
Alte organisme care desf úRDU �DFWLYLW L�GH�DQDOL] � ¾ RUJDQHOH� ILVFDOH� DOH� VWDWXOXL�� FDUH� DQDOL]HD] � PRGXO� GH� VWDELOLUH� D�
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VROX LRQDUHD� XQRU� SUREOHPH�� HIHFWXDUHD� GH� VWXGLL� GH� IH]DELOLWDWH�� GH�evaluare etc.
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1. 'HILQL L�DQDOL]D�HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU �D�vQWUHSULQGHULL�� 2. (QXPHUD L�SULQFLSDOHOH�WLSXUL�GH�DQDOL] �HFRQRPLFR-financiare. 3. &DUH�HVWH�GHRVHELUHD�GLQWUH�DQDOL]D�FDQWLWDWLY �úL�FHD�FDOLWDWLY ? 4. 'HILQL L� SURFHVXO� GH� DQaliz economico-ILQDQFLDU � úL� HQXPHUD L� HWDSHOH�
acesteia. 5. 'D L� H[HPSOH� GH� IDFWRUL� GH� LQIOXHQ � D� IHQRPHQHORU� HFRQRPLFH� GXS �
diverse criterii de clasificare a acestora. 6. 3UH]HQWD L� UHOD LL� GLQWUH� UH]XOWDW� úL� IDFWRUL� úL� LGHQWLILFD L� FRQ LQXWXO�
acestora. 7. Care este rolul analizei în eYDOXDUHD� úL� UHJODUHD� SHUIRUPDQ HORU�
economico-financiare ale întreprinderii? 8. (QXPHUD L�SULQFLSDOHOH�PHWRGH�GH�DQDOL] �FDOLWDWLY � 9. ÌQ�FH�FRQVW �FRPSDUD LD��FD�PHWRG �GH�DQDOL] �FDOLWDWLY ? 10. Care sunt cele mai utilizatH�PHWRGH�GH�DQDOL] �FDQWLWDWLY ? 11. ExpliFD L� VFRSXO� XWLOL] ULL� LQGLFLORU�� FD� PHWRG � GH� DQDOL] � FDQWLWDWLY �
a fenomenelor economice.
12. ,QGLFD L�FHO�SX LQ�WUHL�LQGLFDWRUL�GH�HILFLHQ �HFRQRPLF � 13. 'D L� H[HPSOH� GH� UDWH� XWLOL]DWH� vQ� DQDOL]D� HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU � úL�
SUH]HQWD L� DYDQWDMXO� XWLOL] ULL� DFHVtora comparativ cu indicatorii H[SULPD L�vQ�P ULPL�DEVROXWH�
14. Pentru FH�VH�XWLOL]HD] �PHWRGD�VFRULQJ"�'D L�H[HPSOH�GH�PRGHOH�XWLOL]DWH�
SH�SODQ�QD LRQDO�úL�LQWHUQD LRQDO� 15. ÌQ�FH�FRQGL LL�VH�XWLOL]HD] �PHWRGD�VXEVWLWXLULORU�vQ�ODQ ? 16. (QXPHUD L�UHJXOLOH�PHWRGei iter ULL��VXEVWLWXLULORU�vQ�ODQ �� 17. 6WDELOL L� UHOD LLOH� GH� FXDQWLILFDUH� D� LQIOXHQ HORU� IDFWRULORU� asupra unui
UH]XOWDW� HFRQRPLF�� H[SULPDWH� vQ� P ULPL� DEVROXWH�� vQ� FD]XO� XWLOL] ULL�PHWRGHL�LWHU ULL.
18. Care sunt limitele�PHWRGHL�LWHU ULL? 19. Când se utilizeaz �PHWRGD�EDODQ LHU ? 20. ([SOLFD L�FRQ LQXWXO�úL�XWLOLWDWHD�SUDFWLF �D�PHWRGHL�$%&��3DUHWR�� 21. ÌQ� FH� FRQVW � JHQHUDOL]DUHD� VDX� HYDOXDUHD� UH]XOWDWHORU� FD� PHWRG � GH�
DQDOL]D�FDOLWDWLY ? 22. (QXPHUD L�SULQFLSDOHOH�VXUVH�GH�LQIRUPD LL�XWLOL]DWH�SHQWUX�HIHFWXDUHD�
analizei economico-financiare. 23. &DUH� VXQW� SULQFLSDOHOH�PRGDOLW L� GH� RUJDQL]DUH� D� DFWLYLW LL� GH� DQDOL] �
economico-ILQDQFLDU �vQWU-o întreprindere.