CAPVT NULLA (Chapter 0)CAPVT NULLA (Chapter 0)

NOMINATIVVS ET NOMINATIVVS ET ACCUSATIVVUSACCUSATIVVUS

Nominative and Nominative and Accusative Accusative

S/InV

SubjectSubject + + Intransitive VerbIntransitive Verb

NOTE: _______________ verbs do NOTE: _______________ verbs do NOT have a ______________, NOT have a ______________, while _____________verbs do.while _____________verbs do.TRANSITIVE

DIRECT OBJECTINTRANSITIVE

Exemplum gratis (e.g.)

Subject Subject + + Intransitive VerbIntransitive Verbii. ii. CaesarCaesar cōgitatcōgitat. .

““CaesarCaesar plansplans.”.”

S/TrV DoSubject (something doing the

action)+

Transitive Verb+

Direct Object (something receiving the action)

Exemplum gratis (e.g.)SubjectSubject++Transitive VerbTransitive Verb++ Direct ObjectDirect Object

PuerPuer puellampuellam amatamat. .

“ “The boy The boy lovesloves the girlthe girl.”.”

LV = Linking Verb

A LINKING VERB shows that the subject and the predicate are actually equal.

Magister Olimpi is the Latin teacher.

Magister Olimpi = Latin teacher.

S/LV/PN

SUBJECT +

LINKING VERB+

PREDICATE NOUN

S/LV/PN

• Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a form of “IS”) followed by a NOUN.

• There is no DIRECT OBJECT or RECEIVER of any action:

• the PREDICATE NOUN simply MODIFIES the subject.

S/LV/PN

Venus est dea.Venus is a goddess.Venus = a goddess.

Ovidius et Vergilius sunt poetae.“Ovid and Virgil are poets.Can you idenify:

a. the predicate noun?b. the subject?c. what kind of verb is used?

S/LV/PA• Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a

form of ”IS”) followed by an ADJECTIVE.• There is no DIRECT OBJECT or

RECEIVER of any action: the PREDICATE ADJECTIVE simply DESCRIBES the subject.

S/LV/PA

RōmaRōma estest magnamagna. . RomeRome isis greatgreat..Rome = great.Rome = great.

S/LV/PA

GraecīGraecī nōn nōn suntsunt stultīstultī..The Greeks The Greeks areare not not foolishfoolish..The Greeks ≠ foolish.The Greeks ≠ foolish.(the “nōn” negates the verb)(the “nōn” negates the verb)

NOTE: prepositions

Prepositional phrases Prepositional phrases are are nevernever direct object, predicate nouns, direct object, predicate nouns, predicated adjectives, etc.predicated adjectives, etc.

Then, what do you Then, what do you dodo with with them?them?

NOTE: prepositions

When you’re figuring out the When you’re figuring out the sentence pattern, sentence pattern, IGNORE IGNORE THEMTHEM!!

Put ‘em in Put ‘em in bracketsbrackets..

NOTE: prepositions

Caesar puellam videt in Rōmā.Caesar puellam videt in Rōmā.CaesarCaesar puellampuellam videtvidet [in Rōmā]. [in Rōmā].

↑↑Prepositional phrase in Prepositional phrase in BRACKETSBRACKETS. . Don’tDon’t consider it. consider it. Momentarily Momentarily forget forget that it is there.that it is there.

SubjectSubject Direct Object Direct Object VerbVerbCaesar sees the girl in Rome.Caesar sees the girl in Rome.

Now try “Now try “Exercitiō I”(pagina IV in the handout)

exercitiō

Subject and Direct Object

In English, the SUBJECT and the DIRECT OBJECT are determined by WORD ORDER alone.

Subject and Direct ObjectSubject and Direct ObjectCompare the following pairs of sentences:Compare the following pairs of sentences:

a. Marcus hits Quintus.a. Marcus hits Quintus. Quintus Quintus hits Marcus.hits Marcus.

b. The Greeks overcome the Trojans. b. The Greeks overcome the Trojans. The Trojans overcome the Greeks. The Trojans overcome the Greeks.

c. The girl loves the roses.c. The girl loves the roses.The roses love the girl.The roses love the girl.

Subject and Direct ObjectSubject and Direct Object• B. Each sentence has a

performer/doer and a receiver of the action.• (The Performer is the

Subject; the Receiver is the Direct Object)

Subject and Direct ObjectSubject and Direct Object• Here are those sentences in Latin:• a. Marcus Quintum pulsat.

Quintus Marcum pulsat.• b. Graecī Trōiānōs superant.

Trōiānī Graecōs superant.• c. Puella rosās amat.

Rosae puellam amat.

QUAESTIO: QUAESTIO:

Looking between the Latin and Looking between the Latin and the English, do you notice the English, do you notice anything this is the English but anything this is the English but NOT in the Latin?NOT in the Latin?

THERE ARE THERE ARE NO ARTICLES NO ARTICLES IN THE LATIN LANGUAGE!IN THE LATIN LANGUAGE!

The English Articles:The English Articles:

a, an, thea, an, the

Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”)

a.)As the subject, the Latin word a.)As the subject, the Latin word for “girl” is “puellfor “girl” is “puellaa”.”.

b.) As the direct object, the b.) As the direct object, the word becomes “puellword becomes “puellamam.”.”

Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”)

c.) The ending -a is replaced with -am.

d.) Looking at the word “rosa” we see that the plural “roses” is rosae, when it is the subject, and rosās when it is the direct object.

CASESCASES

• e.) When a word is in its e.) When a word is in its “subject form” it is said to be “subject form” it is said to be in the in the NOMINATIVENOMINATIVE case. case.• f.) When a word is in its “direct f.) When a word is in its “direct

object form” is it said to be in object form” is it said to be in the the ACCUSATIVEACCUSATIVE case. case.

CASESCASES

NOUNS ending in “-a” in the NOMINATIVE CASE are said to be FEMININE.

These nouns are said to be in the “First Declension.”

CASESCASES

Nouns that end in –us (exemplum: Marcus) –

The SECOND DECLENSION.

FINDING THE FINDING THE BASEBASE

The The basebase of a noun is the part of a noun is the part which stays the same when the which stays the same when the endings change.endings change.

Ex. “Ex. “rosrosa” and “a” and “rosrosam”am”The The STEMSTEM is is ros-ros-..

FINDING THE FINDING THE BASEBASE

To To FIND FIND the base:the base:Drop the ending off of the Drop the ending off of the Second Second

Principle PartPrinciple Part..rosa, rosrosa, rosaeae (f.) – rose (f.) – rose

↑The endingrosa, rosa, rosros

FINDING THE FINDING THE BASEBASE

Using your vocabulary list, find the Using your vocabulary list, find the basesbases of the of the following nouns:following nouns:

1) puella1) puella2) philosophia2) philosophia3) agricola3) agricola4) nauta4) nauta

puell-puell-

philosophi-philosophi-

agricol-agricol-

naut-naut-

SECOND DECLENSIONSECOND DECLENSION

• a. Notice in example sentence “a” that Marcus is “Marcus” when he is the SUBJECT and “Marcum” when he is the DIRECT OBJECT (and notice that it is the same for

Quintus).

SECOND DECLENSIONSECOND DECLENSION

b. In the plural, “the Greeks” as the subject is Graecī , but it becomes Graecōs when it is the direct object (and it is the same for the Trojans).