Card #1/36 Science Revision Card #2/36 - Haywood Academy...getting in The white blood cell can ingest the pathogen and destroy it. The white blood cells can pro-duce chemicals called

Science Revision—B1

Topic: Diet and Health


Science Revision—B1 Science Revision—B1

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Topic: Diet and Health

Topic: Disease Topic: Disease

What food groups does a balanced diet contain? What are their roles?

What are the effects of eating a diet that

has too much fat and/or sugar

too little of one or more of the nutrients

What is “metabolic rate”?

List 5 factors that can affect a person’s metabolic rate.

What is cholesterol. What factors can affect cholesterol levels.

What is a pathogen?

What organisms cause disease?

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

How do viruses make us feel ill?

In what ways can infection be spread?

What is does contagious mean?

A disease that has spread through a large part of the world is called?

A disease that has spread widely throughout a small community is

called?

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A healthy BALANCED diet contains the right balance of the different nutri-ents from foods your body needs to keep you healthy: Carbohydrates, Fats—for energy Protein—for growth Vitamins, Minerals—for the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Fibre (not digested) and Water Too much fat and/or sugar —overweight (can lead to Type 2 diabetes) — lose weight by healthier diet and/or more exercise Not enough of one of the nutrients —malnourished (can lead to deficiency diseases)

Metabolic Rate = Rate that chemical reactions occur in cells of the body

Factors affecting metabolic rate— age, gender, genetic traits, propor-tion of fat to muscle and level of activity. Cholesterol can affect health, causing heart disease/blocked arteries. Some people are genetically more affected by cholesterol than others.

Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

Bacteria Viruses

Smaller than plant or animal cells Much smaller than bacteria

Reproduce rapidly by copying them-

selves

Reproduce rapidly inside other cells

They release waste products into our bodies which are toxic (poisonous) making us ill.

They release waste products into our bodies which are toxic (poisonous) making us ill. They also damage the cells in which they reproduce.

An epidemic is a disease in a community such as a school, or town

A pandemic is a disease that has spread over many countries or worldwide

An infectious

disease that

can be passed

on to other

people is

contagious.


Topic: Disease



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Topic: Disease

Topic: Disease Topic: Disease

Describe the 3 ways white blood cells fight disease? Describe how the following parts of the body are designed to protect

the body:

Skin

Saliva

Mucus

Stomach Acid

Tears

Platelets

Describe how vaccinations protect us from disease ? What did Semmelweiss notice in the hospital he worked in, and how

did he use this evidence to then reduce death rates.



Scabs platelets clot the

blood and stop anything

getting in

The white blood cell can ingest

the pathogen and destroy it.

The white blood cells can pro-

duce chemicals called antibod-

ies which target specific bacte-

ria or viruses and destroy them.

The white blood cells can pro-

duce chemicals called antitox-

ins which counteract the toxins

produced by pathogens.


Topic: Aseptic Technique



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Topic: Health and Disease

Topic: Disease Topic: HeaDisease

What do painkillers treat?

What do antibiotics treat? What don’t antibiotics treat?

What does MMR vaccine treat?

When do vaccines fail?

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Why does stopping taking antibiotics too early cause antibiotic resistance?

How do we grow bacteria in a lab?

What conditions should be used when growing bacteria?

How are Agar plates used to test how effective antibiotics are.



Painkillers relieve symptoms but do not kill the pathogen Antibiotics (such as penicillin) kill infectious bacteria inside the body. Specific antibiotics kill specific bacteria. Antibiotics don’t work on viruses as viruses live inside body cells. Overuse of antibiotics and patients not completing courses has led to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as MRSA. MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella. Some viruses mutate often and the immune system (WBC’s) doesn’t recognise them so new vaccines have to be made for them e.g. flu

Overuse of antibiotics can cause more resistance to develop anti-biotics not used to treat non serious infections anymore. MRSA – resistant to many antibiotics therefore very difficult to treat

Sterilise inoculating loop, Agar jelly and Petri dish.

Pour Agar jelly in the Petri dish.

Pass inoculating loop through a flame, dip in the bacterial culture and spread on Agar jelly.

Tape the lid of the Petri dish down to prevent bacteria getting in from air. Leave at 25⁰C in schools—any higher illegal as dangerous bacteria may grow. Industry uses higher temperatures up to 35⁰C—faster growth.

Antibiotics can be tested on plates to see how many bacteria they kill.

Effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics on bacteria experiment

1. Agar inoculated with BACTERIA.

2. Paper discs containing antiseptics and antibiotics placed on bacteria

and left to grow.

3. Water DISK used as a CONTROL.

4. If bacteria don’t grow around the disk

the it is effective at killing bacteria.

Area where bacteria don’t grow is called

ZONE OF EXLUSION.



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Topic: Nervous System Topic: Nervous system

Describe how a synapse works.

What are the similarities between a light receptor cell and a normal

animal cell.

Describe the journey of how a stimulus is detected and then trans-

mitted until it reaches an effector.

How does a reflex action differ from a normal response to a stimulus?

Topic: The Menstrual Cycle—Part 1

Where are FSH and LH produced?

What does FSH do?

What does LH do?

What 2 hormones are produced by the ovaries?

When in the menstrual cycle is the egg releases?

At what time in the cycle is the level of LH the highest?

How long does it take the egg to mature in the ovary?

What happens to the lining of the womb if fertilisation does not occur?

Topic: The Menstrual Cycle—Part 2

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Electrical signal travels along sensory neu-rone until reaches syn-apse. Electrical signal recreated in re-

lay or motor neurone across the gap and carries on.

Electrical signal turned into chemical signal. Chemicals re-leased and travel across the gap.

Reflex arc—reaction to a stimulus First A – the Receptor reacts to a stimulus. Next B – the Sensory Neuron carries message to the Central Nerv-ous System (CNS), the spine and the brain. The message is then passed on by C – the Relay Neuron. To D – the Motor Neuron which carries message away from CNS. To E – the Effector which is a muscle or gland and the body reacts to

Light receptor cells, like most animal cells, have a nucleus, cyto-plasm and cell mem-brane.

Hormone Produced

in... Causes...

FSH

Follicle stimu-lating Hormone

Pituitary Gland

Egg to mature stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen

Oestrogen Ovaries Lining of the womb to develop.

Stimulates pituitary gland to make LH

LH

Luteinising hor-mone

Pituitary Gland

Triggers release of egg from the ovary

Progesterone Ovaries Maintains the lining of the

womb


Topic: Homeostasis



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Topic: Controlling Fertility

Which hormone is used in the contraceptive pill?

How does the contraceptive pill stop a woman becoming pregnant?

Which 2 hormones are used in IVF and why?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF?

What is the advantage of contraception?

What is homeostasis?

Name 4 substances whose levels are controlled by homeostasis

and explain how this is done.

What organ/gland controls menstruation and fertility.

What is the hormone that controls menstruation?

Which gland secretes the hormone which controls blood sugar?

What is the hormone which controls blood sugar?

What is the name of the gland found in the brain?

Topic: Hormones and Glands

Topic: Plant Hormones

What is the name of the hormone that controls plant growth?

What is geotropism and phototropism?

Describe how this hormone causes these effects.

State and describe the uses of plant hormones in agriculture?



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Factors controlled by homeostasis:

Water content– water leaves the body by: lungs when we breathe out, skin when we sweat, kidneys in the urine Ion content– ions are lost by: skin when we sweat, kidneys in the urine Temperature – to maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best for chemical reactions in the cells. Normal body temperature is 37oC Blood glucose levels – controlled by the pancreas to provide the cells with a constant supply of energy.

Contraception : Inhibits production of FSH so eggs don't mature in the ovaries. Fertility treatments: FSH used to stimulate eggs to mature and trigger oestrogen production. IVF - eggs collected and fertilised in the lab then implanted Advantages - fewer children (cost), women freedom. Disadvantages - expensive, multiple births, embryo use

Hormones: The endocrine system produces hormones in parts of the body called glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control body functions. The glands release the hormones into the blood where they are carried to target organs. Hormones travel a lot slower than nerve messages but their effects are usually longer lasting and they act quickly. Hormones control things like menstruation in women as well as the changes that occur to our bodies during puberty and homeostasis.

Phototropism Auxin produced in the tip of the shoot. Auxin moves to shaded side of the stem, away from the light Auxin causes increased growth on one side.

Geotropism Auxin produced in the tip of the root. Auxins have opposite effect in the root Auxins slows down growth and

root

Auxin is used as weedkiller and rooting hormone in agriculture.


Topic: Drug Testing



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Topic: Legal and Illegal Drugs

Topic: Medicinal Drugs

What are statins used for?

What are steroids used for?

What are stimulants used for?

Describe the different stages in the testing of new drugs.

What are new drugs tested for?

Why would a placebo be used?

Why are blind and double blind trials used in drug testing?

What was Thalidomide first developed to treat? What was it then

used for and what was the effect. What is it not used to treat?

Describe the effects of any drug on the body

Give examples of legal and illegal drugs and explain the meaning of

addictive and withdrawal symptoms .

Explain which of the legal and illegal drugs has the most negative

effect on society.

Topic: Adaptations

For plants and/or animals:

Describe the adaptations necessary for a hot climate.

Describe the adaptations necessary for a very cold climate.

What do animals and plants compete for?

What is an extremophile?


Topic: Drugs



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All drugs change the chemical processes in the human body. Cannabis is an illegal drug. Cannabis smoke contains chemicals which may cause mental illness in some people. Cocaine, Ecstasy and heroine are highly addictive illegal drugs that may have a negative effect on the heart and circulatory system. Stopping taking these drugs leads to withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol and Nicotine are legal drugs. Their impact is much higher than illegal drugs because so many people abuse them.

Statins: Drugs that lower cholesterol in the blood and stop the liver producing too much cholesterol. Patients should also have a healthy diet. This reduces the risk of heart disease. Steroids Drugs that allow athletes to train for longer and longer, gain more muscle and gain an unfair advantage in sport. Stimulants— Boost heart rate and other bodily functions to give athletes an unfair advantages. Antibiotics, Painkillers are discussed elsewhere.

Three stages of drugs testing: Stage 1 - Test on cells and animals in the lab (efficacy, toxicity) Stage 2—Test on healthy volunteers (side effects, dose) Stage 3—Test on patients (efficacy, dose) Placebo – pill that does not contain the drug Double blind trial – neither doctor or patient knows who has the real drug and who has taken the placebo. Thalidomide developed as a sleeping pill. Then used to treated morning sickness. Hadn’t been tested on pregnant women and caused disfigured limbs in ba-bies. Drug testing became more rigorous as a result. Now used to treat leprosy and some cancers.

Hot Climate:

Animals: Low body fat: Sandy colour for

camouflage; Thin insulating coat

Plants: Low surface area of limbs; Water

storage in stems; extensive root system.

Cold Climate: High body fat; Thick insulating coat;

Camouflage

Animals compete for Food, Mates, Territory

Plants compete for Light, Space, Water, Nutrients

Extremophiles living in highly different environments and can survive

high levels of salt, high temperature or pressure.



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Topic: Distribution and environmental change Topic: Food Chains and Biomass

Give examples of indicator species used to measure pollution.

What do indicator species tell us?

What do pyramids of numbers and biomass look like?

Draw a food chain, pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass for :

Oak tree (1), aphid (500), ladybird (50), sparrow (5), Owl (1)

Topic: Decomposition / Decay

What is a detritus feeder?

Describe the process of decay?

What are the essential conditions for decay to occur?

Topic: Carbon cycle

Describe the key processes in the carbon cycle.

What is the only biological process to remove carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere?

Why do all living things release carbon dioxide?

How can carbon dioxide be locked away?

How does decay fit into the carbon cycle?



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As environmental changes happen the distribu-tion of organisms also changes. It can be diffi-cult to measure change in distribution.

Lichens used to measure air quality (if they die, indicates pollution)

Invertebrate animals to measure water quality (if they die indicates low oxygen levels due to pollution).

Pyramids of biomass

tells us how much dry

mass of living organism

there is. Producers go on

Decay happens when micro-organisms digest matter. These organisms are called detritus feeders. Large molecules are broken down into much smaller molecules. These can then be used by living things for growth. Carbon Dioxide is one product re-leased by decay, which is then used by plants to grow. Conditions needed for decay are: Warm: Chemical reactions in microorganisms work fastest when warm. Moist: Easier to dissolve food, prevents drying out Plenty of oxygen: Decomposers respire, need oxygen to release energy. In a stable system, processes that remove materials from the environment are balanced by the materials produced by decay (and other processes)



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Topic: Genetics

Where is genetic material found?

Why does sexual reproduction produce variation?

What is genetic variation? Give an example

What is environmental variation? Give an example

Topic: Sexual/Asexual Reproduction

Topic: Evolution—Difference between Lamarck and Darwin Topic: Natural Selection

Describe the difference between:

Darwin’s theory of “natural selection” [Survival of the Fittest]

Lamarck’s theory of “inherited characteristics”

According to Darwin’s theory, where did all living things come from?

What are the key points in “natural selection”?

Who opposed this theory, and why?

How does mutation affect natural selection?

Sexual Asexual

Number of parents

Number of gametes

Likeness of offspring to

Variation

Organisms that do it



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The nucleus of most human cells is made of 23 pairs of chromosomes. (sex cells [gametes] contain half that amount—23 individual chromosomes). Chromosomes are made of DNA. DNA is made of genes. Genes control the development of characteristics of an organism. These characteristics are also affected by environmental factors (the condi-tions within which they are raised).

All living things came from a common ancestor, thought to be some sort of

worm. Over billions of years they evolved into a variety of different species.

Natural selection

Organisms show a wide range of variation within a species.

The individuals most suited to their environment most likely to survive

and breed.

The genes that give them these characteristics passed on to offspring.

The church opposed it due to lack of evidence at the time, and the theory

challenging the existence of God.

Mutation results in rapid changes to a species, much faster than natural se-

lection.?

Examples of environmental factors

include diet, climate, etc

Sexual Asexual

Number of parents 2 1

Number of gametes 2 1

Likeness of offspring

to parent Similar but different Identical (Clones)

Variation Lots None

Organisms that do it Mammals

Snails, Some sharks, Bacteria,

Happens in animals dupli-

cating cells (eg skin cells)


Topic: Embryo Transplantation



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Topic: Adult Cell Cloning

Topic: Cloning plants

How can plants be cloned?

What are the advantages of tissue culturing over cuttings?

Describe the process of adult cell cloning.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of adult cell cloning?

Describe embryo transplantation

What are the advantages/disadvantages of embryo transplantation?

Topic: Genetic Engineering

What is genetic engineering?

Why are people concerned about genetic engineering?



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Taking Cuttings: take part of a plant use auxins to grow roots and plant in soil.

Advantages:

Protect endangered

breeds

Could be used for

genetically engi-

neered clones.

Disadvantages

Ethics/unnatural

Lots of failed

attempts on way to

success.

All offspring identi-

cal—subject to same

illnesses.

Advantages:

Farmers gets a herd

of all female, ge-

netically excellent

animals.

Economically good

Disadvantages

Ethics/unnatural

All offspring identi-

cal—subject to same

illnesses.

Tissue culture: new plants grown in Petri dish from a few cells

Non destructive technique. Good for making large quantities of new plants.

Simple and cheap but damages original plant.

Genetic engineering involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species, using enzymes. This DNA is then inserted into an empty egg cell and a new organism created. Famous examples include taking glow in the dark genes from jellyfish and

GM crops are genetically modified. GM crops are designed to produce more food, resist insect attack or chemicals. Some people worry about long term health effects and the effect on naturally occurring

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Card #1/36 Science Revision Card #2/36 - Haywood Academy...getting in The white blood cell can ingest the pathogen and destroy it. The white blood cells can pro-duce chemicals called