Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project

8/2/2019 Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project

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Caribbean Disaster Mitigation ProjectImplemented by the Organization of American StatesUnit of Sustainable Development and Environment

for the USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the CaribbeanRegional Program

Drawings to Accompany the BuildingGuidelines

Section B: Concrete Construction

Introduction|Section A| Section B|Section C|Section D| Section E|Section F |Section G

Download AutoCAD DWG files (zip archive):Section A|Section B|Section C|Sections D-G

Figure B-1: Permissible Arrangement of Strip Footings

All exterior walls and interior load-bearing walls should be supported on reinforced concrete stripfootings. Interior walls may be supported by thickening the slab under the wall and suitably reinforcing it.

The foundations should generally be located on a layer of soil or rock with good bearing characteristics.

Such soils would include dense sands, marl, other granular materials and stiff clays.

The foundation should be cast not less than 1 6" to 2 0" below ground, its thickness not less than 9" and

its width not less than 24" or a minimum of three times the width of the wall immediately supported by

it. Where clays must be used as the foundation bearing material, the width of the footing should be

increased to a minimum of 2 6".
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Figure B-2: Typical Spread Footing Detail

When separate reinforced concrete columns or concrete block columns are used they should be supported

by square footings not less than 2-0" square and 12" thick. For columns footings, the minimum

reinforcement should be " diameter bars at 6" centres in both directions forming a 6" mesh.
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Figure B-3: Reinforcement of Strip Footings

Reinforcement in the foundation is needed to ensure the continuity of the structure. This is particularly

important in cases of bad ground or where the building may be subjected to earthquake forces. The

reinforcement is assumed to be deformed high yield steel bars which are commonly supplied in theOECS. For strip footings, the minimum reinforcement should consist of 2 No. 4 (") bars placed

longitudinally and " diameter bars placed transversely at 12" centres.


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Figure B-4: Concrete Floor in Timber Construction


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Figure B-5: Concrete Strip Footing and Concrete Base with Timber Construction

An acceptable arrangement for a foundation of a small timber building with a concrete or wood floor isshown in these figures. This construction is suitable in reasonably stiff soils or marl. Where the building

will be on rock, the thickness of the footing may be reduced, but timber buildings are very light and can

easily be blown off of their foundations. Therefore the building must be securely bolted to the concrete

footing, and the footings must be heavy enough to prevent uplift.


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Figure B-6: Typical Block Masonry Details

Concrete blocks used in walls should be sound and free from cracks and their edges should be straight and

true. The nominal width of blocks for exterior walls and load bearing interior walls should be a minimum

of 6 inches and the face shell a minimum thickness of 1". It is better to construct exterior walls of 8" thickconcrete block. Non-load bearing partitions may be constructed using blocks with a nominal thickness of

4" or 6". Blockwork walls should be reinforced both vertically and horizontally; this is to resist hurricane

and earthquake loads. It is normal practice in most of the OECS to use concrete columns at all corners and

intersections. Door and window jambs must be reinforced.

The recommended minimum reinforcement for concrete block construction is as follows:

i. 4-" diameter bars at corners vertically.ii. 2-" diameter bars at junctions vertically.

iii. 2-" diameter bars at jambs of doors and windowsiv. for horizontal wall reinforcement use "Dur-o-waL (or similar) or " bars every other

course as follows:

4" blocks 1 bar

6" blocks 2 bars

8" blocks 2 bars

v. For vertical wall reinforcement use " bars spaced as follows:


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4" blocks 32

6" blocks 24

8" blocks 16

Figure B-7: Concrete Column Detail

Columns should have minimum dimensions of 8" x 8" and may be formed by formwork on four sides or

formwork on two sides with blockwork on the other two. The minimum column reinforcement should be4- diameter bars with " stirrups at 6" centres. A filled core column or poured concrete column should

be placed full height to the belt course (ring beam) at each door jamb.


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Figure B-8: Alternate Footing Arrangements for Block Masonry

This reinforced concrete footing is constructed monolithically with the floor slab. It consists of a series of

slab thickenings under the walls with a minimum 12"deep downstand on the perimeter. The footing is

placed entirely on well compacted granular material.


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Figure B-9: Floor Slab Detail

The reinforced concrete floor slab is kept free of the perimeter walls. The mesh reinforcement in the slab

is placed in the top with 1" covers. The slab is constructed on well compacted granular fill, crushed stone

or marl.


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Figure B-10: Alternative Floor Slab Detail

The suspended reinforced concrete slab is tied into the external capping beam at floor level. The top

(steel) reinforcement is important. The main reinforcement should be of the order of " diameter at 9"

centres, and the distribution steel 3/8" diameter at 12" centres.


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Figure B-11: Fixing Detail for Vernadah Rail to Column

It is important that the rails be adequately fixed into the side column. At a minimum the bolts should be

galvanised to prevent corrosion. Epoxy grout or chemical anchors are recommmended for fixing the

baluster into the concrete column.


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Figure B-12: Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Slabs

The reinforcement should be bent and fixed by knowledgeable workmen. Care must be taken to maintain

the top steel in the top with adequate cover.


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Figure B-13: Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended BeamsThe reinforcement should be bent and fixed by knowledgeable workmen. Care must be taken to maintainthe top steel in the top with adequate cover.


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Figure B-14: Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Cantilever BeamsThe reinforcement should be bent and fixed by knowledgeable workmen. Care must be taken to maintain

the top steel in the top with adequate cover.


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Figure B-15: Reinforcement Arrangement for Suspended Stairs


Section C: Timber Construction

Introduction|Section A|Section B| Section C |Section D| Section E|Section F |Section G

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Figure C-1: Alternative Foundation for a Small Timber Building

With timber construction the foundation must ensure that the building is adequately supported. For most

timber buildings the foundation must be firmly anchored to the ground to prevent the building from being

moved by high winds. This foundation alternative describes a timber post concreted into a hole in firmsoil. Greenheart or pressure treated timber must be used.
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Figure C-2: Fixing Detail for Timber Joist Bearing on a Concrete Beam
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Figure C-3: Fixing Detail for Timber Rafter to a Timber Header


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Figure C-4: Alternative Fixing Arrangements for Pillar Supports at Floors to Resist Uplift


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Section D: Steel ConstructionIntroduction|Section A|Section B|Section C| Section D | Section E|Section F |Section G


Figure D-1: Steel Column Pedestal and Footing

Foundations for steel framed buildings generally consist of a reinforced concrete pad located at a

suitable depth on a bearing stratum. The pad supports a stub column which has the column

holding down bolts cast into it. The height of the stub column is such that the column base islocated at the desired elevation.

Since steel framed buildings are comparatively light weight structures, the footing size isdetermined by the size of the adequate anchor required to prevent uplift due to wind. The size of
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footing should therefore be provided by the designer or supplier, and the horizontal restraint

needed at the column bases must also be shown on the drawing.

Because of this, it is not possible to provide specific design guidelines for the footing, since the

size of the footing is dependent upon the forces which would be generated by the wind.

Experienced engineers would be required to carry out a wind analysis, the result of which wouldpermit design of the footing to be undertaken.


Section E: Fire Prevention and Fire Safety

Introduction|Section A|Section B|Section C|Section D| Section E |Section F |Section G

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Figure E-1(a): Cover Details for Reinforced Concrete Members
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Figure E-1(b): Cover Details for Reinforcement Concrete Members

Adequate concrete cover to reinforcement is required for both durability and fire resistance. The covers

recommended should provide a fire resistance of about 4 hours.


Section F: Plumbing, Sanitation, Water Supply andGas Installations

Introduction|Section A|Section B|Section C|Section D| Section E| Section F |Section G

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Figure F-1: Schematic Drawing Showing Connection of Fixtures for a Single Storey

Dwelling

The general arrangement for connection of fixtures to a single stack is depicted. It is important

that no soil or waste pipes discharge into bends attached to a water closet (WC) bowl. The pipes

must be laid to adequate falls to the service manhole.

Figure F-2: Detail of Manhole Construction

Manholes are to be installed at every change of direction and gradient, spaced no more than 60

feet apart. Manholes are constructed of reinforced concrete or blockwork and the drain where itpasses through the manhole shall be carried in an open benched channel. Manhole covers are

typically of steel, cast iron or concrete and are to be airtight and fitted with lifting handles to

facilitate removal.
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Figure F-3: Conventional Privy

Pit privies shall preferably be located on the leeward side of a building and shall be ventilated.Privies shall not be used in areas where the water table is within 2 feet of the surface since they

will not function well. The precast concrete slab pit privy has been adopted by many health

authorities.

There shall be openings at the top of the walls to dissipate odours. For maximum odour control a

vent pipe can be installed in the tank to carry odours away from the privy. The vent pipe shall beat least 6.0 inches (150 mm) in diameter, painted black, screened with a wire gauze and located

on the sunny side of the latrine so that air inside the pipe will heat up and create an up-draft. The

pipe shall extend a minimum of 2 feet above the roof of the privy.

The door should open outwards to minimize the internal floor area.The toilet shall be sufficiently

screened to discourage flies. The walls and roof shall be weatherproof, shall provide privacy,

exclude vermin and be architecturally compatible in external appearance with the main house.


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Figure F-4: Details of Construction of Water Cistern

In areas without a public water supply, a water storage cistern should be constructed for each

house or dwelling, along with a rainwater collection system from the roof or other suitable

catchment. The size of a typical storage tank or cistern is as shown.

The water storage cistern can be located under one or more buildings of a dwelling group orconsist of a separate tank remotely located. The cistern shall be located uphill and as far as

practical from any septic tank, privy, soakaway, or leaching tile field. The water storage cistern

shall be preferably reinforced concrete and provided with access hatches to allow cleaning out

and repairs.

The cover of the water storage cistern shall be of a durable, non-rotting material. Wood or

plywood is generally not satisfactory. The cover must be tightly fitting to prevent mosquitobreeding. Light should be excluded from the cistern water to prevent the growth of algae.

Sufficient overflows must be provided to prevent flooding of dwellings. The overflows must be

screened to prevent the entrance of mosquitoes, frogs, or other vermin.

Figure F-5: Standard Septic Tank Details


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The basic function of a septic tank is to receive domestic sewage, partially treat it, segregate the

solids, and discharge the liquid to a tile field or soakaway. Anaerobic bacterial action breaksdown much of the solid matter into liquids and gases. While in an efficiently operating tank the

liquid discharge is comparatively clear, tanks do not accomplish a high degree of bacteria

removal and infectious agents including pathogenic organisms may be widespread in the effluent

which is "septic". The primary purpose of the tank is to condition sewage. To provide formaximum solids removal, adequate tank capacity is necessary.

Figure F-6: Alternative Arrangements of Sanitary Fixtures in a Bathroom

Six different arrangements of small two- and three-fixture bathrooms are depicted. The

dimensions shown are the minima for proper use of the spaces.


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Figure F-7: Typical Plumbing Layout for a Small House

All plumbing shall be installed in a workmanlike manner. The water supply pipes should be

provided with a properly protected and easily accessible stop cock or gate valve near to the

boundary. The fixtures should be of smooth, hard, durable, impervious and corrosion-resistant


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materials, free from flaws and blemishes. All fixtures connected to foul drawings shall be

trapped as close to the fixture as possible. The water closets shall have a vent pipe of not lessthan 1 inches in diameter. A drain laid under a floor on fill, must be laid in a straight line for its

entire length beneath the building, and should not exceed 40 feet in length.

Figure F-8(a): Soak-Aways in Areas with a High Water Table
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Figure F-8(b): Soak-Aways in Areas with a Low Water Table

Soakaways shall be used as alternatives to shallow absorption fields where sub-surfaceconditions are feasible. They shall never be used where there is likelihood of contaminating

underground water supplies, such as areas with fresh water wells. The most suitable disposal
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system is dependant on the percolation rate and this is generally determined by the Public Health

Authority.

In the construction of soakaways, proper precautions shall be taken to prevent the side walls

from collapsing while workmen are in the hole.The soakaway pit is to be lined with stones,

bricks, or concrete blocks laid up dry with open joints backed up with at least 3" of gravel. Thebottom of the pit is to be filled with coarse gravel (pea rock), to depth of at least two feet. The

cover is to be made of reinforced concrete or steel. Where two soakaways are to be constructedthey shall be located not less than three times the largest of the surface dimensions apart.

Soakaways may be used in all areas for the disposal of excess rainwater or run-off from

buildings that is not of a septic nature.


Section G: Electrical Guidelines

Introduction|Section A|Section B|Section C|Section D| Section E|Section F | Section G

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Figure G-1: Typical Electrical Plan for a Small House

Electrical installations, including the service capacity of the installation, and the number and

distribution of circuits shall meet the requirements of the relevant Electricity Regulations. Thissketch covers single-phase electrical services for residential construction under 2000sq.ft.

All electrical services shall be installed by an experienced electrician in accordance with theElectricity Regulations governing the installation of electrical service, and in accordance with the

relevant Electrical Code. Only experienced and/or licensed electricians should install electrical

systems.
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Figure G-2: Typical Sections of Wall Showing Locations of Fixtures
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Documents

Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project