Case Studies of Well Known Urban Spaces

8/11/2019 Case Studies of Well Known Urban Spaces

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SUBMITTED BY-

SHREYA AGRAWAL

SHALINI SWARNKAR

SHREYA SHRIVASTAVA

CASE STUDIES OF WELLKNOWN URBAN SPACES


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Introduction

The development of urban place which began withGreek marketplace called agora, grew out of apedestrian-oriented culture long before invention ofautomobile.

Early spaces had facilities related to commerce,government and places of assembly.

These spaces create an image of the city in whichthey are located.

They become a meeting place and a center for various

activites that improve the physical and socialenvironment


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THE AGORA

AS GREEK COMMERCE AND GOVERNMENT EXPANDED, THEAGORA BECAME THE FOCUS OF BUSINESS, THEMARKETPLACE, AS WELL AS THE PLACE OF ASSEMBLY. THISWAS THE GENESIS OF MODERN URBAN SPACE.

THE AGORA WAS USUALLY CENTRALLY LOCATED WITHPRINCIPAL STREETS LEADING TO IT.

IT HAD SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR URBAN SPACES FORMEDBY STOAS OR COLONNADED PORTICOS WITH A FACADE ONONE SIDE WHICH PROVIDED SHELTER AROUND THESQUARE.

SMALLER SPACES BETWEEN THE BUILDINGS LED TOSTREETS THAT TERMINATED AT THE AGORA.

THE OPEN SPACE OF THE AGORA WAS WIDELY USED. IT WASA BUSY PLACE WITH A VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES ANDFUNCTIONS WHERE PEOPLE MET, TALKED, AND CONDUCTEDBUSINESS AND CIVIC ACTIVITIES.


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STATUES AND OTHER SCULPTURE WERE OFTENPLACED IN THE MAJOR OPEN SPACE AS A FOCALELEMENT.

LINKED TO THE AGORA SQUARE, BUT NOT FACING IT,WERE THE ASSEMBLY HALL (ECTLESIASTRON),

COUNCIL HALL (BOULEUTERION), AND COUNCILCHAMBER (PRYTANEUM).

THE ATHENIAN AGORA, WHICH ORIGINATED ABOUT 420B.C., WAS LOCATED TO THE NORTHWEST AT THE FOOTOF THE ACROPOLIS, ALONG THE ROUTE LEADING TOATHENS PORT, PIRAEUS. FROM THE ACROPOLIS THERE

WAS A PANORAMIC VIEW LOOKING DOWN TO THEAGORA.


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The agora, the central market place of Ancient Greece, was 30 acres in size and containe

several markets, three stoa, or teaching porches, two theaters, a gymnasium, courthouse

prison, five temples and many sculptures of gods and goddesses. The agora (and itscounterpart in Rome, the forum) was also a single place where education, politics, religion

oratory, philosophy, art and athletics flourished. As such it functioned as an integrative ce

for those activities that were crucial to the Greek way of life and its democracy. In physical

terms it was the core of Greek society, and was a place where the sacred and the profane

met on a daily basis.


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1.Peristyle Court

2.Mint

3.Enneakrounos

4.South Stoa Iand South Stoa II

5.Aiakeion

6.Strategeion7.Colonos Agoraios

8.Tholos

9.Agora stone

10.Monument of the Eponymous Heroes

11.Metroon(Old Bouleuterion)

12.New Bouleuterion

13.Temple of Hephaestus(Hephaestion)

14.Temple of Apollo Patroos

15.Stoa of Zeus

16.Altar of the Twelve Gods

17.Stoa Basileios(Royal stoa)18.Temple of Aphrodite Urania

19.Stoa of Hermes

20.Stoa Poikile

Plan showing major buildings and structures of the agora of Athens as it was in

the 5th century BC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AgoraAthens5thcentury.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_of_the_Eponymous_Heroeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metroon_del_Agora_de_Atenas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AgoraAthens5thcentury.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_of_the_Eponymous_Heroeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AgoraAthens5thcentury.png


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The republican forum

The buildings of the Republican Forum (509-27 B.C.)in Rome represented increasing political power. TheRepublican Forum, the commercial and governmentalcenter of Rome, began as a marketplace at the baseof the hill known as the Capitoline.

The buildable area was five or six acres and, at first,buildings were grouped with no apparent relationshipto each other except for a narrow axis.

As larger buildings were added over a long period of

time, the architects began to group the buildingsaround squares


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MEDIEVAL URBAN SPACES

A PIAZZA(ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION: [PJATTSA]) ISA CITY SQUARE IN ITALY, MALTA, ALONGTHE DALMATIAN COAST AND IN SURROUNDINGREGIONS. THE TERM IS ROUGHLY EQUIVALENT TOTHE SPANISH PLAZA.

IN ETHIOPIA, IT IS USED TO REFER TO A PART OF A CITY. A PIAZZA IS COMMONLY FOUND AT THE MEETING OF

TWO OR MORE STREETS. MOST ITALIAN CITIES HAVESEVERAL PIAZZAS WITH STREETS RADIATING FROMTHE CENTER. SHOPS AND OTHER SMALL BUSINESSESARE FOUND ON PIAZZAS AS IT IS AN IDEAL PLACE TO

SET UP A BUSINESS. MANY METRO STATIONS AND BUSSTOPS ARE FOUND ON PIAZZAS AS THEY ARE KEYPOINT IN A CITY.


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PIAZZA DEL CAMPO

Piazza del Campois the principal public space of the historiccenter of Siena, Tuscany, Italy and is regarded as one ofEurope's greatest medieval squares.

It is renowned worldwide for its beauty and architecturalintegrity.

The Palazzo Pubblico and its Torre del Mangia, as well asvariouspalazzi signorilisurround the shell-shaped piazza. Atthe northwest edge is the Fonte Gaia.

The twice-a-year horse-race, Palio di Siena, is held aroundthe edges of the piazza.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Siena


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PALAZZO PUBBLICO

PIAZZA DEL CAMPO


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The open site was a marketplace established beforethe thirteenth century on a sloping site near themeeting point of the three hillside communities thatcoalesced to form Siena: the Castellare, the SanMartino and the Camollia.

It was paved in 1349 in fishbone-patterned red brickwith ten lines of travertine, which divide the piazza intonine sections, radiating from the mouth ofthe gavinone(the central water drain) in front ofthe Palazzo Pubblico.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine


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The number of divisions is held to besymbolic of the rule of The Nine (Noveschi)who laid out the campo and governed Sienaat the height of its mediaeval splendour

between 1292-1355. The Campo was and remains the focal point

of public life in the City. From the piazza,eleven narrow shaded streets radiate into the

city.


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PIAZZA SAN MARCO

Piazza San Marco, often known in English asthe St Mark's Square is the principal publicsquare of Venice, Italy, where it is generally known

just as "the Piazza" (la Piazza).

The Piazzetta (the 'little Piazza') is an extension ofthe Piazza towards the lagoon in its south eastcorner. The two spaces together form the social,religious and political centre of Venice and arecommonly considered together.


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The Piazza is dominated at its eastern end by thegreat church of St Mark.It is described here by aperambulation starting from the west front of thechurch and proceeding to the right.

The church including the whole of the west facadewith its great arches and marble decoration, theRomanesque carvings round the central doorway and,above all, the four horses which preside over the wholepiazza and are potent symbols of the pride and power

of Venice , four hundred years later, Napoleon, after hehad conquered Venice, had them taken down andshipped to Paris.]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco


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The Piazzetta dei Leoncini is an open space on thenorth side of the church named after the two marblebut now officially called the Piazzetta Giovanni XXIII.

The neo-classic building on the east side adjoining theBasilica is the Palazzo Patriarcale, the seat of thePatriarch of Venice

Beyond that is the Clock Towercompleted in 1499,

To the right of the clock-tower is the closed church ofSan Basso, designed by Baldassare Longhena(1675),sometimes open for exhibitions.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark's_Clocktowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Longhenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Longhenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Longhenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Longhenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark's_Clocktower


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the campidoglio, rome, italy the campidoglio is capitoline hill,

which had religious and politicalimportance in ancient rome.

the campidoglio wasreconstructed by michelangelo in1538.

link between the early

renaissance is florence and thebaroque in rome.

urban space is defined by threebuildings that form an enclosedspace.

two buildings at the sides of thespace are two stories, while thepalazzo del senatore terminatingthe space is three stories.


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michelangelo saw a needfor third building to enclose

the space. a statue of marcus aurelius

had been placed in thespace by pope paul iii.

he modulated the uneventop of the hill where helocated the capitolinemuseum.

steps surround the plaza

and subtly link it to thesurrounding space.


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the main part of the plaza is ovalshaped, sunken slightly, and hasstar shaped paving pattern.

the paved area is an importantdesign feature, creating an ovalvolume of space whichstrengthens the largertrapezoidal space formed bythree buildings

the square represents asynthesis of nature and culture,providing unity and coherence ofdesign.

the major use of the buildings

today is for museums.


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Baroque period

During the baroqueperiod, plazas werecreated for the displayof religious and civic

structures. Examples

The piazza di sanpietro, rome

the piazza navona,rome


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Piazza di san pietro, rome

Construction began by pope julius ii in1506, until 1606 during the baroque

period.

The overall space by bemini consisted of

three areas, each of which has specific

name. The piazza obliqua, oval place of st.

peters, completed about 1660.

The piazza slopes slightly toward the

obelisk located in its centre.

The egyptian obelisk resting on fourbronze lions, brought from heliopolis on

the nile delta.


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The piazza has a small terracing effectas it rise to the monumental portico.

The huge elliptical colonnade at st.peters was enclosed on two sides bybemini to make a covered approach tothe vatican.

The colonnade has 284 columns, 88pilasters, and 140 statues.

It provides a grand approach to animportant monument, and alsoprovides a huge outdoor space forassembly when crowds gather to hearthe pope speak from the papal loggia.

The square easily holds 3,00,000people.


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Piazza navona, rome, italy

Built during the baroqueperiod.

Piazza Navona is a citysquare in Rome, Italy.

It is built on the site of the

Stadium of Domitian, builtin 1st century AD, andfollows the form of theopen space of the stadium.

The shape of the piazza is

curved at one end.


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Versailles, france

In versailles, construction started in

1661 and completed in 1665. Lenotre, landscape architect

relocated the town, palace,gardens, and park by a system ofaxes.

It has major east-west axis or sight

line that links the centerline of thepark from the center of the palaceto the horizon or infinity.

The other important axis isperpendicular to the above axisthat it crosses at the first terracewest of the palace and continuesnorth and south to the face of thebuilding.


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Major axis begins at thepalace by the systems ofterraces with fountains.

The overall design links thelandscape elements togethermaking the conceptunderstandable to the viewer.

On the townside of the palacethree roads radiate toward thepalace providing aconvergence of vistas at its

entrance. In 17thcentury plazas were

enclosed isolated spaces, butin 18thcentury the spaceswere more open. Example- dela concorde in paris


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Nineteen century urban spaces

Regent street, London,England

Designed by john nash in1811 to solve functional

requirement of the street. He developed plans for

regent street, regent parksand park crescent.

Construction period was of25 years.


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Design concept

Most important concept was creating mixed uses of

the street. Later on the concept was used by united

states.

Street had well designed treatment of spaces.


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Normal sized buildingparcels along the street.

He created fine buildingsaround regent park andconnected it to the city withregent avenue.

Regent street was a mixtureof public buildings andcommercial offices alongwith residences, hotels and achurch.


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Todays Regent street, London, England


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Paris boulevards

In 1853, napoleon iii put baron Georges Haussmann,

in charge of re-building Paris.


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Design concept Haussmann concentrated on

creating new boulevards,improved the road system andalso provided new sites for realestate development.

Existing slums were demolishedto make room for new design thatcreated a street-scape with streettrees planted along broadboulevards and provided anurban design scheme that gainworld renown.


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The entire boulevard system was planned and

constructed within 17years.


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Galleria vittorio Emmanuelle ii,

Milan, Italy

it was the centre of Milan's

public society, this galleria was

opened in 1867.

It was the connection of two

major generators of pedestrian

traffic, the duomo or cathedral

and lascala, the opera house.


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Designconcept The vertical proportion of the galleria space appears to

intensify activity while providing a sense of place.

Its not only a place for people to walk but also a place

for shopping and relaxing. The arcade also evolved in some urban areas

because streets were unpleasant places with narrowor nonexistent sidewalks.

The concept of shopping street with separation ofpedestrian and vehicular traffic made it comfortableand safe.


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It is now owned by Milan's municipal government.


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Thank you

Documents

Case Studies of Well Known Urban Spaces