Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL CHOI School of Energy Systems Engineering ([email protected])[email protected]

Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure

IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL CHOISchool of Energy Systems Engineering ([email protected])

*Director Nuclear Transmutation Energy Research Center of KoreaSeoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Workshop on the Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Power Infrastructure DevelopmentIAEA, Vienna, 10-12 December 2008

mailto:[email protected]

Acknowledgments

• Alex R. Burkart of US Department of State for his encouragement to initiate this work and constant support

• Yury Sokolov, C. Russell Clark, and Ki-Sig Kang of IAEA

• Poong-Eil Juhn of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)

• Chang Hyo Kim of Korea Atomic Energy Commission

• Si Hwan Kim of Ulsan University

• Sang Doug Park of Korea Electric Power Research Institute

• Nam-Sung Ahn of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)

• Tae-Eun Yang formerly of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power

• Han Young Lee of KAERI

• Koo Woun Park formerly of Korea Power Engineering Company

• Soon Heung Chang of KAIST

• Chong Hun Rieh, the former KEPCO President

IAEA 10-12 December 2008 2

Outline

1 Background of Korean Case

Incubation of Korean NP Programme2

3 NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme

Lessons Learned from Korean NP Programme4

5 Summary : Korean NP Programme


Densely populated & heavily industrialized>97% energy is imported (~35% of all import)~36% of national electricity from 20 NPP’sNational Plan to increase to 59% by 2030

Background of Korean Case


“Atom for Peace” fostered the NP Study in the devastated Korea

following Korean War (1950–53) and greatly helped successful

Startup of 1st NPP(Kori-1) in 1978

First Korean NPP StartupIn 1978

GD

P p

er C

apit

a ($

)

SeoulSeoul

Kori

Ulchin

Wolsung

Younggwang

Operation

Under planning

OPR1000

Under construction

Background of Korean Case

Kori - the site of the 1st Korean NPP : before (top) and now (bottom).


http://kr.rd.yahoo.com/search/image/click/?http://imagesearch.yahoo.co.kr/isurf/667/670/0000267168.html


Incubation of Korean NP ProgrammeNuclear Energy Programme Implementing Office (NEPIO)

Incubation of Korean NP Programme


19561956PreparationPreparation 1958 Enact Atomic Energy Act & Establish NEPIO

1957 Join IAEA

1956 First ICPUAE, ROK-US Bilateral Agreement & Pre-NEPIO

19611961National planNational plan 1968 Confirm 20 year Plan, Sign NPT & Invite Bid for NPP

1964 Start Site Evaluation and Selection (confirm site in 1966)

1961 1st 5yr Economic Development Plan, MOST, KAERI, KEPCO

19691969ContractedContracted 1978 Commercial Operation of 1st NPP

1975 Entry into force of NPT & Join CSA

1971 Begin 1st NPP Construction on Turnkey Basis

19781978Operation & Operation & localizationlocalization 1990 Separate Regulator (KINS) from KAERI

1989 Start NPP Standardization & Join COCOM

1981 Nuclear Safety Center within KAERI

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 2

Phase 4

• Competent NEPIO for developing national plan– Endowing NEPIO strong authority and manpower for

the national plan development– Maintaining continuous infrastructural investment

under the government leadership– Close coordination with economic and industrial

development plan• Continual assessment and update of national plan

– In-depth evaluation of world NP industry & experiences– Develop a national plan and undertake internal reviews– Coordinate international reviews (including IAEA)


NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme


NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP ProgrammeKorean NEPIO in 1958 with competent members drawn from government, universities, research institutes.

Korean NP Programme and National Economic Developments in 1960-70s



Systemic StrategiesNP

Program(NEPIO)

Export-driven

Economy

Heavy & Chemical Industry

Plan

Labor intensiveIndustry

Plan

AgriculturalDevelopment

Plan

Stable & inexpensiveelectricity

Reducing food imports

Labor intensive consumer products

Financing

Financing

Industrial synergy for localization

Cheap labor

NPTNPT

National security via economic development

SafetySafety

Legal & regulatory framework

Stable & inexpensiveelectricity

International Collaborations

• Human Resource Development– Training for improving technical ability and obtaining

high quality human resources support– Safeguard efforts under international cooperations

Activities (1957-1969, phase 1 and 2) Sum

International conference and symposium(both attending and hosting)

47 times

Inviting foreign technical experts 61 times (81 persons: 1 day ~18 mos.)

Sending internal human resources 310 persons under poor financial condition

Participation in international scientific projects 16 times (with IAEA)

Safety and proliferation resistance system Bi-lateral, IAEA-INFCI and NPT



– Evaluation, Reviews and Plan Reports – Database and materials for decision making and

systematic cooperation

IAEA 10-12 December 200812

Long-term plan for next 20 years

Site investigation and selection of NPP

Investigation of the trends world NP society

Long term energy supply and demand plan with NPP

Feasibility study of a NPP


several internal review

IAEA

external consultants



Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program NEPIO played key roles during Phases 1 and 2. Developed needed infrastructures in 10 years The 1st NPP on turnkey basis for safety and QA Continued collaboration among former NEPIO members

led to competitive NP infrastructure of Korea.


1970s

Three turnkey NPP with limited internal procurement to non-safety areas: inability of Korean industry to meet strict quality standards

1980s

Standardization of 6 NPP’s with 950MWe (non-turnkey)involving domestic subcontractors:Establishing AE company & Classifying component by localization feasibility

1990s

Become the prime contractor with foreign subcontractors: Localization programcontributes to improve economy, to increase capacity factor, and to establish complete and up-to-date infrastructure for competitive NP programme

Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program

Continuous investment under the government leadership with enhancing safety feature caused TMI & Chernobyl accident

Initial overestimation of economic growth


Chernobyl

TMI

Orange : new constructionDark Red : total generation

Still increases of total power generation because of growing availability factor

Oil Crisis

Oil Crisis

In 1980s, Korea had plan to increase NPP up to about 40 units by 2000. However, Korea did not reach it because of slowed economy and anti-nuclear movement.

WORLD

KOREA

Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program• Excellent operation and safety records.

– Increasing localization of NPP leads high load factor and low unplanned outage

– High load factor leads to low generation cost– Aiming at 100% localization of APR1400 by 2012


Governmental Mechanisms• National position• Program management• Legislative framework• National electrical grid• Stakeholder involvement• Human resources

development

Safeguard & Security• Safeguards • Security and physical

protection

Safety & Regulations• Nuclear safety • Regulatory framework• Radiation protection

Site and Environment• Site and supporting

facilities• Environmental protection • Emergency planning

Financing & Industry• Financing• Industrial involvement• Procurement

Fuel Cycle & Wastes• Nuclear fuel cycle• Radioactive waste


IAEA 10-12 December 2008



Phase I & II1st NPP

Preparation

Nat

iona

l Ene

rgy

& E

cono

mic

D

evel

opm

ent

Progress in Nuclear Power Technology

Phase VGen IV &Hydrogen

Phase IVNuclear Waste& Fuel Cycle

Phase IIINP Operation& Localization

Phase VIFusion &Nuclear Vehicles

Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program Non-proliferation

• National Security Concerns• North Korea Effect

Legal Framework• Safety Regulation• Waste Management

Stakeholder = Long-term Governance

Management of Departmentalism


Present Organization

Industries and KEPCO subsidiaries

2001

KHNPOwner/operator

2001

KINACSafeguard

2004

KINSRegulator

2004KINSSafety-

Safeguard1990

MOST/KAERILegislation, R&D

2001

KEPCOOwner/operator

1968

MOST/KAERILegal Framework &

R & D 1968

NEPIOUnder MOST

1961

NEPIO1958

1961Option #1 : Cross-cutting Organization Option #2 : MCEWhy? Strong driving force

1967Why? Human resources in engineering and scientific fields

1968 , Option #1 : Separate builder/operatorOption #2 : Maintain within NEPIOWhy? Good financial standing & Business

1990Why ? Needs for independent regulation

2004Why ? Stronger Safeguards (AP)

2001Why ? Market deregulation

1975 - Why ? Rapid expansion and Specialization

Pre-NEPIO1956


Summary : Korean NP Programme

• Competent NEPIO played key roles for planning and implementations of successful NP programme

• International collaborations have been key for infrastructure development and for avoiding political mishaps and technical mistakes.

• Competitive infrastructure has been established.• Remaining Issues

– Regulatory framework– Excessive departmentalism – Nuclear waste management– Sustainable fuel cycles


Documents

Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL CHOI School of Energy Systems Engineering ([email protected])[email protected]