CDA REVIEW – UNIT 3Use with CDA Unit 3 Student Study Guide

Sentence Types• Declarative - statement• Interrogative - question• Exclamatory – strong emotion• Imperative - command

PARTICIPLES

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES• What is an adjective?

• An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.• Adjectives will answer the questions which one, what kind, or

how many?• Example: She wore a blue sweater today.

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

•A verb form that is used as an ADJECTIVE.• PAST or PRESENT • Ends in –ing, -d, -ed, –en, -t

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES• Participles can be found at the beginning, middle, or end

of a sentence, but they MUST BE relatively close to the noun or pronoun they modify.

• Participles are ONE WORD.• Participial phrases consist of that ONE WORD plus

modifiers (all the words that refer to that participle).

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

STEPS to finding the participle or participial phrase

1. Find the subject.2. Find the real verb.3. Look for other words that look like verbs (word endings are the

clue).

EXAMPLE #1The pouring rain drove us inside for the party.

• “Pouring” is the participle (What kind of rain? The pouring rain.)

• It describes rain.• Avoid getting the participle confused with the REAL verb – in this case “drove.”

EXAMPLE #2

Known for her patience, Mrs. Williams was his favorite teacher.

• “known” is the participle (Which teacher? The known one.)• “for her patience” is the modifier• This phrase describes Mrs. Williams.

• Subject and REAL verb: Mrs. Williams was

EXAMPLE #3

The marine biologist, diving near a reef, saw a shark.

“diving” is the participle (Which biologist? The one diving.)“near a reef ” is the modifier

This phrase describes the biologist.

Subject and real verb: biologist saw

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Twirling their canes, the dancers tapped across the stage.

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

She heard me sighing loudly.

Participial phrases may have modifiers such as adverbs.

PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A peeled and sliced cucumber can be added to a garden

salad.

PRACTICE…• The bike had a broken spoke.• Her smiling face made everyone happy.• The frightened child was crying loudly.• The people were frightened by the growling dog.• The squeaking wheel needs some grease.

PRACTICE…• The man, running slowly, still finished the race.• The boy, having been scolded, finally did his work.• The teacher, having retired, could now travel widely.• The soldier, having saluted his superior, continued on his way.

• The truck, swerving and sliding, hit the brick wall.

GERUNDS

Verbals and Verbal Phrases: A Review• Remember, when verbs do what they’re told, they are an

action or a state of being…• John, a 10th grader, plays Playstation 2 until PS3 comes out on the

market.• Easy! PLAYS is our verb, right?

Verbals and Verbal Phrases: A Review• But sometimes, verbs act like NOUNS, which as we all

know, can be confusing….• Playing Playstation 2 is something that John, a tenth

grader likes.• Now….”playing” is acting like a noun• Our verb in the sentence becomes “likes”• Crazy!

Gerunds• Gerunds always, always, always end in –ing.• They act like nouns in a sentence.• So they can be:

• Subjects, Direct objects, Indirect Objects, and Objects of a preposition.

The “it” test• One last thing….a trick if you will…try to replace –ing

verbs with “it”• If the sentence makes sense, you’ve got a gerund• If not, it’s a present participle….

INFINITIVES

Infinitives

• To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to, followed by the simple form of the verb, like this:

• to + verb = infinitive• Important Note: Because

an infinitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end. Ever!

Examples

• To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café. (To sleep – subject; noun)

• Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait. (to read – adjective modifying book)

• More examples on page 154

• Don’t confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase that begins with to. Prepositional phrases always have objects that are nouns or pronouns.

• Example:• I handed the vase to my mother.

Warning

PUNCTUATION MARKS

The Dash• A dash is used to indicate a sudden break in thought or

speech.• “Right over here – oh, excuse me, Mr. Mills – you’ll find the

reference books,” said the librarian.• Alisha began, “The murderer is – well, I don’t want to spoil the

ending.”

Ellipsis• The ellipsis consists of 3 evenly spaced dots (…). • It is used when quoting material that is too long and you

want to leave out some words. • Example original sentence: "The ceremony honored twelve brilliant

athletes from the Caribbean who were visiting the U.S." • With ellipsis: The ceremony honored twelve brilliant

athletes … visiting the U.S.