CE 3220 Safety for construction B.pdf

8/17/2019 CE 3220 Safety for construction B.pdf

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Construction Safety

Dr Ganga Samarasekara

CE3221



Learning Outcome

• LO2: Appreciate various types of construction

equipment, formworks, safety measures and qualityprocesses involved in construction works



Labourer Susantha Pradeep Kumara, 23, was desperately struggling to hold up a leaning slab of cement on Tuesday whenhe lost his balance and fell headlong from the second storey of a building and died.

His skull and backbone were broken in the 40-foot fall. Theyoung man, a contract labourer from Kuda Bollaththa, wasburied on Friday at the Bollaththa Family Burial Grounds.

www.sunday times.lk ; Aug 3, 2014

http://www.sundaytimes.lk/








Construction Safety



Occupational Hazards around the

world

• Around the globe, every 15 seconds,

- 1 worker dies from a work-related accident or disease- 151 workers have a work-related accident

(The Island Oct 09, 2013)

• Among all industries, construction has the highest rate of

accidents, including deaths and disabling injuries, worldwide(Koehn, Kothari and Pan, 1995; Fang, Song and Huang, 1999; Ahmed et al., 2000).

• The annual loss due to occupational illnesses and accidents isestimated to be 4% of global GDP



Cost of occupational injuries

• Types - non-financial human costs, costs of the lost

production, medical costs, compensation for lost wages, production disturbance and administrative andlegal overheads.

• Born by employers, workers, governments, and

society



Construction Accidents in Sri Lanka

Number of fatal accidents in construction industry in SriLanka (Halwathura et al.)



Construction Accidents in Sri Lanka• In 2013, 71 fatal (30 from construction sites) and 1344 non-

fatal accidents island wide

•

Construction industry has highest number of fatalities amongindustries

• Some contractors also give their workers drugs (Cannabis is acommon energy booster) to work long hours

• About 65 % of the workforce of 8.7 million is employed in theinformal sector where safety regulations are most commonlyignored (by employers and ignorant workers)



Construction Accidents in Sri Lanka

• 15% of the total admissions due to injuries at the

Colombo National Hospital in 2011 were work-related

• Only 1% of the estimated work-related accidents arereported in Sri Lanka in contrast to countries like

Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia reported are ashigh as 89%, 88% and 79%



Occupational health and safety

(WHO/ ILO definition)

- the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job

- the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree ofphysical, mental and social well-being of workers in alloccupations;

- the prevention among workers of departures from healthcaused by their working conditions;

- the protection of workers in their employment from risks

resulting from factors adverse to health;- the placing and maintenance of the worker in an

occupational environment adapted to his physiological andpsychological capabilities;



Occupational disease, Occupational

accident

• Occupational disease: disease cause is definitely

related to the work Exposure to unhealthy substances; noise, extremetemperatures

• Occupational accident: accident occurs while

working

Working at heights, hazards from machines



Frequent Accidents in Sri LankaRisk Effects Risk Category

From upper floors Persons falling down

Material lifting machinery Person being struck by machinery

Electrocution Electric Hazardsmachinery Person being struck by machinery

Material moving machinery Person being struck by machinery

From scaffoldings Persons falling down

Electric shock Electric Hazards

Flammable gasses or materials Fire Hazards

Burns Electric Hazards

Tools and objects fall from upper

floors

Person being struck by tools and

objects

( Source: Halwathura et al., 2012)



Accident types

• Material lifting, Earth moving, Material moving Struck by machines

• Electrocution, Electric shock, Burns,Electric hazards

• Upper floors, Scaffolding, Unfinished window facades,Ladders, Stair cases, In to excavations

Falling of personnel

• Flammable gasses or material, Electrical shortages, Welding sparks

Fire Hazards

• Upper floors, Scaffolding, Top of excavations, Staircases, ladders

Struck by tools and objectsfalling from

• Piles, TrenchesCave in

( Source: Halwathura et al., 2012)



Risk Responsibility - Workers

• Lack of training in respect of health and safety

• Lack of education background to understand healthand safety

• Reluctance to adopt health and safety measures



Risk Responsibility - Contractor

• Insufficient opportunities training of health and

safety• Lack of health and safety instrument

• Poor site supervision

• Lack of awareness of health and safety policy

• Absence of health and safety records at the site



Risk Responsibility – Project based

• Lack of attention on health and safety supervision

• Multiple shifts Day and night shift(regular workingof exceeding eight hours)

• Absence of health and safety audits are conducted

• Crash planning of project

• Overlapping activities



Risk Responsibility - Client/ Consultant

• Lack of attention to the health and safety

considerations• Lack of Investment



Occupational Safety and

Health Act (OSHA)

The Act provided a comprehensive set of safety rules andregulations, inspection procedures, and safety record

keeping requirements.



• Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)



Essential Elements of Site Safety

Management

• Company Safety Policy and Safety Program

• Project Safety Plan, Safety Manual

• Job Hazard Analysis, Task Hazard Analysis

• Self Inspections

• Accident Investigations

• Emergency Response Plan

•Personal Protection Equipment

• Site Safety Information

• Personal Safety Attitude



Company Safety Policy and Safety

Program

• Company safety policy should have goals and objectivesthat would be maintained, evaluated and assessed

• Project specific safety plans as a contract requirement andas a company practice

• Safety needs of all stages should be assessed

• Creating a safe and healthy work environment is

everyone's responsibility

• Clear line of communication and clear responsibilities alall levels




Program

• Each site should have a Safety Officer

• Each individual should clearly know their safety duties, be trained

to perform and have the authority to perform• Enforcements of of safety program via rewards, corrections and

punishments

• Participation of employees in safety programs via job analysis,hazard analysis, participation in accident/ incident investigation andrecording of near misses

• Employees training employees

• Safety policy and plan should be a prequalification criteria forsubcontractors




Program

Procedures for emergency evacuation of injured

employees. Safety record and accident report requirements.

Site visit requirements for supervisory personnel.



Safety Manual

A detailed safety manual, which clearly defines

procedures

Must be published and demonstrated.



Job Hazard Analysis, Task Hazard

Analysis

• Job (project) specific Hazard analysis should be conductedpreferably before the bidding a before the completion of

task(latest)• For all phases of the job hazards should be identified and

documented

• OSHA regulations, building codes, industry standards,equipment manuals and standards should be referred

•

Specific Task Hazard Analysis describing the procedures forindividual tasks

• Procedures should exist to identify the uncontrolled hazardsand to minimize their occurrence



Working at Heights

CON

S

T

F

UNDAME

N

T A

L



Self Inspection

• Led by Safety Officer

• Regular self inspection – weekly basis

• Usage of check lists for inspection of safety

• Information should include inspection guide line,responsible person for inspection, follow up actions



Accidents Investigations

The purpose of an accident investigation is to determine

the cause in order prevented future incidents. Procedures should ensure investigation is done, which

incidences qualify for reporting, who should investigate,

criteria for investigation, how to record and carry forward

the information Accident investigation results must be made known

throughout the company





Crane AccidentsCranes may fail by two different mechanisms:

Stability

Structural

capacity STABILITYCounterweight

and Load

Load distanceShort

distance

superstructure



Accidents Investigating Location: The Big Bridge Project

Description:

At about 9:00 a.m., two crane operators attempted to lift a40,000 lb., piling, off of a barge and onto another work

barge. Mr. Cranes was operating the crane and Mr. Jones

was rigging.

The load exceeded the crane’s capacity and consequently the

tracks rose off the ground (it did not tip over).

The operator, did not panic. He regained control of the crane

by swinging and lowering the load to the beach without

injury to personnel or damage to the crane.



Accidents Investigating

Contributing factors:

1. The weight of the load was 9,000 lbs over the rated

capacity of the crane.

2. The operator did not consult the load charts and was

not aware of the load’s radius prior to making the

pick.

3. No supervisor was present during the lift.3. The load charts were in the cab but the page for

the specific boom length was missing.



Accidents Investigating

Corrective Measures:

1. Supervision must be present during all lifts where theload exceeds 80% of the rated capacity of the crane.

2. All cranes are being inspected to verify that they are

equipped with complete load charts.



Emergency Response Plan

• Have a written plan

•

Rescue planning and training• Identify local resources available, teams, fire and

rescue and disaster response

• Appropriate rescue equipment

• Preparation and clear lines of communication

• Record of contact places



Trench Safety

Noncompliance with trench safety guidelines and common

sense results in lost-time injuries and loss of life from cave-ins and entrapments. The death rate for trench-related

accidents is nearly double that for any other type of

construction accident.



Trench Safety

Any trench measuring five feet

or more in depth must be

Sloped

Shored Shielded.



Slopings

Sloping is a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by

excavating the sides of a trench inclined away from theexcavation. The angle of incline required to prevent a cave-in

varies with the soil type, environmental conditions of

exposure, and application of surcharge loads.



Shoring

Shoring means a structure such as a metal hydraulic,

mechanical or timber shoring system that supportsthe sides of an excavation and which is designed to

prevent cave-ins.



Shields

Shield means a structure that is able to withstand the

forces imposed on it by a cave-in and thereby protectemployees within the structure. Shields can be

permanent structures or can be designed to be portable

and moved along as work progresses.



Shields

Shield can be premanufactured or job-

built in accordance with 1926.652(c)(3)

or (c)(4). Shields used in trenches are

usually referred to as "trench boxes" or

"trench shields."



Trench Safety

OSHA Standard: 1926.651(c)(2)

Means of egress from trench excavations. A stairway,ladder, ramp or other safe means of egress shall be located

in trench excavations that are 4 feet or more in depth so as

to require no more than 25 feet of lateral travel for

employees.



Personnel Protective Equipment

OSHA Standards: 1910.132(b)

The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of

appropriate personal protective equipment in all operations

where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or

where this part indicates the need for using such equipment

to reduce the hazards to the employees.



Injured Employees

OSHA Standards: 1926.23

First aid services and provisions for medical care shall be

made available by the employer for every employee

covered by these regulations. Regulations prescribing

specific requirements for first aid, medical attention, and

emergency facilities are contained in Subpart D of this part.



Safety Rules of Personal Conduct

Learn the rules that apply to work.

Do not operate equipment.

Stay out of dangerous and confined spaces.

Never place yourself in danger when there is no one else

on the site.



Overall safety attitude

• Improve the safety culture

•Unsafe acts should not be tolerated at all levels

• Incorporate safety during job training

• Usage of innovating techniques, graphical signs, learnfrom mistakes, peer instructions



Safety Rules of Personal Conduct

Ask questions.

Do not assume situations are safe.

Trust your instincts.

Be a good safety example.

Never stop learning about safety.





Learning outcomes

• Do you feel gravity of accidents and unhealthy sites?

• What are the most common construction safetyissues in Sri Lanka, in the World?

• What are the measures you can take to ensure sitesafety?

• What are the responsibilities of different stakeholders?

Documents

CE 3220 Safety for construction B.pdf