Ch. 17Ch. 17

Revolution & Revolution & EnlightenmenEnlightenmen

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Section 1Section 1The The

Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

I. Background to the I. Background to the RevolutionRevolution

•Abandoned old views (Ptolemy) & developed new ones (Copernicus)

•Observation & accurate measurements

•New instruments, such as the telescope & microscope

•Printing press

II. A Revolution in II. A Revolution in AstronomyAstronomy

•Discovers in astronomy would overturn the conception of the universe held by Westerners in the Middle Ages

A. The Ptolemaic A. The Ptolemaic SystemSystem

•Geocentric - earth-centered•*Ptolemaic system - the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy

B. Copernicus & KeplerB. Copernicus & Kepler•1543, Nicholas Copernicus•On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

•heliocentric - sun-centered•Johannes Kepler•Confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe

KeplerKepler•Kepler’s First Law: The orbits of the planets were elliptical (egg-shaped), with the Sun toward the end of the ellipse instead of at the center

C. Galileo•Galileo Galilei•Taught mathematics•Was the 1st European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope

•The Starry Messenger

C. GalileoC. Galileo•Agreed with Copernicus & Kepler •went against the beliefs of the Catholic Church

•found guilty of heresy & disobedience

•forced to recant in 1633

Galileo sits before the Inquisition in Rome

In 2000, Pope John Paul II issued a formal apology for all the mistakes committed by some Catholics in the last 2,000 years of the Catholic Church's history, including the trial of Galileo among others

D. Newton•Isaac Newton •Principia

D. NewtonD. Newton•universal law of gravitation - every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

•Newton had shown that one universal law, mathematically proved, could explain all motion in the universe

III. Breakthroughs in III. Breakthroughs in MedicineMedicine

•2nd century, Galen had relied on animal dissection

•Andreas Vesalius •On the Fabric of the Human Body

•dissected human bodies

III. Breakthroughs in III. Breakthroughs in MedicineMedicine

•*William Harvey •*On the Motion of the Heart & Blood, published in 1628

•Showed that the heart - not the liver, as Galen had thought - was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body

III. Breakthroughs in III. Breakthroughs in ChemistryChemistry

•Robert Boyle•One of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments

•Boyle’s Law: The volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it

IV. Women & the Origins IV. Women & the Origins of Modern Scienceof Modern Science

•Margaret Cavendish, one of the most prominent female scientists of the 17th century

•Upon Experimental Philosophy•Critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

IV. Women & the Origins IV. Women & the Origins of Modern Scienceof Modern Science

•Maria Winkelmann, the most famous of the female astronomers in Germany

•Made some original contributions to astronomy, including the discovery of a comet

V. Descartes & ReasonV. Descartes & Reason•*Rene Descartes •Discourse on Method •*“I think, therefore I am”•*rationalism - a system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

VI. The Scientific VI. The Scientific MethodMethod

•a systematic procedure for collecting & analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

•Developed by Francis Bacon•English philosopher

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

•inductive reasoning – reasoning from detailed facts to general principals

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observationchange it, discard it, or let it stand as is

an unproven theory

Section 2Section 2The The

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

I. Path to the I. Path to the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

•*John Locke •Essay Concerning Human Understanding

•*Tabula rasa, or blank mind•*People were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the world

II. Philosophes & Their II. Philosophes & Their IdeasIdeas

•Philosophe - French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals

•“applies himself to the study of society with the purpose of making his kind better & happier”

A. MontesquieuA. Montesquieu•Montesquieu •The Spirit of the Laws•3 basic kinds of governments: •1) republics•2) despotism•3) monarchies

MontesquieuMontesquieu•*Government had three branches:

•1. Executive (the monarch)•2. Legislative (parliament)•3. Judicial (the courts of law)•Checks and balances

MontesquieuMontesquieu•*separation of powers - a form of government in which the executive, legislative & judicial branches limit & control each other through a system of checks & balances

B. VoltaireB. Voltaire•Voltaire •Criticized Christianity & stressed religious tolerance

•Treatise on Toleration•*deism - an 18th century religious philosophy based on reason & natural law (clock)

C. DiderotC. Diderot•Denis Diderot •Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts & Trades, 1751 & 1772

•28-volume collection of knowledge•attacked religious superstition

III. Toward a New Social III. Toward a New Social ScienceScience

•Social sciences - areas such as economics & political science

A. EconomicsA. Economics•*laissez-faire - the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone

•*Adam Smith •The Wealth of Nations

EconomicsEconomics•Smith gave to government

only three basic roles:•1. Protecting society from

invasion (the army)•2. Defending citizens from

injustice (the police)•3. Keeping up certain public

works, such as roads & canals

B. Beccaria & JusticeB. Beccaria & Justice•Cesare Beccaria •On Crimes & Punishments•Punishments should not be exercises in brutality

•Opposed capital punishment• Eighth Amendment – Prohibition of

excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.

IV. The Later Enlightenment

•Jean-Jacques Rousseau•Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract

•People had adopted laws & government in order to preserve their private property

A. Jean-Jacques A. Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau

•1762, The Social Contract•*social contract - the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, & all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community

Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau•Emile•education should foster & not restrict, children’s natural instincts

•sought a balance between emotions & reason

V. Rights of WomenV. Rights of Women•*Mary Wollstonecraft •*A Vindication of the Rights of Women

•1. power of men over women was equally wrong

•2. women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights as men

VI. Social World of the VI. Social World of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

•Greatest appeal with the aristocrats & upper classes in the larger cities

•The common people & peasants were mostly unaware & little affected by the Enlightenment

A. The Growth of Reading

•300 in 1750 to 1,600 in 1780’s•Middle class, women & urban artisans

•Magazines also developed•Daily newspapers•First printed in London in 1702

B. The Salon•Salon - the elegant drawing rooms

of great urban houses where, in the 18th century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials & wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

VII. Religion in the Enlightenment

•*Methodism, Protestantism•*John Wesley•Appealed to the lower & middle classes

•Stressed hard work

that he might have taken scientific experimentation and/or theory to another level

that he built upon the work of other scientists, and that without them, he would not have been able to develop his work

gravity

Section 3 Section 3 The Impact of the The Impact of the

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

I. The Arts•Architect Balthasar Neumann•Church of the Fourteen Saints & the Residence

•lavish & fanciful ornament, light, bright colors & elaborate detail greet the visitor

A. Architecture & Art•rococo - an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730’s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm & gentle action

•made use of delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves

Architecture & Art•Antoine Watteau•Paintings of gentlemen & ladies in elegant dress reveal a world of upper-class pleasure & joy

•Giovanni Battista Tiepolo•Sense of enchantment & enthusiasm

B. Music•Johann Sebastian Bach•organist & composer •Mass in B Minor•George Frederick Handel•Religious music•Messiah

Music•Franz Joseph Haydn•wrote for public concerts •The Creation & The Seasons•*Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart•child prodigy •*The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute & Don Giovanni

C. Literature•Development of the European novel•Henry Fielding •The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

•Describes the adventure of a young scoundrel

II. Enlightenment & Enlightened Absolutism

•enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

•Prussia, Austria & Russia

A. Prussia: Army & Bureaucracy

•Frederick William I•highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service work & the army

Prussia: Army & Bureaucracy

•Frederick II or Frederick the Great

•abolished torture, granted limited freedom of speech & press, greater religious toleration

B. The Austrian Empire•*Empress Maria Theresa•inherited the throne in 1740•worked to centralize the Austrian Empire, strengthened the power of the state & alleviated the conditions of the serfs

The Austrian Empire•Her son Joseph II•*abolished serfdom, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law, enacted religious reforms

•Reforms largely failed

C. Russia under Catherine the Great

•*Catherine II, or Catherine the Great 1762 to 1796

•Rural reform was halted & serfdom was expanded

•territorial expansion: spread southward to the Black Sea & gained 50% of Poland

D. Enlightened Absolutism?

•Only Joseph II sought changes•Was not used to undertake enlightened reforms

•Collected more taxes, to create armies, wage wars & gain more power

•guided by self-interests

Enlightened Absolutism?

•Concerned with the balance of power

•Extending their territories

III. War of the Austrian Succession

•Prussia under Frederick II invades Austria under Maria Theresa

•Alliances form: France joined Prussia & Great Britain joined Austria

•War lasted from 1740 to 1748

War of the Austrian Succession

•Fought in 3 areas: Europe, India & North America

•Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748•Treaty guaranteed the return of all occupied territories except Silesia to their original owners

IV. The Seven Years’ War

•Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia

A. New Allies

•France abandoned Prussia & allied with Austria

•Russia joined France & Austria•Britain allied with Prussia•1756, led to another worldwide war in Europe, India & North America

B. The War in Europe•British & Prussians vs. Austrians, Russians & French

•war ended in 1763, all occupied territories were returned

•Austria officially recognized Prussia’s control of Silesia

C. The War in India•Between Britain & France•The Great War for Empire•Fought in India & North America•British ultimately won out / more

persistent•Treaty of Paris, the French withdrew

& left India to the British

D. The War in North America

•French (Canada & Louisiana)•thinly populated•British (13 colonies)•more populated•Fought over the St. Lawrence river & Ohio River valley

The War in North America•French gained support of the Indians•French had more troops, but the

their naval ships were destroyed, leaving them with no reinforcements

•1759, British forces under General Wolfe defeated the French

The War in North America•*Treaty of Paris (1763)•*French lost Canada & the lands east of the Mississippi

•Spain lost Florida, but received Louisiana from the French

•*Great Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power

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4

Peter III

1762–1796

Section 4Colonial Empires & the American Revolution

Daily Objectives•1. Explain how the colonies of Latin America & British North America were developing in ways that differed from their European mother countries.

•2. Analyze why the American colonies revolted against Great Britain & formed a new nation.

I. Colonial Empires in Latin America

•Central & South America•Spain & Portugal•Multiracial society•*Mestizos - a person of mixed European & native American Indian descent

I. Colonial Empires in Latin America

•as many as 8 million slaves brought to Latin America

•*Mulattoes - a person of mixed African & European descent

A. Economic Foundations•Gold & Silver•Farming dominated by large landowners

•Native Americans worked as poor farmers on these large estates

•Trade: sugar, tobacco, diamonds

B. State & Church•Distance & communication•Much freedom in carrying out imperial policies

•Christianize the native peoples•Catholic Church•built cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages & schools

State & Church

•Nun Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

•urged woman to be educated

II. Britain & British North America

•1714, Hanoverians, Protestant rulers of German became the the rulers of England

•George I & George II•Their ministers were allowed to handle Parliament

II. Britain & British North America

•Robert Walpole served as prime minister from 1721 to 1742

•Middle Class favored expansion•William Pitt the Elder acquired Canada & India

•Controlled Canada & 13 colonies

III. The American Revolution

•*1765 Stamp Act, tax on certain printed material

•Repealed in 1766

The American The American RevolutionRevolution

• Townshend Act (1767)• British Soldiers sent to Boston

(1768)• The Boston Massacre (1770)• Tea Act – The Boston Tea Party

(1773)• The Intolerable (or Coercive) Acts

(1774)

A. The War Begins•*First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in Sept. 1774

•*Fighting erupted in April 1775 in Lexington & Concord

•*The Second Continental Congress met & formed an army

A. The War Begins•*Continental Army commander in Chief was George Washington

•*On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved a declaration of independence written by Thomas Jefferson

B. Foreign Support & British Defeat

•The French supplied arms & money to the rebels from the beginning of the war

•French officers & soldiers also served in Washington’s army

•*1778, the French granted diplomatic recognition to the American state

Foreign Support & British Foreign Support & British DefeatDefeat

•Spain & the Dutch Republic also entered the war against Great Britain

•*General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown in 1781

Foreign Support & British Foreign Support & British DefeatDefeat

•*1783, The Treaty of Paris recognized the American colonies & gave control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River

IV. The Birth of a New Nation

•Former colonies were now states•each concerned for its own interests

•*Articles of Confederation, the nations first constitution did little to provide a strong central gov’t

The Birth of a New The Birth of a New NationNation

•1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles

•*Constitutional Convention

A. The Constitution•*federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national government & state governments

•levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade & create currency

The ConstitutionThe Constitution•1st - executive branch, execute law, veto, foreign affairs & direct military forces

•2nd - legislative, Senate & House of Representatives

•3rd - judicial branch, Supreme Court & other courts

B. The Bill of Rights•*Bill of Rights, first 10 amendments of the Constitution

•guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition & assembly

•Right to bear arms, protected against unreasonable searches

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights•Trail by jury, due process of law & protection of property rights

•Embodiment of Enlightenment’s political dreams

Treaty of Paris1774

ratification of the United States Constitution