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World War I
Ch. 23
1914-1919
9 million casualties
Millions are homeless and hungry
Civil War in Russia
World War I
1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Militarism 4. Alliances 5. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Causes
Feeling of intense loyalty to one’s
country or group
Encouraged new nations to form Italy (1860s) Germany (1870s)
Some ethnic groups demanded independence and their own nations
1. Nationalism
European nations were competing to
expand their empires Competed for colonies in:
Africa Asia Pacific Ocean
Great Britain and France had huge overseas empires Germany, Italy, and Russia wanted colonies too
2. Imperialism
Colonies that Great Britain has owned at some point
European nations needed strong armies and
navies to protect their colonies
If one nation increased its military, its rivals felt that they had to do the same
Militarism: Buildup of military strength
Germany, France, and Russia built huge armies Great Britain had the world’s strongest navy
3. Militarism
As a result of militarism, nations formed
alliances to protect themselves Each ally promised to go to war if any of
its other allies were attacked Problem?
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia
4. Alliances
Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Assassinated on June 28, 1914 by Gavrilo Princip Serbian nationalist
What does that mean?
5. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
1. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 28, 1914
2. Russia, protector of Serbia, declares war on Austria-Hungary (A-H)
3. Germany, allies with A-H declares war on Russia and France August 1, August 3
4. Germany invades Belgium August 4
5. Great Britain, Belgium’s protector, declares war on Germany
Chain of War
The Allies:
Great Britain, France, and Russia
The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Italy refuses to honor its allegiance to Germany and A-H Joins the Allies in 1915 instead
The “Great War”
Poison Gas
Initially used by Germans Allies began using it as well Soldiers were forced to carry masks
Armored Tanks Could cross battle lines Protection from trenches
Airplanes Machine guns fastened to top wing
Submarine Germans used the U-boat to sink supply ships to Great
Britain
Technology of WWI
Germany was determined to hold onto the
parts of France and Belgium that they took
Germans dug trenches for protection from advancing French and British troops
The Allies began to dig their own as well
For 3 years, neither side could advance more than a few miles
Trench Warfare
President Woodrow Wilson wanted to
stay neutral during World War I
End of Neutrality
German U-Boat sank the British
passenger liner the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 128 Americans died on board It was later learned that the ship also
carried war materials
Lusitania
January 16, 1917
Secret message sent from Germany to Mexico Intercepted by Britain
Asks Mexico to attack the United States if the U.S. joins World War I Mexico would be given Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona
Zimmerman Telegram
April 2, 1917
Woodrow Wilson asks for a declaration of war against Germany
May 18, 1917 Selective Service Act
Set up a military draft Men aged 21-30 registered
America Enters the War
British and French troops were exhausted from
years of trench warfare
German submarines sank 900,000 tons of supplies/month That number dropped to 300,000 tons when America
joined the war
Russia signed a treaty with Germany in March 1918 Germany could now move thousands of soldiers to
the western front
America’s Involvement
American soldiers began fighting in June
1918 Known as “Doughboys” because of their brass
buttons
The U.S., France, and Britain pushed the German army back into Germany By November, Austria-Hungary and the
Ottoman Empire surrendered to the Allies
Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918
The End of the War
116, 516 dead 204,002 wounded 323,018 total casualties
American Casualties
June 28, 1919
Germany had to: Accept full responsibility for the war Pay billions of dollars in reparations Disarm completely Give up its colonies and some territory in Europe
Germans would resent this and Adolf Hitler would use it to gain power in Germany during the 1930s
The Treaty of Versailles