Upload
ari-mcgregor
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ch2-2. On Cultures
Lecturer: Prof. I-wen Su
【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣 3.0版授權釋出】The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.
What is culture?- the cumulative deposit of
- knowledge, - experience, - beliefs, values, attitudes, - meanings, concepts of the universe,- hierarchies, roles- religion, - notions of time, - spatial relations- material objects and possessions acquired
- by a group of people - in the course of generations - through individual and group striving
Culture is shared knowledge
Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
cultivated behavior:- the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted- behavior through social learning
Culture is communication; Communication is culture.
Culture is symbolic communication.
Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
Symbolic communication
Icon
Index Symbol
<Peirce’s categories of sign-types>
The essential core of culture
traditional ideas and especially their attached values;
Culture systems- as products of action- as conditioning influences upon further action
Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one
group or category of people from another
Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Manifestations of Culture
Cultural differences manifest themselves in different ways and differing levels of depth.
the most superficial: Symbolsheroes and rituals
the deepest: values
Manifestation of Culture at Different Levels of DepthHofstede, Geert. 1997
Practices
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values
Symbols
•Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning recognizable only by those who share a particular culture
•New symbols easily develop, and old ones disappear
•Symbols from one particular group are regularly copied by others
• the outermost layer of a culture
Symbols
Heros
•Heroes are persons, past or present, real or fictitious, who possess characteristics that are highly prized in a culture.
•They also serve as models for behavior.
Hero
Wiki Frantogian
Flickr Zeelandia
Rituals
•Rituals are collective activities, sometimes superfluous in reaching desired objectives, but are considered socially essential.
•They are carried out most of the times for their own sake ▫ways of greetings, ▫paying respect to others, ▫religious and social ceremonies, etc.
Rituals
Flickr shone
Values
•broad tendencies for preferences of certain state of affairs to others (good-evil, right-wrong, natural-unnatural).
•many unconscious to those who hold them – often cannot be discussed, nor can they be directly observed
•can only be inferred from the way people act under different circumstances
•The core of a culture
The tangible and the intangible
•The practices of a culture is tangible or visual in:▫ symbols ▫ heroes ▫ rituals
• The true cultural meaning of the practices is intangible: ▫revealed only when the practices are
interpreted by the insiders
Levels of Culture: layers of mental programming
•The national level•The regional level: asso w/ ethnic, linguistic,
or religious differences within a nation •The gender level: female vs. male •The generation level•The social class level: asso w/ educational
opportunities and differences in occupation •The corporate level: organizational culture
Male Gender Translator
Poking fun at what verse what the translation really means.
Female Gender Translator
Poking fun at what women say verse what the translation really means.
Measuring Cultural DifferencesHofstede (1997)• Power distance index: inequality in a society • Uncertainty avoidance index: the extent to which
a society feels threatened by uncertain/ambiguous situations
• Individualism index: ▫Individualistic▫Collectivistic
• Masculinity index: ▫Achievement: assertiveness, money and thing as
dominant values; not caring for others or quality of life
▫Relationship: femininity
Individualism vs. Collectivism
•Individualism: a loosely knit social framework in a society in which people take care of themselves and their immediate families only.
•Collectivism: a tight social framework in which people distinguish between in-groups and out-groups; they expect their in-groups (relatives, clans, organizations) to look after them in exchange for absolute loyalty.
Copyright DeclarationWork Licensin
gAuthor/Source
Peirce’s categories of sign-types.John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies, p.47. (1982)and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET
Manifestation of Culture at Different Levels of Depth.Hofstede, Geert. 1997. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET
Copyright DeclarationWork Licensin
gAuthor/Source
Wiki user Bryan Derksenhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycle_symbol_Taiwan.svg2011/10/4 visitedWiki Kenny Shenhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esoteric_Taijitu.svg2011/10/4 visitedWiki user Dream out loudhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheelchair_symbol.svg2011/10/4 visited
Copyright DeclarationWork Licensin
gAuthor/Source
Wiki user TheFoxx2http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Superman-billiondollarlimited1942.jpg2011/10/4 visitedWiki Frantogianhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spider-Man_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin.jpg2011/10/4 visited
Flickr Zeelandiahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/zeelandia/225928490/2011/11/14 visited
Copyright DeclarationWork Licensin
gAuthor/Source
Flickr shonehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/shone02/5360528988/2011/10/4 visited
p.21Hofstede, Geert. 1997. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW