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Lesson FiveEnd of
Chapter 4
“Where do
Electrons
Live?”
We are going to assign ELECTRONS their own addresses.
Where to they live?
Each electron in an atom has its own coordinates.
Just like ships in the ocean use L___________ and L___________ to describe their positions, we are going to assign electrons their
own positions.
First, what are your coordinates?
You are……somewhere in the universe.…in the _________ _____ galaxy…on the planet _______…in the __________ hemisphere…on the _______ _______ continent…in the country of The ______ _______…in the state of __________…in __________ county…in the municipality of _________…on __________ Road…_____ McMurray Road…in the ___ Wing…on the _____ floor…in room ______…sitting in row ____ and in the _____ seatYou will notice that no two students share the same seat at the same time.
This is called Pauli’s Exclusion Principle , but we will talk about that later.
We need to know where each electron is in each atom so we can make chemical bonds in
Chapter 6.This is going to take a while so
you have to play along.
You have a job to do. Your job is assign people their spot in a
bomb shelter. This bomb shelter has many levels that reach deep into the ground and can hold thousands of
people. You must have a system so we know where every
person is and they are spread out as evenly as possible.
Since this bomb shelter has so many levels we are going to place the people who get there first in to the
rooms that are easiest to reach.That is part of our system. It is called the AUF-BAU
PRINCIPLE. Auf Bau, in the German language, means, “Building Up.”
This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot of different levels and a lot of different types of
rooms.
This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot of different levels and a lot of different types of
rooms.This is our bomb shelter
Bomb Shelter
Bomb Shelter
This is the first level, it is the easiest to reach so the first people to arrive will be placed here.
Bomb Shelter
First Level
Second Level
Bomb Shelter
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
Bomb Shelter
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
Fourth Level
Fifth Level
Sixth Level
Seventh Level
Sixth Level (annex)
Seventh Level (annex)
Bomb ShelterNext, each area of this bomb shelter has different shaped rooms or areas. These areas are called sublevels or shapes.
We are going to call each area by a letter.1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Bomb ShelterThis is the “s” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Bomb ShelterThis is the “p” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Bomb ShelterThis is the “d” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Bomb ShelterThis is the “f” area.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
This is what an “s” room looks like. It is
a sphere.
This is what an “p” room looks like. It is a peanut
shape. (some people call it a dumbbell shape.)
The “p” shape can also fall along the “y-axis”
It can also fall along the “z-axis”
All of these are “p” shapes, they just face different directions.
We will be using the “d” shapes and the “f” shapes
but they are too mathematically difficult to sketch so we will skip that
part.
One small detail before we start.The “s” shape looks like a sphere so no matter which way you turn it, it
is always the same. When you are playing pool, does it matter which way the cue ball is
oriented or facing when you break? No, you just put it where you want it
and hit it.The “s” shape has one unique
orientation along the x, y, and z axis.
As we saw, the “p” shape can fall along the x-axis, the y-axis, or the
z-axis.The “p” shape has three
orientations along the x, y, and z axis.
The “d” shape has five orientations along the x, y, and z axis.
And the “f” shape has seven orientations along the x, y, and z
axis.
You have to just take this on faith.
Shape Orientations or Positions
s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
Back to placing people in our bomb shelter.Each orientation or position can hold two people so…..
Shape Orientations or Positions
Two People per Position
Total Number of People per
Shape
s 1 x 2 2
p 3 x 2 6
d 5 x 2 10
f 7 x 2 14
“s” holds 2, “p” holds 6, “d” holds 10, “f” holds 14
Say that three times to yourself.
Bomb ShelterWe have to backtrack to make one
final point
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
Bomb Shelter
1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area
2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape
3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape
4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape
5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
7th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.
6th
7th
So…Energy Level Shape Number of
People per Shape
Total Number of People per Energy Level
1 s s=2 2
2 s and p s=2 and p=6 8
3 s, p, and d s=2, p=6, d=10
18
4 s, p, d, and f s=2, p=6, d=10, and
f=14
32
1st energy level holds 2, the 2nd energy level holds 8, the 3rd energy level holds 18, and the 4th
energy level holds 32……2, 8, 18, 32
Say that three times to yourself.
Bomb ShelterNow it gets good.
Bomb ShelterThe only thing is that we are not talking about people in a bomb shelter we are
going to discuss electrons in elements on the Periodic Table.
Periodic Table
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Let’s start at the beginning, with hydrogen, H.
How many electrons does it have? ____1st H
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Let’s start at the beginning, with hydrogen, H.
How many electrons does it have? _1__1st H
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
What are the coordinates of that electron?
What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.
What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1
What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1Add the shape where the electron is found… 1s
What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1Add the shape where the electron is found… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript… 1s1
What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1Add the shape where the electron is found… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript… 1s1
So H = 1s1
Periodic Table Now for Helium, He.
How many electrons does it have? ___1st He
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Now for Helium, He.
How many electrons does it have? _2_1st He
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Helium He
Write the energy level first….1
Helium He
Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1s
Helium He
Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript 1s2
Helium He
Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript 1s2
So He = 1s2
Periodic Table Now for Lithium, Li.
How many electrons does it have? ___1st
2nd Li
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Now for Lithium, Li.
How many electrons does it have? _3_1st
2nd Li
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1s
Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
In the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape.
Lithium Li
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.
Where does the next electron go?
In the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape. So, since lithium has three electrons their
coordinates are Li = 1s22s1
Periodic Table Next is beryllium, Be.
How many electrons does it have? ___1st
2nd Be
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Next is beryllium, Be.
How many electrons does it have? _4_1st
2nd Be
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1s
Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape hold as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Again, in the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.
Beryllium Be
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape can holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Again, in the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.
Since beryllium has four electrons their
coordinates are Be = 1s22s2
Periodic Table Next is Boron, B. This is the end, sort of.
How many electrons does it have? ___1st
2nd B
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Periodic Table Next is Boron, B. This is the end, sort of.
How many electrons does it have? _5_1st
2nd B
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
6th
7th
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1s
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
Where do the next two electrons go?
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium.
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
We have a 5th electron, where does it go?
It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s” shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.
Boron B
Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2
The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2
We have a 5th electron, where does it go?
It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s” shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.
So B = 1s22s22p1
Now for the shortcuts.
Now for the shortcuts. On your paper number down 1 through 7.
Now for the shortcuts. On your paper number down 1 through 7.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Now for the shortcuts. Add an “s” after each number.
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
Now for the shortcuts. After 2s add a “2p”. Repeat for 3s through 7s.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p
4s 4p
5s 5p
6s 6p
7s 7p
Now for the shortcuts. After 3p add a 3d. Repeat for 4p through 7p.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d
5s 5p 5d
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p 7d
Now for the shortcuts. After 4d add a 4f. Repeat all the way down.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
Now for the shortcuts. Add diagonal lines like in the diagram.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
This is the Auf Bau Chart – “Building Up”
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
Auf Bau ChartThis is how it works. We are just going to read the chart,
follow the arrows, and assign coordinates to all of the electrons in an atom.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
Energy Level
Shape Electrons per Shape
1 s s=2
2 s p
s=2 p=6
3 sPd
s=2p=6d=10
4 sPdf
s=2p=6d=10f=14
This is the end of part one.
End