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STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
BY,
SINDHURA. B
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Girder:
o A large main supporting beam, commonly of steel or
reinforced
concrete, that carries a heavy transverse (crosswise) load.
In a floor system, beams and joists transfer their loads to the
girders,
which in turn frame into the columns.
Beam: They may either consist of a single rolled section of
uniform
thickness or may be of compound sections.
o A single angle or I section can be used to carry very light
loads.
o For carrying heavier loads rolled steel beams with addition of
plates,
riveted to top and bottom flanges are used to increase their
strength.
STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
(beam and girders)
I section/ rolled steel beams/
rolled steel joists/ simply beams
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Built up beam:
o May also consist of 2/more I sections connected together.
o For still heavier beams, 2 channel sections at a proper
spacing placed
back-to-back with plates at top and bottom can also be used.
These built-up sections
are used for heavy loadsand small spans.
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Plate girder (deep beams/ heavy built up beams):
o They are heavy butt-beams used to carry very heavy loads over
large spans.
o A plate girder consists of a built up section made of angles
and cleats.
o In this, the flanges consist of angles and flange plates
whereas web is
made of one or more steel plates.
o Plate girders are economically used for spans upto 30m.
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Beam to girder (large section beams) connections:
1. Under girder flange connection: Beam is accommodated under
top
flange of girder and is connected through small angle
cleats.
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2. Top flush connection: Top flange of the girder is made flush
with the top
flange of the beam. To achieve this a portion of the web and top
flange of
the beam is cut off to accommodate top flange of the girder.
3. Blocked connection: Required when a beam at lower level is to
beconnected to a girder at higher level.
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4. Blocked and elevated connection: Used when beams meet at
higher level
to the girder being connected.
5. Hanger connection: Used when beam as well as girders meet at
differentlevels. To achieve this a plate hanger is interposed
between the beams
and the girder.
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Stanchion and beam connections:
o They are generally connected by 2 methods:
1. Framed connection: The web of beam or girder is connected by
angle
cleats or by gusset plates to the flange of stanchion.
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2. Seated connection: The web of beam or girder is connected by
angle
cleats or by gusset plates to the flange of stanchion.
In addition to framed connection, two additional angles are
riveted to
connect them together at the top and bottom flanges of the
girders.
Bolted angle seat
connection
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o Fin plate (web side plate) connection: The fin plate
connection is simple
and allows easy site installation.
o Fin plate connections are based on a single plate welded to
the column.
Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts through the
web.
Other connections
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End plate connections: They have a single plate welded to the
end of the
beam. This is bolted to the column flange or web using two or
more bolts
arranged in pairs.
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Haunched connections are principally used in single storey
portal frame
construction.
They are used where there is a need to achieve high moment
transfer.
The haunch locally increases the effective depth of the section.
Beams are
attached using multiple pairs of bolts through and endplate.
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Truss --- Lattice or warren girder:
An open girder in which the web consists of diagonal pieces
arranged like
latticework.
Metal girder with webs uniting the flanges by means of a trellis
of diagonal
braces crossing each other, or with a web of a single series of
braces
arranged in a zig-zag pattern.
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This type of design has been replaced in modern construction
with welded or bolted plate girders, which use more material but
have
lower fabrication costs.
Use: in buildings, to support roofs and floors, to span large
distances and
carry relatively light loads.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolted_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolted_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding
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In road and rail bridges, for short and intermediate spans and
in footbridges
