Chapter 2The Invasion and Settlement of

North America, 1550-1700

Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland• Spain vs. French and Dutch colonies

New Spain: Colonization and Conversion• St. Augustine 1565

Franciscan Missions and Indian Revolts

• Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573)• Missionaries

• Whipped Indians who practiced polygamy

• Smashed idols

• Conversion, assimilation, rape, and forced labor

• Initial toleration but returned old religion• Result:

Pope and the Uprising of 1680

• Indian shaman led uprising killing 400 Spaniards and forcing relocation of 1500 colonists. Spain reasserted control over Pueblo people in Nuevo Mexico. They assimilated and miscegenation took place. Spain experienced similar disappointment in the 1700s. Their Floridian settlements were overrun by English raiders.

New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries

• 250,000 Natives in Canada

• King Louis XIV

• Quebec was a fur colony with indentured servants

• Barred Huguenots

• Oppressive aristocracy and church dominated feudal system

• Only 15,200 in New France

• Wisconsin and Louisiana were added

The Rise of Iroquois

• French disease killed 75%

• Iroquois obtained guns and organized confederations

• Killed most of the French men and adopted French women and children

The Jesuit Missions

• French priests respected Indians’ values

• Merged Christian and Indian needs

• Epidemics

• Indian raids

New Netherland: Commerce

• Dutch merchants owned more ships than all other Europeans combined.

• They seized Portuguese forts in Africa, Indonesia, and Brasil.

• They controlled the Atlantic trade in slaves and sugar; and Indian Ocean spices.

• Established New Amsterdam (New York)

• Fur trade met with violent conflict with Algonquians

• Intolerance to its English residence

• Duke of York (English) took over colony

• New English duke imposed English law

• Dutch residents resisted cultural assimilation

The English Arrive in the Chesapeake

• Unlike the Dutch and French, the English colonies attracted thousands of settlers. Tobacco growing economy based on labor of indentured English servants and enslaved Africans.

Settling the Tobacco Colonies• Originally private enterprises, organized by nobles, merchants and religious dissidents

• Considerable autonomy

The Jamestown Settlement

• Merchants were granted lands from NC to NY

• Named “Virginia” in honor of Queen Elizabeth

• Looking for gold, found famine

• Tobacco rich; spurred thousands of settlers

• House of Burgesses established in 1619-

The Indian War of 1622• Successful Indian uprisings led to James I to make VA a royal colony

• Taxes to Church of England

• Formal legal system and Anglican Church became model

Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland

• King Charles I; Catholic sympathizer

• Catholic refuge

• Toleration Act of 1649

• Tobacco

• Freeholds

• Slaves and indentured servants

• Few women

• Malaria and death

Masters, Servants, and Slaves• 100,000 English migrants in VA and MD

• Four or five year contracts

Indentured Servitude

• Produced five times his cost

• Bought and sold as property

• Half died under contract

• Collapse of tobacco boom led to an increase in slavery

• Distinguish from race, not religion• No guns, militia, no servants

Bacon’s Rebellion• Navigation Acts

The Seeds of Social Revolt

• Farmers earning less, ex-servants poor

• William Berkley, governor of VA granted land to members of his council. No taxes for politicians. High positions for friends. No voting for landless men.

Indians and Frontiersmen

• Poor farmer became aggressive with Indians

• VA militia murdered Indians, Indians retaliated

• Effect:

Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader

• Bacon led rebels to attack Indians, then was arrested

• Rebels forced Berkley to release him and establish voting rights

• Demanded death of Indians and end of wealthy rule

• He led rebels to burn and plunder wealthy plantations

• The governor stopped the rebels

• Governor appeased the colony by:

• Social system based on race

Puritan New EnglandThe Puritan Migration• Protestants wanted to “purify” Christian faith

• Included women and children

The Pilgrims

• Sailed to Plymouth on Mayflower in 1620

• By 1640 there were thousands of settlers

• Established legal code, self government,

broad political rights, property ownership, and religious freedom

• King Charles I repudiated Protestant doctrines

• Thousands of Puritans fled to America

John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay

• First migrants led by Winthrop (governor)

• “New England” hoped to inspire religious reform

• Transformed joint stock company into political system

• Bible was religious guide; religious intolerance

Roger Williams and Rhode Island

• Roger Williams favored religious toleration

• Against mistreatment of Indians

• Banned from Massachusetts

• Established colony of RI with self autonomy

Anne Hutchinson

• Salvation through grace

• Dealt with misogyny

• Charged with heresy

• Exiled to Rhode Island

The Puritan Revolution in England

• English Civil War ended in 1649

• After Commonwealth died and monarchy was restored, more Puritans fled.

Puritanism and Witchcraft• Zealot Puritan minister attracted heretics

• “Wizards and witches "were executed

• Rich church members

• Effort to subordinate women

• Encouraged Enlightenment

A Yeoman Society, 1630-1700• MA and CT Courts bestowed land on groups of proprietors, who then distributed it among the male heads of

families. Most adult men had a vote in town meetings. The farmers also selected the town’s representatives.

The Eastern Indians’ New World

Puritans and Pequots• Puritans (NE) were just as brutal as the Spanish.

• Religion was the issue, not race.

• Indians assimilated their culture into Christian beliefs.

Metacom’s War of 1675-1676• Metacom concluded that Europeans had to be expelled from NE

• Ended when Indian warrior ran out of gunpowder and Massachusetts Bay Colony

hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors to kill Metacom.

• 1000 MA and RI settlers killed (5%); 4500 Indians killed (25%)

The Destructive Impact of the Fur Trade• Indians dealt with Dutch and English merchants in Albany instead of French

• Disease, guns, and rum stopped Indians from enjoying profit

• The neglected traditional artisan skills for European iron

• Divided into hostile religious factions

• Disruption of farming practices by warfare

• European goods undermined women’s economic power

• Negative environmental effect (deer, otter, beaver)