Chapter 1Chapter 1

ExplorationExploration

Objective for TodayObjective for Today

•Evaluate the theories of how the earliest Americans migrated from Asia to the New World.

Theories of how people got to Theories of how people got to AmericaAmerica

• Land Bridge Theory• Coastal Route Theory• Pacific Crossing Theory• Atlantic Crossing Theory

Land Bridge TheoryLand Bridge Theory

• Approximately 100,000 years ago• Earth began to cool gradually -

glaciation• Periods of glaciation – Ice Ages

– Water froze into sheets of glaciers– Ocean level dropped 300 feet &

showed the floor of the Bering Sea• Connected Asia with Alaska – Beringia

Beringia Beringia

•1,000 miles wide•15,000 years ago – People from Asia came following food.–Nomads & hunters

•Continued till the ice melted

Coastal Route TheoryCoastal Route Theory

–Crossed from NE Asia in boats

–Skirting the shore–Land occasionally to hunt–Would have reached South America quicker than any land route

Pacific Crossing TheoryPacific Crossing Theory

•Migrants from SE Asia went south to Australia & across the Pacific Ocean, hopping from island to island until they reached South America.

Atlantic Crossing TheoryAtlantic Crossing Theory

–From Southwest Europe (southern France & Spain)

–Hugging the edge of the glaciers of the North Atlantic

–Sailed from Iceland & Greenland down to North America

Using the small map on page 19, outline the Using the small map on page 19, outline the

four routes on your own map.four routes on your own map.

Day 1 REVIEW ACTIVITYDay 1 REVIEW ACTIVITY

Which theory do you think was the best route & why?

Must write one paragraph explaining your answer.

Objective for Today Objective for Today

• Identify & describe the causes of exploration.

Causes of ExplorationCauses of Exploration

• Crusades

• Renaissance & Protestant Reformation

• New Technology

The Crusades – Holy Wars

So what? What is important to understand about this?

Essential Details

Want to trade between Europe & Asia

Trading was slow & expensive over land

Went looking for a sea route – explorers like Columbus

Columbus discovers America while trying to find a way to India

Western Europeans discover Asian food, spices, & clothing.

Christians wanted to get the Holy Land back from the Muslims

Purpose:

RenaissanceRenaissance

• Time of great cultural developments & societal changes in Europe.

• People began to read the Bible & other early church writing with a critical eye.

• Wanted to reform the church & get rid of any religious practice not in the Bible.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

• Began with Martin Luther

• Movement to reform the Catholic Church

• Church leaders were not happy

• Leaders of the reform movement broke away from the Catholic Church & formed their own churches

• Many went to the New World so they could worship freely.

So what is the relationship So what is the relationship between the Renaissance & between the Renaissance &

Reformation?Reformation?

New Technology New Technology

• Astrolabe

–Invented by the ancient Greeks & made better by Arab navigators.

–Used the position of the sun to determine directions, latitude & local time.

New Technology New Technology

• Compass

–Invented in China

–Reliably showed the direction of magnetic north.

New TechnologyNew Technology

• Caravel– Portuguese ship– Small ship able to carry 130 tons of

cargo.– Needed little water to sail. – Allowed explorers to go in shallow

water & beach ships to make repairs.

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

• 1419 – Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator)– Set up a center for research & invited

explorers to come & map out voyages there.

• 1420 – began mapping Africa’s west coast

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

• 1488 – Bartholomew Dias reached the tip of Africa

• 1497 – Vasco da Gama – Rounded Africa’s tip heading to India– Landed on India’s Southwest coast– 1st water route to Asia found!

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

Review Activity: Review Activity: Causes of Exploration FoldableCauses of Exploration Foldable

• Fold your paper like a hotdog. Make two slits, creating 3 different sections.

• Create a foldable with the outside headings listed below.

Crusades Renaissance & Reformation New Technology

Causes of Exploration FoldableCauses of Exploration Foldable

• Inside: – Include a one paragraph summary explaining

how this event or thing (Crusades, Renaissance & Reformation, & New Technology) caused exploration.• A paragraph is considered 4-5 complete

sentences. – Include a picture to illustrate the event or

thing.

Preview Activity Preview Activity

• Answer these questions if you can: – Who was the first explorer (s) to find the

Americas?– Who was America named after?

ObjectivesObjectives

• Identify the first major explorers of the Americas & the significance of their exploration.

• Judge the success of Columbus’ journey & its impact on the New World inhabitants.

VikingsVikings• Around 1000 A.D. they explored the coast

of Labrador

• They tried to set up a life there but it didn’t work cause they were outnumbered by hostile Native Americans.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

• Italian explorer that was paid by the Spanish (King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella) to find a water route to Asia.

• In 1492, he landed in the Caribbean.

• Explored the areas of present-day Cuba & Hispaniola.

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

• Repeated Columbus’ trip to sail west.

• He realized that what Columbus found wasn’t Asia.

• America was named after him.

Other explorersOther explorers

• Ponce de Leon – discovered Florida

• Balboa – 1st European to reach the Pacific coast of America.

• Magellan – Named the Pacific Ocean. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe (go all the way around the world).

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange• Exchange between Columbus (or

Europeans) and the Native Americans.

What did the Europeans get from

the “Indians”?

What did the “Indians” get from the

Europeans?