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Chapter 1 – Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms 1.1 The Molecules of Life 1.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function 1.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function 1.4 Unicellular Eukaryotic Model Organisms 1.5 Metazoan Structure, Differentiation, and Model Organisms malaria parasite invading a human red blood cell

Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

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Page 1: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Chapter1– Molecules,Cells,andModelOrganisms

1.1TheMolecules ofLife1.2Prokaryotic CellStructureandFunction1.3Eukaryotic CellStructureandFunction1.4Unicellular EukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5Metazoan Structure,Differentiation,andModel Organisms

malariaparasiteinvadingahumanredbloodcell

Page 2: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Chapter1– Molecules,Cells,andModelOrganisms

• Biologicalsystemsfollowtherulesofchemistryandphysics,butbiologicalstructuresandprocesseshaveevolvedalongdifferentpathsunderthepressuresofnaturalselectionforbillionsofyears.

• Althoughhighlydiverged,allbiologicalsystemsarecomposedofcellscontainingthesametypesofchemicalmoleculesandemployingsimilarprinciplesoforganization atthecellularlevel.

• Similarities acrossbiologicalsystemsmakeinvestigationsofmodelorganismsinformativeforunderstandingfundamentalcellularprocesses.

Differences!

Notintheopensystem!

Page 3: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

FIGURE1-1Alllivingorganismsdescendedfromacommonancestralcell.

Page 4: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 5: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 6: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

• Skinisalivingorgancomposedoflayers:protectiveouterlayerofdeadcells,layeroflivingepidermalcells,deeperlayersofmuscleandconnectivetissue.• Tissuecellsareconnectedtoothercellsandconnectivetissuebydesmosomeandhemidesmosome adhesionstructures

Page 7: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Diversity!!!

That’sthecharmingpointof

Life!PrinceCharming

Page 8: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

SeverallevelsofDIVERSITY!!!What’sthis?

Page 9: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Someofthemanysmallmoleculesfoundincells

Page 10: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Allarein3Dspace!

Page 11: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

SeverallevelsofDIVERSITY!!!

Conservation Anyexample?

Page 12: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)isthemostcommonmoleculeusedbycellstocapture,store,andtransferenergy.• UniversallyconservedATPstoreschemicalenergyavailabletodocellularworkintwoenergy-rich(phosphoanhydride)bondsbetweenitsphosphategroups.

Page 13: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

DNAconsistsoftwocomplementarystrandswoundaroundeachothertoformadoublehelix.

Page 14: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

TheinformationencodedinDNAisconvertedintotheaminoacidsequencesofproteinsbyamultistepprocess

Centraldogma

Page 15: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Whyisthelipidbilayersoimportant?

Page 16: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

But…

Therearealways’exceptions’innature

Findexamples!

Page 17: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

‘Pro– karyotic’

Page 18: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Prokaryoticcellsallhavearelativelysimplestructure.

Escherichia coli

What’sthefullnameofit?

MostScientistslovethis!

Why?Baseformolecularengineering

Page 19: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

“Microbiology”

Page 20: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

“Microbiology”

<EX>

Usethediversityforresearch!!!!!

Page 21: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

Page 22: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Remindyourmemory

Page 23: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 24: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Thethreetypesofcytoskeletalfilamentshavecharacteristicdistributionswithinmammaliancells.

Page 25: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Surfaceoftheciliatedepitheliumliningamammaliantracheaviewedinascanningelectronmicroscope

Page 26: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Structureofthenucleus.

Oneofmyfavoritestructure…

Page 27: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Individualchromosomescanbeseenincellsduringcelldivision(mitosis).• SemiconservativeDNAreplicationduringthecellcycleSphaseduplicateseachchromosome,whichremainsattachedatthecentromeretoitsidenticalsisterchromatid.• Chromosomesbecomeshighlycompactedforeasiermovementduringmitosis(Mphase).

Page 28: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

TheGolgicomplexandroughendoplasmicreticulum.

Page 29: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Endosomesandothercellularstructuresdelivermaterialstolysosomes.• Lysosomescontainenzymesthatdegradepolymersintotheirmonomericsubunits:nucleasesdegradeRNAandDNAintomononucleotides;

proteasesdegradeproteinsintoaminoacids;phosphatasesremovephosphategroupsfrommononucleotides,phospholipids,andothercompounds;otherenzymesdegradecomplexpolysaccharidesandglycolipids.

• Endocytosis:regionsoftheplasmamembranecontainingtransmembraneproteinreceptorsareinvaginated byacytoplasmiccoatingtoformacoatedpit,whichpinchesoffasacoatedvesicle.Thevesicleuncoats andfuseswithanendosome,wheresomeproteinsaresortedintovesiclesthatfusebackwiththeplasmamembraneandothersaresortedintovesiclesthatfusewithalysosomefordegradation.

• Phagocytosis:largeinsolubleextracellularmaterialcanbetakenintoaphagosomeanddeliveredtoalysosomefordestruction.• Autophagy:intracellularmaterialanddamagedorganellescanbeengulfedbyERmembraneanddeliveredtoalysosomefordestruction.

Page 30: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Electronmicrographofathinsectionofaleafcell.

Page 31: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Whatisthis?

Page 32: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 33: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Cellularevolution?

Page 34: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

Page 35: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Macaquemonkey

Page 36: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

What’sthedifferentname?

Page 37: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Plasmodiumspecies,theparasitesthatcausemalaria,aresingle-celledprotozoanswitharemarkablelifecycle.

Page 38: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

1.1TheMoleculesofLife1.2ProkaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.3EukaryoticCellStructureandFunction1.4UnicellularEukaryoticModelOrganisms1.5MetazoanStructure,Differentiation,andModelOrganisms

Page 39: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Doyourememberthetube?

Page 40: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 41: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Similarity…BUT!

Weshouldthinkofthedifferences!

Rosydream…

Page 42: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Thefirstfewcelldivisionsofafertilizedeggsetthestageforallsubsequentdevelopment.• Firstthreecelldivisionsinmouseembryoinitiatepatternofembryonicdevelopmentsimilartothatinhumans.

• Theembryonicbodyplanisdeterminedby(1)aprogramofgenesthatspecifiesthepatternofthebodyand(2)localcellinteractionsthatinducedifferentpartsoftheprogram.

Page 43: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological
Page 44: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Homologousgenesregulateeyedevelopmentindiverseanimals.• Drosophila eyeless andhumanPax6 genesencodehomologswithrelateddevelopmentalfunctions.• Drosophila eyelessmutationscauselackofcompoundeyedevelopment.• HumanPax6mutationscauselackofeyeirisdevelopment.

Page 45: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

ScientificmodelFoxP2gene&Language

Enard 2009Cell

Page 46: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

ScientificmodelFoxP2gene&Language

Human

Bird

Mice&Rats

…

FOXP2-related speech and language disorder is a condition that affects the development of speech and language starting in early childhood.

Page 47: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Ultrasoundvocalization

Page 48: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

However…

Page 49: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Seethedifferences

Haeckelembryo

Page 50: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Seethedifferences

Haeckelembryo

Page 51: Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms · Chapter 1 –Molecules, Cells, and Model Organisms • Biological systems follow the rules of chemistry and physics, but biological

Discusswithfriends

What are the similarities and differences between different animals?Make one example with a model system.

Find “Taq polymerase” used for PCR reaction.

What are the differences between Bacteria and Archaea?

Talk about three model organisms and discuss why these model systems should be used for research.

Find exceptions in central dogma. How can you use the exceptions for research and engineering?


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