Chapter 11: The Muslim World Section 1: Rise of Islam Section 2: Islam Spreads Section 3: Golden Age of Muslim Civilization Section 4: Muslims In India

Chapter 11:The Muslim World

Section 1: Rise of IslamSection 2: Islam SpreadsSection 3: Golden Age of Muslim CivilizationSection 4: Muslims In IndiaSection 5: The Ottoman & Safavid Empires

Section 1: Rise of Islam

Summary: Islam arose in Arabia around 622 and

became one of the world’s major religions


In 622, a new religion called Islam arose in Arabia According to Islam, God sent his angel

Gabriel with a command to Muhammad to spread the message of Islam

Muhammad spent the rest of his life spreading the word of Islam

Soon thousands of people adopted Islam


People who practice Islam are called Muslims Like Jews and Christians, Muslims are

monotheistic, or believers in one God (Allah)

Allah is believed to be compassionate and all-powerful


Islam teaches that people are responsible for the way they behave Muslims must pray everyday and are

expected to fast, or go without food, from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan


Muslims are supposed to help the poor and visit the holy city of Mecca Muslims believe that if they follow

Islamic teachings, they will have eternal happiness after death


The sacred book of Islam is the Quran Muslims believe that the Quran

contains the word of God, so it is the final authority in all matters

It also provides a complete guide to life


Over time, Muslim developed a system of law, called the Sharia These laws teach people how to

behave in family life, business, and other aspects of the community

In this way, Islam is both a religion and a way of life


The Quran, the Sharia, and the Arabic language helped to unite all Muslims


IslamMonotheistic

Daily PrayerAlms, or help

for the poor

Fasting, during Ramadan

Pilgrimage to Mecca

The Five Duties of Islam

Section 2: Islam Spreads

Summary: Inspired by Mohammad’s teachings,

Arab armies spread Islam through parts of three continents


Arabs spread Islam across parts of three continents After Muhammad died, Arab armies

built a large empireThey conquered parts of the Byzantine

empire, the Persian empire, Egypt, and Spain


The Arabs were successful partly because the Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from fighting wars against each other


Most important Arabs were united by their belief in Islam The Arabs treated conquered

people fairlyPeople in defeated empires welcomed

the Arabs after years of living under harsh rulers

Many converted to Islam


After the death of Muhammad Muslims disagreed about who should be the ruler of Islam They split into two groups, Sunnis

and Shiites


Today, Sunnis and Shiites share most religious beliefs, laws, and a way of life But they still differ over the issue of

who should have succeeded Muhammad as leader of the Islamic community


Several strong dynasties ruled the Arab empire However, around 850, the empire

began to declineIndependent dynasties arose to rule

separate Muslim states


In the 900s, the Seljuk Turks adopted Islam and built their own empire They took control of the Arab capital,

BaghdadThen, in the 1200s, the Mongols

destroyed Baghdad


Section 3: Golden Age of Muslim Civilization

Summary: During the Golden Age of Muslim

civilization, Muslims of many lands made advances in art, literature, and science


As the Muslim empire grew, it added Persians, Egyptians, Africans, Europeans, and others to the Arab population Over time, Muslim culture blended

many different traditions


A strong economy helped to spread Islam Between 750-1350, Muslim

merchants built a trade network across the Islamic world and beyond

Muslims invented new ways of doing business that included credit sales and bank checks


Muslim artisans produced fine carpets, glassware, and steel swords


To help them farm the deserts, leaders built huge irrigation systems


The many cultures of the Muslim empire influenced art and literature For example, Muslim architects

adapted Byzantine domes and arches for their buildings

Arabs loved stories, so they collected tales from all over the Islamic world


However, the Quran was the most important piece of Arab literature Many writers wrote poems and

stories based on the Quran


The Muslims were excellent scientists They contributed to the development

of algebra Muslim astronomers studied

eclipses They also figured out the

circumference of, or distance around, the Earth


Muslim civilizationArt

-Adapt Byzantine domes and arches

Literature

-Quran most important

-Collect stories from other people

Learning

-Develop Algebra

-Measure Earth’s circumference

Medicine

-Set up hospitals

-Studied diseases

Section 4: Muslims In India

Summary: Muslim invasions resulted in Islamic

rule of Northern India


In the late 1100s, Turkish Muslims conquered Northern India They set up a dynasty called the

Delhi sultanateMuslims rule brought changes to

Indian government and society


Muslims sultans introduced Muslim ways of government Trade between India and the Muslim

world increasedMany Muslim scholars went to India

They helped create a brilliant civilization at Delhi


Muslim rule in India brought together two very different religions and cultures Hinduism was an ancient religion,

with many gods and many sacred texts

Islam was a newer religion with one god and one sacred text


The Delhi sultans allowed Hindus to practice their religion Over time, Muslim and Hindu

cultures blended togetherMany Hindus converted to Islam


Indian Muslims adopted Hindu marriage customs and the caste system A new language Urdu, mixed Persian,

Arabic, and HindiAlso a new religion, Sikhism developed

Sikhism blended Muslim and Hindu beliefs


In 1526, Muslim India was reorganized They set up the Mughal dynasty

The most important Mughal ruler was Akbar the Great


Akbar built a strong government through his policy of religious tolerance He married a Hindu princess and

allowed Hindu princes to help rule the empire

He also modernized the army and encouraged trade


Islam Hindu

One sacred book Many sacred books

One god Many gods & goddesses

No statues of god Pray before many statues

All believers equal before god

People of different castes are not equal

Section 5: The Ottoman & Safavid Empires

Summary: New military technology helped both

the Ottomans and Safavids to create powerful empires


Starting in the 1400s while the Mughals ruled India, two other Muslim dynasties arose Both used new weapons and military

strategies to win territory


One group, the Ottomans, built a huge empire in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and northern Africa


The other group, the Safavid dynasty, built a powerful empire in Persia


Muslim traditions influenced both empires Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the

Magnificent strengthened the government and improved the system of justice


Ottoman law was based on the Sharia Government officials worked with

religious leaders who interpreted the law


The Safavids created a strong government, strengthened the army, and formed alliances with European states


Wise leaders of both empires accepted people of other religions However, the Ottomans and

Safavids were bitter enemies because of their opposing views of Islam


Both the Ottomans and the Safavids enjoyed a Golden Age under great leaders


During the reign of Suleiman, Ottoman painters used Persian styles to create beautiful manuscripts Architects built many palaces and

places of worship called Mosques


Safavid leader Shah Abbas the Great restored the culture of Persia He welcomed artists, poets, and

scholars to his capital cityHis palace workshops produced

beautiful porcelains, clothes, and rugs

Section 5: The Ottoman & Safavid EmpiresCompare & Contrast

Ottoman Held in Common Safavid

Sunni Use new weapons Shiite

Fight against Europe Religious toleration Allies with Europe

Use Persian & Arab Ideas

*Fight against each other in religious wars

Documents

Chapter 11: The Muslim World Section 1: Rise of Islam Section 2: Islam Spreads Section 3: Golden Age of Muslim Civilization Section 4: Muslims In India