Chapter 12Chapter 12Chapter 12Chapter 12ReconstructiReconstructi

on on

1865-18771865-187716 17 18 19

2/3 of all wealth in Confederate states gone (much in the value of former slaves, $3 Billion)

40-50% of all livestock killed 50% of all farm machinery

destroyed Infrastructure (roads,

bridges, railroads, industry) in utter ruins

““Neither slavery nor involuntary slavery nor involuntary servitudeservitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have

been duly convicted, shall exist within shall exist within the United Statesthe United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

The CongressCongress shall have power to enforceenforce by appropriate legislation, the

provisions of this article.

Picture: RichmondPicture: Richmond

Picture: RichmondPicture: Richmond

Total War 3Total War 3

South after war 1South after war 1

Aftermath of the War Aftermath of the War Reconstruction – Plan for rebuilding the

South after the Civil War.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% PLAN

• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

• He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

• Pardon to all

• When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War Freedmen’s Bureau – Gov. Agency given the task of

feeding and clothing war refugees.The Bureau also helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations, organized courts, and schools (4,000).

•Remained loyal to the United States

during the Civil War.

•Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with

the South’s Reconstruction and to help win

him re-election in 1864.

•Supported Lincoln’s Plan, but would be

engaged in a power struggle with Congress

over who would lead Reconstruction.

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s PlanJohnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan A pardon to all Southerners who take the

loyalty oath. He believed in the 10% quota established by Lincoln.

o Excluded former Confederate officers and the very wealthy from the pardon.

When Congress returned from recess they found new members who had been pardoned by President Johnson.

In 1866, Johnson attacked the Congressional Republicans’ Plan for Reconstruction, but they were elected to Congress by a 3 to 1 margin.

Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentlegentle.

Amnesty:Amnesty: Presidential pardonPresidential pardon•Rebels sign an oath of allegianceRebels sign an oath of allegiance

•10% of the population10% of the population•Even high ranking Confederate officialsEven high ranking Confederate officials

Write new state ConstitutionsWrite new state Constitutions•approve the approve the 13th Amendment13th Amendment

•reject secession and state’s rightsreject secession and state’s rights•submit to U.S. Government authoritysubmit to U.S. Government authority

No mention of:No mention of:•Education for freedmenEducation for freedmen

•Citizenship and voting rightsCitizenship and voting rights

Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentlegentle.

Amnesty:Amnesty: Presidential pardonPresidential pardon•Rebels sign an oath of allegianceRebels sign an oath of allegiance

•10% of the population10% of the population•Even high ranking Confederate officialsEven high ranking Confederate officials

Write new state ConstitutionsWrite new state Constitutions•approve the approve the 13th Amendment13th Amendment

•reject secession and state’s rightsreject secession and state’s rights•submit to U.S. Government authoritysubmit to U.S. Government authority

No mention ofNo mention of•Education for freedmenEducation for freedmen

•Citizenship and voting rightsCitizenship and voting rights

•13th AmendmentAbolished slavery

(1865)

•14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under

the law. (1868)

•15th Amendment Provided the right to

vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870)

Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!A victory for democracy!

““All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state No state shall make or enforce any law shall make or enforce any law

which deprives any person of life, which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due liberty, or property, without due process of lawprocess of law, nor deny to any

person with its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the lawsequal protection of the laws.”

The CongressCongress shall have power to enforceenforce by appropriate

legislation, the provisions of this article.

•Women's’ rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American men citizenship unless women were added to it.

•Abolitionists would not support women’s rights

Congressional ActsCongressional ActsCongressional ActsCongressional Acts Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – Wiped out

Johnson’s Plan and split the South into 5 military districts under control of Union military generals.

To prevent Johnson from interfering in Congressional

business they passed 2 acts: 1. Command of the Army Act -Orders from the President

had to go past General Grant.

2. Tenure in Office Act -Required Senate approval for removal of government appointed officials.

Military Reconstruction

Military Reconstruction

Each number indicates the Military Districts

ASSIGNMENT….ASSIGNMENT….

Create a Frame comparing and contrasting the three plans for Reconstruction that we just talked about

Be sure to fill in all areas of the Frame for a complete grade (ex. Don’t leave the “is about” or “so what” sections blank!)

Plans comparedPlans compared

•AmnestyAmnesty : : Presidential pardonPresidential pardon•oath of allegiance ---50%

•high ranking Confederate officials•lose voting rights if you don’t sign oath

•Write new state Constitutions:Write new state Constitutions:•Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments•reject secession and state’s rights

•submit to U.S. Government authority•Help for Freedmen:Help for Freedmen:

•Freedmen’s Bureau for education•40 acres and a mule

•Divide the South into 5 military districts

Reconstruction Act of 1867-Reconstruction Act of 1867- (Harsh)(Harsh)

Impeachment Impeachment

In 1868 Johnson fired one of his Cabinet members, and 3 days later the House of Representatives voted for impeachment, or “high crimes” committed by a person holding political office.

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

•After an 11 week trial Johnson was acquitted by a vote of 35-19 (one short of required 2/3 vote).

ELECTION OF 1868ELECTION OF 1868 ELECTION OF 1868ELECTION OF 1868 Election of 1868 – Johnson did not run for re-election

which left Union general U.S. Grant as the Republican nominee for president

Grant won easily as did Republicans in Congress

Black Codes – In the South, they began passing laws which limited the rights of the newly freed African- Americans: needed licenses to work outside of agriculture, couldn’t gather in groups after dark, couldn’t live in cities, could be whipped for not working, “hard enough.”

Grant as President Grant as President • During Reconstruction many Northerners

moved South to take positions in the government and to help the Freedmen.

• Carpetbaggers – Northern newcomers to the South seen as intruders trying to make profits

• Scalawags – White Southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction

• African Americans began taking positions in Congressional seats and serving as representatives; called “Black Republicanism” by the Democrats

•The Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle•Organized in 1867, in Pulaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest and other Confederate veterans.•Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers •Through violence and intimidation they disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.

•The Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle•Organized in 1867, in Pulaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest and other Confederate veterans.•Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers •Through violence and intimidation they disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

0 to 2020 to 6060 to 100100 to 200200 or more

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks

Spreading TerrorSpreading TerrorThe Ku Klux Klan

Goals:Goals: The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters.

They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers.

Methods: Methods: They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them.

Federal Response to the KlanFederal Response to the Klan

The Federal Response President Grant’s own “War On Terrorism.” The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the

use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting.Other laws banned the KKK and used the

military to protect voters and voting places. However, As federal troops withdrew from the

South, black suffrage all but ended due to the renewed activities of the KKK and other groups.

Grant as President Grant as President

Grant believed his job was to carry out the laws and leave the development of laws to Congress

Grant easily won re-election to the Presidency in 1872, but scandals marred his 2nd term.

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877 With Grant’s reputation damaged by the scandals,

Republicans went with Rutherford B Hayes and the Democrats went with Samuel Tilden in the Presidential election of 1876.

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes Samuel Samuel TildenTilden

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

369369 total electoral votes, need 185185 to win.

164

1876 Election

•Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.

•Special Commission

gives votes to Hayes.

•Hayes wins the election

•Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

1876 Election

•Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.

•Special Commission

gives votes to Hayes.

•Hayes wins the election

•Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

*

*Disputed Electoral

votes

The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the “Corrupt Bargain.”

The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President

In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the

South.Once this happened, there was no protection for

the Freedmen and the South regained power within their states and socially as much as possible go back to the way it was before the abolition of

slavery.

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes Samuel TildenSamuel Tilden

Hayes as Hayes as PresidentPresident Hayes as Hayes as PresidentPresident

“New South” – a term used for the creation of a new industrially strong economy in the former Confederate states.

Northern financers and powerful Southerners laid 40,000 miles of railroad tracks, built iron and steel factories, and made tobacco and cotton big business.

Despite industrialization the South remained agrarian and African-Americans were stripped of political power and forced into unfair labor conditions

SharecroppingSharecroppingSharecropping

Blacks sign contracts to live on and work white landowners property. They paid their rent for the land they farmed and lived on the crops they produced.

SharecroppersSharecroppers

Advantages Part of a business ventureRaised their social statusReceived 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvestedRaised their self esteem

DisadvantagesBlacks stay in the SouthSome landowners refused to honor the contractBlacks poor and in debtA form of Economic slavery

SharecroppersSharecroppers

social realitysocial reality

After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern

states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by

the color of their skin in public facilities..

Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites

from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and barred them from voting through:

Poll TaxesLiteracy Tests Grandfather Clause

1. Corruption: Some Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s administration symbolized corruption & poor government.

2. The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt.

3. Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments.

4. The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies.

5. The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

Five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction.

Five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction.

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

SUCCESSES FAILURESUnion is restored. Many white southerners bitter

towards U.S. & Republicans.South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North.

The South is slow to industrialize.

14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks citizenship, equal protection, and suffrage.

After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote.

Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.

Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty.

Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.

Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.