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Chapter 12.3:The Protestant Reformation
Global Studies I
Key Terms
• Christian humanism stressed a belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves
• salvation acceptance into heaven
• Indulgence a release from all or part of the punishment for sin
Erasmus and Christian Humanism
• Protestant Reformation – name used for the reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.
• What did Christian humanists believe was the best way to reform the church and society?– individuals needed to be changed first– reading classics and Christian works would
cause people to become more pious (moral)
Erasmus and Christian Humanism
• How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?– criticized the abuses in
the Catholic Church along with other aspects of his society and called for reform
Religion on the Eve of Reformation
• Why did Erasmus and others think that the Catholic Church needed to be reformed?– Popes were more concerned with politics than
spiritual concerns– Many church officials used their offices to gain
wealth– Parish priests were often ignorant of their
spiritual duties– Church was selling indulgences
Religion on the Eve of Reformation
• What was the Modern Devotion?– mystical movement that rejected dogma and
instead stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus
Martin Luther
• German monk and professor
• What were the Ninety-five Theses?– attack on the selling of
indulgences– nailed to the door of
the Catholic Church in Wittenberg in 1517
Martin Luther
• What were the consequences of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?– Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in
1521– Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the
Holy Roman Empire– Gave rise to separate religious reform
movements– Breakdown of religious unity in Europe
Rise of Lutheranism
Salvation Sacraments Clergy and Marriage
Church Services
Lutheranism through faith in God alone
Baptism and Eucharist
clergy could marry
consisted of Bible readings, preaching, and songs
Catholicism by faith and good works
seven sacraments
clergy could not marry and had to be celibate
Catholic mass
Politics in the German Reformation
• Charles V– Holy Roman Emperor– King of Spain– Wanted to preserve his
empire by keeping it Catholic– Problems
• Series of wars with France• Disliked Pope Clement VII,
who sided with France• Invasion of eastern empire by
Ottoman Turks
Politics in the German Reformation
• German princes supported Luther• Charles V was forced to seek peace• How did the Peace of Augsburg influence
the political and religious development of Germany?– Formally accepted the division of Christianity
in Germany– German states could choose between
Catholicism and Lutheranism