Chapter 14 NotesWhy Classify?

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

1. Why Classify?– Eliminate

confusion– Organize

information– Reveal

Evolutionary relationships

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

2. What is Taxonomy?

* Field of biology that identifies and

classifies organisms

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

3. What is the name (general) of a scientist who studies traits to determine evolutionary relationships?

*Taxonomist

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

4. What was Aristotle’s method of classification? What did he use to put organisms in these categories?

*Plants and Animals

*Animals were further

divided to where they

lived (air, land, water)

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

5. Which biologist developed the current classification system?

–Carolus Linnaeus

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

6. Binomial nomenclature: What is it? Which language is used and why?– 2-name system using the genus name and

the species name. The scientific name is either underlined or italicized. The first letter of the genus name is capitalized and the species name is lowercase.

– EX: Cambarus bartoni or Cambarus bartoni

– Latin - universal language

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

7. What is a domain? What are the three domains and which kingdoms do they contain?

*Domain – most general category in which kingdoms are placed.

*Archaea – Archaebacteria*Bacteria – Eubacteria*Eukarya – Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, Animalia

14.1 Categories of Biological Classification:

8. Hierarchy of Classification (from largest to smallest)

– domain– kingdom– phylum– class– order– family– genus– species

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

1. What is a species?

* group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Canis familiaris Bufo americana Mule Liger

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

2. What is reproductive isolation?

* occurs when a barrier separates two or more groups of organisms and prevents them from interbreeding.

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

3. What is a hybrid? Examples?

* Individuals of different species interbreed

ZONY CAMA

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

4. Define Phylogeny:

*evolutionary history

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

5. Why do biologists study cladistics?

* Infers relationships based on shared characters (features).

– Cladogram – ancestry diagrams (p308)

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

6. Differentiate between an ancestral character and a derived character. Provide examples.

– Ancestral character – feature that evolved in a common ancestor of two different groups. (backbone is in birds and mammals)

– Derived character – feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. (birds and feathers – mammals do not have feathers)

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

7. What is a cladogram? How are organisms placed on a cladogram?

*Cladogram –

ancestry diagrams

~Organisms that

share derived

characters are

grouped together.

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

8. What is a Phylogenetic Tree?

*a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. Shows possible relationships among phyla. Tips represent modern organisms.

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

9. How are cladograms and phylogenetic trees similar?

*each represents a hypothesis of evolutionary history, which must be inferred because it was not observed.

14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

20. Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms. It lists several observable traits and 2 contrasting options.