Cell Structure and Cell OrganisationsCell Structure and Function

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cell Structure

Organelles

Specialised structures which are each surrounded by its

own membrane and perform specific function.

Non-organelles

Ex: cytoplasm, plasma

membrane and cell wall

Functions of organellesORGANELLE FUNCTIONS

NUCLEUS CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITIES

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

STIMULATES THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL AND TRANSPORT THEM WITHIN THE CELL

MITOCHONDRIA PRODUCES ENERGY

GOLGI APPARATUS CONTROLS SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE CELL

Functions of organelles

ORGANELLE FUNCTIONS

RIBOSOMES SYNTHESIS PROTEIN

LYSOSOMES CONTAIN SECRETION FORMED BY GOLGI APPARATUS

CHLOROPLAST CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

VACUOLES CONTAIN CELL SAP

Cell wall vs Cell membrane

Cell Wall StructureCell

Membrane

Cellulose Made up of Proteins and lipid

Fully permeable(allows all substances across it)

Permeability Semi permeable(allows certain

substance across while others

cannot)

Both have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, mitochondria,

Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

SimilaritiesAnimal Cell Plant Cell

Differences

Animal Cell

Structure Plant Cell

No fixed shape Shape Fixed shape

Does not have a cell wall

Cell wall Has a cellulose cell wall

Does not have chloroplasts

Chloroplasts Has chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

Usually exists as numerous small

vacuoles in lower animal cells

Vacuole Usually has a large vacuole

Contains glycogen granules

Granules Contains starch granules

The Density of Organelles in Specific Cells

Example of cell with high density of CHLOROPLAST.

• Cells Reason Palisade mesophyll cell To trap sunlight to

synthesise carbohydrate during photosynthesis

Examples of cell with high density of MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria

Animal cell

Sperm cell

To move through the uterus towards the

Fallopian tubes.

Muscle cell

Contraction of muscle during movement

Plant cell

Meristematic cell

Meristem cells in the plant shoots and roots

are involved in cell division to produce

new cells for growth

Sperm cell Meristematic cell

Muscle cell

Examples of cell with high density of ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Cells Reason • Cells in salivary gland Active in synthesing and

secreting digestive enzyme • Pancreatic Cells Active in synthesing and

secreting hormone and enzyme

CELL ORGANISATION

CELL

UNICELLULAR

SINGLE CELL ORGANISM

EX:AMOEBA AND

PARAMECIUM

MULTICELLULAR

MORE THAN ONE CELL

ORGANISM

EX:HUMANS AND PLANTS

UNI = ONECELL = ORGANISMNo levelsEach type of cell is different organism.

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

• the ectoplasm extends and the endoplasm flows in, forming a pseudopodium.• The pseudopodium continues to extend and the

endoplasm continues to flow so that the whole amoeba is moving to the right.• A new pseudopodium starts to form • The endoplasm flows into this. • As a result, the amoeba has changed its

direction of movement

Locomotion

Reproduction

• The nucleus begins to divide. • The nucleus has divided and the cytoplasm starts to constrict. • The constriction continues to divide the cytoplasm.• The daughter amoebae separate. This is a form of asexual reproduction called BINARY FISSION.

Feeding• Two pseudopodia

extend out and enclose the food particles.• The two pseudopodia

surround and engulf the food particle, forming a food vacuole.• Food vacuole fuses with

lysosome to be digested.• Digested food then

absorbed into the cytoplasm.

Paramecium sp.

Locomotion

• Rhythmic beating of the water by the cilia propels the Paramecium along.• If it encounters an obstacle, it stops, backs

up, turns 30o, then moves off. It goes on doing this until it gets past the obstacle.• This is called ‘AVOIDING REACTION’.

• The cilia around the oral groove brush the food down to the gullet.

• It enters the cytoplasm, forming a food vacuole.• Enzymes are added to digest it and the nutrients diffuse into

the cytoplasm.• As it is been digested, it is moved in a circular path round

the cell-a process known cyclosis.• Waste is released through a weak spot in the membrane

called the anal pore.

Feeding

Reproduction in Paramecium

Binary Fission(asexual) Conjugation(sexual)

Reproduction in Paramecium

• First, the two nuclei divide.• Then, the

cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells.

• Two individuals come together and exchange parts of their nuclei.• They then separate

and each can later divide to give four new cells.

Binary Fission(asexual) Conjugation(sexual)

Multi = ManyCells - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism

Different types of cells are needed to create different levels.

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

•In MultiCellular organisms, Cells differ from one another for different jobs and functions.•In UniCellular organisms- only one cell.

SPECIALIZATION

CELL

•Basic units of life in all organisms.•The structural features of cells are related to its function.•Cell undergo differentiation to acquire special structures and become specialised cells with specific functions.

Example of animal cell

Example of plant cell

Phloem cell Palisade mesophyll cell

Guard cell Xylem cell

TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

Group Of Same Cells

Connective Epithelial Muscle Nervous

ANIMAL TISSUECONNECTIVEConnects other tissues together.

ie: Fat, cartilage, bones, blood, ligaments and tendons.

EPITHELIALCovers the surface of your body

and lines the inside of organs.

ANIMAL TISSUEMUSCLE

Movement of the body’s functions.

ie: voluntary &

involuntary.

NERVOUSControls & coordinates

all body functions.ie: brain,

nerves

4 KINDS of TISSUE

TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE

Group Of Same Cells

Epidermal Meristem Vascular Ground

PLANT TISSUEEPIDERMAL

• Consists of one layer of cell.

• Covers the entire surface of the plant and protects underlying tissues from physical damage and infection.

• Reduces water loss.• Ex:epidermis of leaves,

stems and roots.

MERISTEM• Consists of

undifferentiated cells which are able to divide.

• Occurs at the tip of roots and shoots(apical meristem) and in the cambium of stems and roots(lateral meristem)

• Produces new cell by cell division.

• Ex: apical meristem of root and shoot, cambium in the stem.

PLANT TISSUEVASCULAR

• Consists of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

• Transports water and mineral salts from roots to the stem and leaves by xylem tissues

• Transports dissolved nutriens such as glucose from the leaves to the roots and stems by phloem tissues.

• Xylem tissue also provide support to the plants.

• Ex:xylem and phloem tissue.

GROUND• Consists of tissues such as

parenchyma mesophyll tissues, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue.

• Produces food by photosynthesis and stores food produced.

• Ex: parenchyma tissues, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue.

Different tissue types working together with specific job.

Ex: stomach

ORGAN

ORGANS

SYSTEMS•A group of organs and parts that work together to perform a specific job.

Human organ system

ORGANISM

All together =

•Multi-cellular Organisms: Single living unit composed of different systems working together.

ORGANISM

CELL(C) TISSUE(T) ORGAN(O) ORGAN SYSTEM(O) ORGANISM(O)

XYLEM/PHLOEM

CELLVASCULAR

TISSUE LEAF SHOOT SYSTEM PLANT

MUSCLE CELL

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

STOMACH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN

Involvement of Systems in Maintaining an Optimal Internal Environment

HOMEOSTASISProcess to regulate the physical and chemical factors in the internal environment so that it is always constant and at its optimal condition for the cells to function efficiently.