Chapter 2: Matter and Chapter 2: Matter and ChangeChange

By: Jennie BordersBy: Jennie Borders

Section 2.1: Properties of MatterSection 2.1: Properties of Matter

MatterMatter is anything that has is anything that has massmass and and occupies occupies spacespace..

All All mattermatter exists of tiny particles called exists of tiny particles called atomsatoms..

MatterMatter

The The massmass of an object is the measure of of an object is the measure of the the amount of matteramount of matter the object contains. the object contains.

The The volumevolume of an object is the measure of of an object is the measure of the the space occupiedspace occupied by an object. by an object.

Extensive PropertiesExtensive Properties

An An extensive propertyextensive property is a property that is a property that depends on the depends on the amountamount of matter in a of matter in a sample. sample.

Examples: mass and volumeExamples: mass and volume

Intensive PropertiesIntensive Properties

An An intensive propertyintensive property is a property that is a property that depends on the depends on the typetype of matter, not the of matter, not the amountamount of matter. of matter.

Examples: density and hardnessExamples: density and hardness

SubstancesSubstances

A A substancesubstance is a type of matter with a is a type of matter with a uniformuniform composition. composition.

Examples: water and goldExamples: water and gold

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Physical propertiesPhysical properties are characteristics of a are characteristics of a substance that can be observed without substance that can be observed without the substance changing the substance changing compositioncomposition..

Examples: boiling point and colorExamples: boiling point and color

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

A A physical changephysical change involves a change in involves a change in one or more physical properties, but no one or more physical properties, but no change in the change in the chemical compositionchemical composition of the of the substance.substance.

Examples: melting and cuttingExamples: melting and cutting Physical changes can be Physical changes can be reversiblereversible or or

irreversibleirreversible..

States of MatterStates of Matter

A A solidsolid is a state of matter that has a is a state of matter that has a definite definite shapeshape and and volumevolume..

SolidsSolids are not easily are not easily compressedcompressed..

States of MatterStates of Matter

A A liquidliquid has a definite has a definite volumevolume, but it takes , but it takes the shape of its container.the shape of its container.

LiquidsLiquids are not easily are not easily compressedcompressed..

States of MatterStates of Matter

A gas has no A gas has no fixedfixed volume or shape. volume or shape. GasesGases can be can be compressedcompressed.. A A vaporvapor is the gaseous state of a is the gaseous state of a

substance that is generally a substance that is generally a solid or a solid or a liquidliquid at room temperature. at room temperature.

Examples: oxygen = gas, steam = vaporExamples: oxygen = gas, steam = vapor

Solid, Liquid, and GasSolid, Liquid, and Gas

States of MatterStates of Matter

A A plasmaplasma is an ionized gas-like phase is an ionized gas-like phase consisting of consisting of electronselectrons and and positive ionspositive ions. .

Section 2.1 AssessmentSection 2.1 Assessment

1.1. Name two categories used to classify Name two categories used to classify properties of matter. properties of matter.

2.2. Explain why all sample of a given Explain why all sample of a given substance have the same intensive substance have the same intensive properties.properties.

3.3. Name four states of matter.Name four states of matter.

4.4. Describe the two categories used to Describe the two categories used to identify physical changes.identify physical changes.

Section 2.1 AssessmentSection 2.1 Assessment

5.5. In what ways are liquids and gases In what ways are liquids and gases alike? In what ways are liquids and solids alike? In what ways are liquids and solids different?different?

6.6. Is the freezing of mercury a reversible or Is the freezing of mercury a reversible or irreversible physical change?irreversible physical change?

Section 2.2: MixturesSection 2.2: Mixtures A A mixturemixture is a material of is a material of variablevariable

composition that contains composition that contains twotwo or more or more substances.substances.

Examples: salad and sweet teaExamples: salad and sweet tea An An alloyalloy is a mixture that has is a mixture that has metallic metallic

propertiesproperties.. Example: sterling silver – silver and Example: sterling silver – silver and

coppercopper

Heterogeneous MixturesHeterogeneous Mixtures

A A heterogeneousheterogeneous mixture is a mixture that mixture is a mixture that has has differentdifferent properties in different parts of properties in different parts of the mixture.the mixture.

Examples: chocolate chip cookies and Examples: chocolate chip cookies and vegetable soupvegetable soup

Homogeneous MixturesHomogeneous Mixtures

A A homogeneoushomogeneous mixture is a mixture that mixture is a mixture that has a has a uniformuniform composition. It is also called composition. It is also called a a solutionsolution..

Examples: Coke and WindexExamples: Coke and Windex

Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures

FiltrationFiltration is a method for separating is a method for separating components of a mixture containing a components of a mixture containing a solidsolid and a and a liquidliquid..

Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures

DistillationDistillation is a method for separating the is a method for separating the components of a mixture based on the components of a mixture based on the different different boiling pointsboiling points of the components. of the components.

Section 2.2 Section AssessmentSection 2.2 Section Assessment

1.1. How are mixtures classified?How are mixtures classified?2.2. Classify each of the following as a Classify each of the following as a

homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. a. food coloringa. food coloring

b. ice cubes in liquid waterb. ice cubes in liquid waterc. mouthwashc. mouthwashd. mashed, unpeeled potatoesd. mashed, unpeeled potatoes

3.3. How are a substance and a solution How are a substance and a solution similar? How are they different?similar? How are they different?

Section 2.2 AssessmentSection 2.2 Assessment

4.4. In general, when would you use filtration In general, when would you use filtration to separate a mixture? When would you to separate a mixture? When would you use distillation to separate a mixture?use distillation to separate a mixture?

5.5. Describe a procedure that could be used Describe a procedure that could be used to separate a mixture of sand and table to separate a mixture of sand and table salt.salt.

Section 2.3: Elements and Section 2.3: Elements and CompoundsCompounds

An An atomatom is the smallest part of an is the smallest part of an elementelement that retains its that retains its identityidentity in a chemical in a chemical reaction.reaction.

Examples: sulfur = S, sodium = NaExamples: sulfur = S, sodium = Na MoleculesMolecules are a are a bondedbonded collection of two collection of two

or more or more atomsatoms of the same element or of of the same element or of different elements.different elements.

Examples: water = HExamples: water = H22O, oxygen = OO, oxygen = O22

ElementsElements

ElementsElements are substances that cannot be are substances that cannot be broken downbroken down into simpler substances by into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. It consists of chemical or physical means. It consists of atomsatoms with the same atomic number. with the same atomic number.

ElementsElements are made of are made of atoms or atoms or moleculesmolecules..

Examples: tin = Sn, fluorine = FExamples: tin = Sn, fluorine = F22

AllotropesAllotropes

AllotropesAllotropes are different are different formsforms of a given of a given element.element.

Example: carbon – diamond, graphite, and Example: carbon – diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerenebuckminsterfullerene

CompoundsCompounds

CompoundsCompounds are substances made from are substances made from two or more two or more elementselements chemically chemically combined in a combined in a fixed proportionfixed proportion..

CompoundsCompounds can be broken down into its can be broken down into its elementselements by chemical processes. by chemical processes.

Compounds are made up of Compounds are made up of moleculesmolecules.. Examples: carbon dioxide = COExamples: carbon dioxide = CO22, sodium , sodium

chloride = NaClchloride = NaCl

Elements, Compounds, and Elements, Compounds, and MixturesMixtures

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas

Each Each elementelement is represented by a is represented by a chemical symbolchemical symbol. Only the . Only the first letterfirst letter of the of the chemical symbol is always chemical symbol is always capitalizedcapitalized..

SubscriptsSubscripts represent the represent the numbernumber of atoms of atoms of each element.of each element.

Example: SiOExample: SiO22

Section 2.3 AssessmentSection 2.3 Assessment

1.1. How is a compound different from an How is a compound different from an element?element?

2.2. How can you distinguish a substance How can you distinguish a substance from a mixture?from a mixture?

3.3. Classify each of these samples of matter Classify each of these samples of matter as an element, a compound, or a as an element, a compound, or a mixture.mixture.a. table sugara. table sugar c. tap waterc. tap waterb. cough syrupb. cough syrup d. nitrogend. nitrogen

Section 2.3 AssessmentSection 2.3 Assessment

4.4. Write the chemical symbol for each element.Write the chemical symbol for each element.

a. leada. lead d. oxygend. oxygen

b. silverb. silver e. sodiume. sodium

c. hydrogenc. hydrogen f. aluminumf. aluminum

5.5. Name the elements represented by the Name the elements represented by the following symbols.following symbols.

a. Ca. C d. Aud. Au

b. Cab. Ca e. Fee. Fe

c. Kc. K f. Cuf. Cu

Section 2.4: Chemical ReactionsSection 2.4: Chemical Reactions

A A chemical propertychemical property is the ability of a is the ability of a substance to change to a different substance to change to a different substancesubstance..

Examples: flammable and corrosiveExamples: flammable and corrosive

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

A A chemical changechemical change involves a change in involves a change in the fundamental components of the the fundamental components of the substance.substance.

Examples: burn and decomposeExamples: burn and decompose

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

A substance present at the A substance present at the startstart of a of a reaction is a reaction is a reactantreactant..

A substance A substance producedproduced in the reaction is a in the reaction is a productproduct..

Example: Example: 2H2H22 + O + O22 2H2H22OO

reactantsreactants productproduct

Five Signs of a Chemical ReactionFive Signs of a Chemical Reaction

The five signs of a chemical reaction are The five signs of a chemical reaction are change in colorchange in color, , production of a gasproduction of a gas, , change in temperaturechange in temperature, , production of lightproduction of light, , and and formation of a precipitateformation of a precipitate..

PrecipitatePrecipitate

A A precipitateprecipitate is a is a solidsolid that forms and that forms and during a chemical reaction involving a during a chemical reaction involving a liquid mixtureliquid mixture..

Conservation of MassConservation of Mass

The The law of conservation of masslaw of conservation of mass states states that in any physical or chemical process, that in any physical or chemical process, massmass is neither is neither createdcreated nor nor destroyeddestroyed..

During any During any chemical reactionchemical reaction, the mass of , the mass of the the productsproducts is always equal to the mass is always equal to the mass of the of the reactantsreactants..

Section 2.4 AssessmentSection 2.4 Assessment

1.1. How does a chemical change affect the How does a chemical change affect the composition of matter?composition of matter?

2.2. Name the five signs that a chemical Name the five signs that a chemical reaction has taken place.reaction has taken place.

3.3. In a chemical reaction, how does the In a chemical reaction, how does the mass of the reactants compare with the mass of the reactants compare with the mass of the products?mass of the products?

4.4. What is the main difference between What is the main difference between physical and chemical changes?physical and chemical changes?

Section 2.4 AssessmentSection 2.4 Assessment5.5. Classify the following changes as Classify the following changes as

physical or chemical changes.physical or chemical changes.a. Water boils.a. Water boils.b. Milk turns sour.b. Milk turns sour.c. Salt dissolves in water.c. Salt dissolves in water.d. A metal rusts.d. A metal rusts.

6.6. Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form water. How much water would to form water. How much water would form if 4.8g of hydrogen reacted with form if 4.8g of hydrogen reacted with 38.4g of oxygen?38.4g of oxygen?