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Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life
Section 1 - Matter and Organic Compounds
2
What are we made of?
Cells
Cells are made of?
Matter - Anything takes up space, has mass
3
Elements vs Atoms
An atom is the smallest amount of an element
Gold is an ELEMENT
The least I could have is ONE ATOM of gold
4
Elements vs Atoms
An atom is the smallest amount of an element
Gold is an ELEMENT
The least I could have is ONE ATOM of gold
5
Elements cannot be broken down
92 natural Over 100 total
Element Song on iPad
6
Compound vs MoleculeIonic Covalent
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1 If I took a copper coin and kept breaking it down until I had the smallest thing that makes up the coin what would I have?
A Atom
B Compound
C Ion
D Molecule
E Elements
8
2 Hydrogen likes to exist as two hydrogens bonded together. This is an example of a(n)
A Atom
B Compound
C Ion
D Molecule
E Element
9
Organic Compounds
Chemicals of living things
Contain Carbon
These chemicals are considered macromolecules because they are quite large
10
4 types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
11
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Store Energy Fruits, Vegetables, Grains
12
Carbohydrates made of repeating units called monosaccharides
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Provide Energy Fast
13
Polysaccharides
Chains of simple sugars
Used to store energy
Starch - Plants
Glycogen - Animals
14
Lipids
Oil and fat
Difference?
Make up cell membranes!
15
Saturated Fat vs Unsaturated Fat
straight
bent
- store closely together- animals use to store energy
solid
liquid
16
Types of Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Energy!
17
Proteins
Made of chains of amino acids
We get our amino acids to make proteins from what we eat!
Vegetarians?
18
Protein Structure
19
Enzymes Antibodies
Muscle fiber
Why are Proteins important?
Maintains cell shape
Hormones Hemoglobin
LOTS of reasons!
20
Nucleic Acids
Made up of nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribenucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Stores genetic information
21
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleotides (4)
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
A & T C & GComplementary Base Pairing
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A & T C & GComplementary Base Pairing
"Double Helix"
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3 When you eat meat you are eating mostly what?
A Carbohydrates
B Proteins
C Lipids
D Nucleic Acids
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4 The scientific name for fats is __________?
A Carbohydrates
B Proteins
C Lipids
D Nucleic Acids
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5 When eating vegetables, fruits, and grains you are primarily eating __________.
A Carbohydrates
B Proteins
C Lipids
D Nucleic Acids
26
Section 2 - Biochemical Reactions
27
Chemical Reactions
Reactants are CHANGED into Products
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Na + Cl NaCl
All atoms (matter) are conserved!
28
Exothermic vs Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic releases heat
Endothermic absorbs heat (requires heat)
Means it would feel colder
29
Exothermic = catabolic in organisms
Endothermic = anabolic in organisms
break down molecules, release energy
build up molecules from smaller ones
Metabolism all reactions in your body
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All reactions must be started
This requires energy
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Enzymes lower activation energy required
32
How do enzymes work?
33
Enzymes are affected by:
temperature pH
34
Section 3 - Water, Acids, and Bases
35
Water is a very unique inorganic molecule
Polar - no overall charge, but charged "areas"
36
Water is an effective solvent.
The polar aspect of water pulls and hold onto ionic compounds
37
Water "sticks" to many surfaces
This is called adhesion
38
Capillarity - Water moves up small cylinders
Due to polarity water molecules stick to themselves (cohesion�
Called hydrogen bonding
39
Acids and Bases