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Chapter 22World at War
Post WWI GermanyThe Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic
▫Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated and went into exile.
▫A new democratic government was elected called the Weimar Republic.
▫It had a constitution. Article 48 (Pres, State of Emergency)
▫Designed so that one party could not get a majority
▫Many parties formed coalitions to govern.
Weimar Republic Woes:• 2 ½ million + Germans died in the war; 4 million
wounded. • The army and many other groups in German society were
unhappy that the Kaiser had been forced to abdicate. ▫ Some of these owed a very shaky allegiance to the new
republic. ▫ Many were completely hostile and viewed the government
with contempt.• Economic problems were serious, including rising prices,
unemployment, and a continued Allied blockade.• Germany faced the prospect of a harsh treaty (Treaty of
Versailles) that was being negotiated in Paris.
More problems
•Some Communists wanted power and the Germans had their own “Red Scare” called the “Red Plague.”
•Lots of political parties: Communists, Socialists, German National People’s Party
Treaty of Versailles
•Called the “Diktat” by the Germans.•Forced to sign it.•All Germans opposed it.•Protestant churches declared a day of
mourning when it was signed.
The strangling hand of the Treaty of Versailles gripping a map of Germany which bears a slight image of Adolph Hitler.
Treaty of Versailles
•Much of Germany’s territory, all of its colonies, some of its people were given to France, Belgium, and Poland.
•Size of Germany’s army and navy were limited.
•Banned tanks and the airforce.•War guilt clause•Reparation payments
German Response
•Military revolts•Union strikes•Communist revolts, thousand dead•Assassination of leading politicians
Economic Distress•1921 War reparation demanded by the Allies-
6.6 billion pounds.•Germans could not pay. Over Christmas/New
Years 1922-1923, they defaulted.•70,000 French and Belgian troops seized the
main industrial region of Germany (Ruhr) in lieu of the war reparation payments.
•German government called on workers to strike.
•Low-level terrorist campaign by Germans.•French strike back brutally (house searches,
hostage-taking, shooting over 100 Germans)
Economic Distress•Production drops drastically.•Unemployment soars from 2% to 23%.•Tax revenues collapse.•Government prints more money causing
inflation.•Prices go insanely high (By Nov. 1923,
prices are a billion (really) times higher than before the war began in 1914.)
HyperinflationMonth Year Marks needed to
buy US$1
April 1919 12
November 1921 263
October 1922 3,000
December 1922 7,000
January 1923 17,000
July 1923 353,000
November 1923 2,193,600,000,000
December 1923 4,200,000,000,000
Cost of a loaf of breadDate Cost in German Marks
1922 165
September 1923 1,500,000
November 1923 200,000,000,000
Effects of HyperinflationPeople had to shop with wheel barrows full of money.
Bartering became common - exchanging something for something else but not accepting money for it. Bartering had been common in Medieval times!
Pensions became worthless.
Restaurants did not print menus as by the time food arrive…the price had gone up!
The winter of 1923 meant that many lived in freezing conditions burning furniture to get some heat.
Most of the very rich were land owners and could produce food on their own estates.
The middle class suffered severly as well. Their hard earned savings disappeared overnight. Many middle class families had to sell family heirlooms to survive. Many of those middle class would later turn Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Improvements• A new chancellor, Streseman, was chosen in
September 1923 who▫Ordered the union back to work.▫Established a new currency backed back American
gold.▫Got reparations payments reduced to a more
reasonable amount (50 million pounds instead of 2 billion pounds) through the Dawes plan.
▫Secured American loans for Germany. $200 million▫Stabilized Germany for the next 5 years.▫Got Germany to join the League of Nations.▫Nazis were a small, but noisy party during this
time.
•Art, music, film, and science thrived under the Streseman era of the Weimar Republic.
•Streseman died in 1929
Marlene Dietrich
Gustave Streseman
Disaster•The German economy was on shaky
foundations because it was based on huge loans from the United States.
•1929 Stock market crash caused U.S. banks to call in its short-term loans to Germany.
•They couldn’t pay, nor could they export goods for sale so they could pay.
•Economy collapsed.
Rise of the Nazis
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2YEUhHFMHY
A Time of TyrantsHitler, Mussolini, Tojo, Stalin
What is Mein Kampf?
•Adolf Hitler’s personal memoir “My Struggle”
•Spelled out his ideas for a new German order▫Scrap the League of Nations▫Rid Germany of democracy▫Unite all Germans▫Eliminate all communists and Jews
What does Nazi stand for?
•National Socialist German Workers’ Party•It came to power in 1933.•Hitler was elected chancellor and called
himself Führer.•He called his Nazi regime the “Third
Reich,” a German empire that would last a 1000 years.
If Hitler’s government was the Third Reich, what were the other two?•German Empire governed by Prussian
Emperors (1871–1918)
•The republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1919–33)
•The totalitarian dictatorship commonly known as the Third Reich or Nazi Germany (1933–45)
Characteristics of the Nazi regime:•Police state•Blind nationalism•Anti-Semitism•Totalitarianism
The Italian Tyrant
Benito Mussolini established fascism as a nationalistic, militaristic, totalitarian government in 1922.Nickname: Il Duce
Italy’s Tyrant: Mussolini
•He promised the Roman people that he would “restore the glory of Caesar’s empire.”
•He wanted to expand Roman territory and picked easy targets such as Ethiopia, which was rich in natural resources.
•When he was condemned by the League of Nations, he walked out and joined an alliance with the Nazis.
Japan’s Tyrant
•Japan also wanted to expand its territory and trade partners.
•European nations had already carved up Asia in to “spheres of influence.”
•Japan attacked & subjugated Manchuria in China in 1931.
Japan’s Tyrant: Hideki Tojo• Tojo was a general
who led a group of warlords to take over the Japanese government, effectively rendering Emperor Hirohito powerless.
• 1934 cancelled the Washington Naval Treaty
• 1940 Japan joined Italy and Germany to form the Axis of dictator states.
Soviet Union: Jozef Stalin
• Stalin took over Russia after Lenin died.
• He crushed all opposition by killing some 20 million men, women and children.
• “A single death is a tragedy; a million deaths is a statistic.”
• One of the most brutal tyrants in the history of mankind.
The Coming of WarHitler’s Advance
Motivations•Britain and France were in no mood for
confrontation or war.
•Hitler said he wanted to get back Germany’s territory that had been broken up and “stolen” with the Treaty of Versailles after WWI.
Appeasement:
The policy of giving in to try to satisfy Hitler’s stated demands.
Easy Acquisitions: Rhineland
•Rhineland 1936 – an industrial region of Germany near Alsace-Lorraine, which was supposed to be demilitarized.
Defenses:
•Siegfried Line – German fortifications
•Maginot Line – French fortifications
Easy Acquisitions: Austria
• Anschluss – union with Austria, German-speaking land.
• Austrian Nazis staged a coup and took power, “invited” Germany military in.
Austria is the southern part in gold.
Easy Acquisitions: Sudetenland• Hitler declared his
intentions to “annex” Sudetenland.
• Many Germans had fled to Sudetenland from the Nazis.
• Meeting of England (Chamberlain), France (Daladier), & Hitler in Munich, Germany to discuss the problem.
• To keep the peace, Chamberlain and Daladier agreed to “give” Hitler the Sudetenland (Sept. 1938).
• “Munich” became an adjective for appeasement and defeatism.
Sudetenland is the purple area.
Easy Acquisitions: Czechoslovakia• In March 1939, Hitler
moved to seize the rest of Czechoslovakia.
• The British and French then signed security agreements with Romania and Poland, hoping that would deter Hitler from advancing.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact• Russia was a powerful
neighbor to the east of Germany.
• Hitler and Stalin agreed not to fight each other.
• In fact, Hitler told Stalin he could take the Baltic countries, Finland, and a little piece of Poland and Hitler would take the rest of Poland.
1939 Boundary Lines
War Begins! • On September 1, 1939, fifty-six German divisions roll across the Polish border.
• 600 Luftwaffe bombed civilian & military targets.
• 48 hours later, 100,000 Polish casualties
• On September 3, 1939, British Prime Minister N. Chamberlain declares war on Nazi Germany. France followed.
Blitzkrieg!
German Victories
Denmark•Spring 1940, Hitler attacked and
occupied Denmark in a few brief hours.•A panzer is a German tank or a division
of tanks. (armor)
Norway
•On the same day, the Germans assaulted Norway so it could have naval bases and access to Sweden for its iron resources.
•The Norwegians bravely resisted but were sold out by a traitor, a government official, Vidkun Quisling assisted German agents and was appointed governor by the Germans afterwards. His name became synonymous for traitor.
Fall of France
•http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/index_embed.shtml
Fall of France
•May 10, 1940 Germany moved into the countries on its western border: Tiny Luxembourg (2 days), Holland (5 days), Belgium (18 days), and France.
•Panzer units outmaneuvered the French and British forces.
•The Luftwaffe destroyed French fortifications so the tanks rolled into France smoothly.
Fall of France
•The French people fled their cities.•German Stuka dive-bombers filled the air
and attacked repeatedly.
•Germany’s new weapons and blitzkrieg tactics were fresh and successful, a far cry from the trench warfare of WWI.
•France’s war technology was out-moded.•France was no match for Germany’s tanks
and planes.
Fall of France - Dunkirk
•The French and British troops were almost surrounded and were pushed back to Dunkirk with their backs to the English Channel.
•As they were about to be wiped out by the Luftwaffe, fog rolled in, concealing them.
•By the time the fog had lifted every available British and French vessel, from fishing boats to private yachts, had evacuated 330,000 men.
Evacuation at Dunkirk
•Paris is abandoned to the Nazis.•Ironically, the surrender of France was
signed in the same railroad car in which Germany had signed the armistice in 1918.
Winston Churchill-Britain’s Prime Minister•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsKDG
M5KTBY•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkTw3
_PmKtc&feature=related (1:20)
Battle of Britain
•Hitler planned to bomb Britain into submission because he knew an invasion would not work until it was substantially weakened.
•The British had radar and knew when the German planes were coming so they were able to shoot many of them down; hence daytime bombing was not efficient for the Germans.
•The Germans lost 3 times as many planes as the British.
Battle of Britain
•The Germans resorted to night bombing Britain’s with fire bombs.
Narnia intro: Night bombing
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg
Barbarossa – Attack on Russia
•Hitler launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union to his east.
•June 22, 1941•The “Barbarossa” operation targeted 3
key Russian cities: Leningrad, Moscow, & Stalingrad.
•Russia bore the brunt of the Germans’ relentlessly brutal warfare.
German troops in Russia 1941
•In just two years, the Nazi blitzkrieg had virtually conquered Europe, with Britain badly damaged.
Isolation & Infamy
•Sink the Bismarck http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KecIdlEAKhU
Forces that Kept U.S. on the Sidelines.
•1. A tradition of isolationism.•2. Resentment over war debt (from WWI).•3. Americans were focused on economic
recovery from the Great Depression.
Nervous Neutrality
•Neutrality Act of 1937 – cut off military supplies to belligerent nations. ▫Roosevelt wanted to change this because it
had not hurt Hitler since Germany had already rearmed.
▫However, it did hurt the Allies because they couldn’t get the supplies they desperately needed.
•Can purchase weaponry on a CASH BASIS.•Must carry the weapons in their OWN SHIPS.•Called “Cash and Carry”•U.S. ships and passengers could not enter ports of nations at war.•This act actually helped the Germans because they could conduct unrestricted submarine warfare without much fear of ticking off the Americans and drawing them into the war.
•Neutrality Act of 1939
Actual captured U-505 in the Museum of Science & IndustryChicago, Illinois
Reluctance
•Americans sympathized with the Allies,•But focused on America First
(committees)•Roosevelt recognized the need for
preparedness.•First peacetime draft in U.S. history (Sept.
1940)America First Committee Meeting in Chicago,April 23, 1941.Charles Lindbergh, featured speaker
•Americans vacillated between ▫preparedness and ▫pacificism.
1940 Election
•FDR ran for a third term.•During his campaign he promised, “I have
said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.”
•Republican Opponent: Wendell Willkie, former Democrat.
•Democrat Slogan: “Don’t switch horses in the middle of the stream.”
Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms
•Freedom of Speech
•Freedom of Worship
•Freedom from Want
•Freedom from Fear
•The U.S. would have to fight the enemies of free people alone if England were destroyed.
•The four freedoms were one way Roosevelt led Americans into giving more support to the Allies.
•Congress voted all-out aid to the Allies.
Lend-Lease Act
•U.S. supplied any Allied nation with war materiel.
Deployment of U.S. Forces
•Iceland and Greenland to protect North Atlantic shipping lanes.
Atlantic Charter – Roosevelt & Churchill•Common
Principles▫Self
Determination▫Freedom of the
Seas▫Economic
Cooperation
•Expressed the Goals of anti-Axis nations
•Expressed America’s moral commitment to the Allied cause
Was American neutrality
compromised?
Hitler thought so.
•May 1941: German sub attacks and sinks American merchant vessel near Brazil.
•September 1941: U.S. destroyer Greer is fired upon by a German submarine.
•October 1941: U.S. destroyer Kearny is torpedoed, killing 11 sailors.
•October 1941: U.S. destroyer Reuben James is sunk in the Atlantic, with 100 sailors lost.
Reuben James torpedoed, October 1941
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrZjJsIA1EI▫Woody Guthrie’s “Sinking of the Reuben
James”
The Flying Tigers (in China)
•Spring 1941 (Period of Neutrality)•U.S. asked for “volunteer” pilots to fly 100
P-40 “Tomahawk” fighter planes the U.S. has sent to French General Chennault who was advising Chiang Kai-shek on air power.
•They were ill-equipped and seriously out-numbered, but they downed 286 Japanese aircraft during 7 months of operation.
•Officially known as American Volunteer Group (AVG)
Flying Tigers (AVG)
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I36cglDOtJg
•Flying Tiger Newsreels•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BXlvy-
ZVTM&feature=related•Flying Tiger Dogfight Re-enactment
Pearl Harbor
• Japanese pov• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyf1PZ
EsYpI&feature=related
• Pearl Harbor Documentary 8 min.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt13c3
olXkU
• Pearl Harbor 2001 Attack Cut• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niw
xQgoY
•FDR Day of Infamy. Declaration of war.•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrAuI
Mk9KPU
Pearl Harbor•December 7, 1941
•“A day that will live in infamy” –President FDR
•The United States formally enters WWII.
World War II
•U.S. declares war on Japan.•Britain declares war on Japan.•China declares war on the Axis powers.•Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S.•U.S. declares war on Germany and Italy.
•Major effect of Pearl Harbor attack: virtually no domestic opposition to U.S. involvment in the war remains.
America Responds
America Responds
•In March 1942, the Allies were in retreat everywhere.
•Europe had been under Nazi occupation for two years.
•The Germans and Japanese were riding high on their successes.
•The Allies needed a morale booster.
The Doolittle RaidApril 18, 1942
• Under command of air-racing hero Lt. Col. James “Jimmy” Doolittle, the Americans strike back at the Japanese.
• Sixteen B-25 Mitchell aircraft tightly loaded about the new U.S. Navy carrier Hornet, set out for a bomb strike on the Japanese capital, Tokyo.
•The planes had been modified to save fuel.
•The tail sections were removed, and the tail guns replaced with broom sticks which made the bombers defenseless in their vulnerable tail sections.
•Unfortunately, they were spotted by Japanese picket ships just hours from launch time.
•They had to scramble and launch earlier than planned.
•With a longer-than-expected flight, the pilots knew they might not have enough fuel to make it to a landing strip in China. (The carriers turned back to Pearl.)
•The bombing of Tokyo proved to be easy.
•The city was undergoing air raid drills and assumed the bombers were part of the drill.
•The bombs hit factories, military targets, and one hit the imperial palace.
•Short of fuel, all the planes either crash- landed or their crews bailed out short of their Chinese landing sites.
Results of the Doolittle Raid• The Doolittle Raid was a
morale booster for the Americans and their Allies.
• It was the first time the Army Air Force & the U.S. Navy teamed up in a combat operation.
• The raid forced the Japanese to send forces to defend their home island
• But it was more than 2 years later before American bombers would return to Japan.
Fall of the Philippines
Fall of the Philippines
The Japanese push American and Philippine forces into the Bataan Peninsula.
Fall of the Philippines
•President Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur to leave the Philippines to avoid capture.
•MacArthur reluctantly complies promising, “I shall return.”
•In April the American forces surrender and become Japanese prisoners of war (POWs).
Bataan Death March• 70,000 Filipinos &
American surrendered, the largest American army to surrender in history.
• Some refused to surrender and fled to the jungle to join with Filipinos to form a guerrilla resistance that may have numbered as many as 180,000.
• Forced 60 mile march from Bataan to Ft. O’Donnell
• Between 5000 and 11000 died on the way.
• Interviewer: Did you witness cruelty on the death march?
• Alfred X. Burgos: Oh, yes. For example, if you should not want to walk anymore -- let's say you were tired -- well, I've seen them shoot walking prisoners of war -- actually be shot. Or if you tried to get food which was thrown by the civilians to the walking military, the Filipino military, that not only endangered you, but the one who was giving the food or throwing the food to you...Well, those that they could catch, they'd just shoot them there.... If you could not keep up with the group in the Death March, rather than slow the Death March, they'd get rid of you by shooting you.... Oh, they bayoneted people, they shot people, and if they think that you were delaying the Death March, you're dead.
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_capture.html
Fall o
f the P
hilip
pin
es
Click icon to add picture Corregidor is the last island
fortress in the
Philippines to fall to the Japanese,
May 6, 1942.The
Philippines now belong
to the Japanese.
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway
•In the first carrier battle of the war, the Battle of the Coral Sea, the U.S. stops the Japanese advance on Australia in May.
•Admiral Yamamoto planned another surprise attack: this time for Midway.
•He believed that if the Japanese could take Midway, they would have the Pacific in an “impenetrable fortress.”
Battle of Midway
•In May, the Navy intercepted Japanese communications confirming Japanese fleet movement toward Midway.
•U.S. Admiral Nimitz prepared countermeasures, with an estimated date for the attack of June 4.
•U.S. B-17s launched from Midway attacked the Japanese fleet on June 3, but inflicted little damage.
Outcome of the Battle of Midway• The U.S. Navy inflicted a smashing defeat on the
Japanese Navy. • The Japanese lost the four large carriers that had
attacked Pearl Harbor, while the Americans only lost one carrier.
• More importantly, the Japanese lost over one hundred trained pilots, who could not be replaced.
• The Japanese offensive in the Pacific was derailed. • The balance of sea power in the Pacific shifted
from the Japan to an equity between America and Japan.
• Soon after the Battle of Midway the U.S. and their allies would take the offensive in the Pacific.
•Source for Midway info:•http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-1.h
tm
Home Front
Production
•U.S. production capability would be a crucial factor in bringing victory over the Axis.
War Powers Act 1941
•President given broad powers over the economy.
•Established the War Production Board (WPB)▫Halted building construction▫Halted production of consumer goods▫Ordered massive industrial conversion
from civilian to military production
Conserving & Rationing•Office of Price Administration
▫Food▫Gasoline▫Rubber
Ration cards
Victory Gardens
Recycling
Women at Work• The men went to war.
• The women went to work.
Debt & Taxes
•Paying for the war = Long term effects
•War bill = $300,000,000,000+•President Roosevelt – raise taxes•Congress – borrow•New way to tax – payroll deductions
Every family had a personal interest.
Blue Star BannerGold Star Banner
Fight for Fortress Europe
Primary Source:
•Government Film: Memphis Belle•B-17 Flying Fortress•http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperi
ence/features/bonus-video/bombing-memphis-belle/
•Appx. 10 minutes
War in the Pacific
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese Internment Camps
Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO)
•Douglas MacArthur, Army-moving from New Guinea
•Admiral Chester Nimitz, Navy- moving across Central Pacific
•Converge to reclaim the Philippines and move on to assault Japan.
General Douglas MacArthur
Admiral Chester Nimitz
•Guadalcanal•Marianas•Philippines – MacArthur returns as
promised.•Iwo Jima•Okinawa – Bloodiest single campaign in
the Pacific
Yalta
•Meeting of the Big Three in February 1945 at USSR’s Black Sea resort, Yalta.
•Laid plans for post-war Europe.
Roosevelt’s Two Misconceptions• 1. If the U.S. joined an
international organization for peace, then the world would be secure.
• 2. He thought he could trust Stalin.▫ Democratic elections in
liberated European nations
▫ USSR was destroying democracy in Eastern Europe
▫ Stalin had agreed to join the effort against Japan when Germany was beaten.
•Roosevelt dies 8 weeks later on April 12, 1945.
•Vice President Harry S Truman becomes president.
Victory in Europe
•April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide by cyanide.
•May 7-8, 1945- Nazis surrender on both fronts
Potsdam
• July 1945• The new big three meet at
Potsdam to plan the conclusion of the war in the Pacific.
• Stalin, Truman, Clement Attlee – Churchill was ousted as PM in Britain.
• New kids on the block were naïve.
•Stalin had puppet communist governments in the areas he had taken from Germany.
•Truman was left telling Stalin to remember his promises.
•Stalin: “Whoever occupies a territory imposes his own social system…”
•Agreed on demanding Japan’s unconditional surrender.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
The Bomb
•While at Potsdam, Truman received word that the Manhattan Project had been a success.
•The United States now held the most powerful weapon ever invented.
•Truman gave the Japanese an ultimatum: Surrender or face destruction.
•August 6, 1945: Col. Paul Tibbets dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima.
•Enola Gay•“Little Boy”
i
•http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=763659n
Hiroshima
V-J Day•The Japanese government did not
respond. The cabinet met and had to have a unanimous decision. Most were in favor, but 3 were opposed to unconditional surrender.
•August 9, 1945, the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
•The Emperor, stepping out of his role as above politics, asked the government to surrender.
•The Japanese surrendered on September 2.
“Victors and Vanquished”
•See MacArthur’s speech page 533.
Postwar Occupation
•MacArthur was in charge.•Goals of the occupation:
▫Prevent Japanese from aggression▫Reform Japan into a democracy
Postwar Occupation
•Six-year occupation•Warmongers removed from power•Suffrage granted to women•Government power increase in economic
and social policy•Democratic constitution
Ravages of War by the Numbers:•50 million dead•Many more millions maimed•292,000 American soldiers, sailors,
airmen dead•Tens of thousands of U.S. civilians died in
the effort to supply the war effort.
