Chapter 29: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin America Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa & the

Chapter 29: Nationalism Chapter 29: Nationalism and Revolution Around and Revolution Around

the Worldthe World

Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin AmericaAmerica

Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa & the M. E.& the M. E.

Section 3: India Seeks Self-RuleSection 3: India Seeks Self-Rule

Section 4: Upheavals in ChinaSection 4: Upheavals in China

Section 5: Empire of the Rising SunSection 5: Empire of the Rising Sun

Section 1: Struggle for Change in Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin AmericaLatin America

•Summary:Summary:– Desires for land, better wages and Desires for land, better wages and

democratic reform led to the democratic reform led to the Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution


•After World War I, people all After World War I, people all over the world wanted to control over the world wanted to control their own nationstheir own nations– Leaders spoke of Self-Leaders spoke of Self-

determinationdetermination•In some lands, leaders called for In some lands, leaders called for revolutionrevolution


•Mexico was ruled by a dictator Mexico was ruled by a dictator who welcomed foreign investorswho welcomed foreign investors– Investors developed mines, built Investors developed mines, built

railroads and drilled for oilrailroads and drilled for oil– However, all wealth and profits However, all wealth and profits

went to the land and business went to the land and business ownersowners


•Most Mexicans were poor and had no Most Mexicans were poor and had no landland– In 1910, the people rebelledIn 1910, the people rebelled– They forced out the dictator, but the fight They forced out the dictator, but the fight

for sound government and freedom from for sound government and freedom from foreign control lasted for yearsforeign control lasted for years


•In 1917, a new constitution In 1917, a new constitution sought to reform laws governing sought to reform laws governing land, religion and workersland, religion and workers– In the 1920s, Mexican people In the 1920s, Mexican people

became the first in Latin America became the first in Latin America to see real social and economic to see real social and economic reformreform•Social change helped Indians to Social change helped Indians to regain land, supported labor unions regain land, supported labor unions and spread educationand spread education


•Nationalism swept through Latin Nationalism swept through Latin AmericaAmerica– By the 1920s, countries wanted By the 1920s, countries wanted

economic independence from economic independence from foreign nations, especially the foreign nations, especially the United StatesUnited States

•In response, the U.S. In response, the U.S. developed the developed the Good Good Neighbor PolicyNeighbor Policy in in the 1930s which the 1930s which promised Latin promised Latin America that the U.S. America that the U.S. would stay out of its would stay out of its affairsaffairs


•Nationalism affected artists and Nationalism affected artists and writers as wellwriters as well– Art, books and music showed a Art, books and music showed a

new pride in native culturenew pride in native culture


•Summary:Summary:– Following World War I, nationalist Following World War I, nationalist

movements grew in Africa and the movements grew in Africa and the Middle EastMiddle East


•As World War I ended, the As World War I ended, the people of Africa were growing people of Africa were growing tired of their colonial statustired of their colonial status– They paid taxes to foreign nations, They paid taxes to foreign nations,

fought their wars and worked their fought their wars and worked their farmsfarms


•During the 1920s and 1930s, During the 1920s and 1930s, nationalists spoke of returning nationalists spoke of returning Africa to the AfricansAfrica to the Africans– There were few total revolts, but There were few total revolts, but

many protestsmany protests– Only Egypt won its independenceOnly Egypt won its independence


•Nationalist movements also grew in Nationalist movements also grew in the Middle Eastthe Middle East– After World War I, the Allies had After World War I, the Allies had

divided the lands of the Ottoman divided the lands of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire•The Turks, however, would not accept The Turks, however, would not accept foreign controlforeign control

•In 1923, they made Turkey a republic In 1923, they made Turkey a republic and replaced old Muslim traditions with and replaced old Muslim traditions with western ideaswestern ideas

•Nationalists in Iran followed Turkey’s Nationalists in Iran followed Turkey’s leadlead


• Themes:Themes:– NationalismNationalism – – devotion and loyalty to

one's own country; patriotism. – SecularismSecularism (Secular) – (Secular) – a political

system that rejects all forms of religious faith and worship.

– WesternizationWesternization – – to influence with the customs, practices, etc, of the West •This includes economic / political / This includes economic / political / religious ideasreligious ideas

– Place: TurkeyPlace: Turkey– V.I.P. : Kemal AtaturkV.I.P. : Kemal Ataturk

•In power 1923-1938In power 1923-1938•Leads Nationalist Leads Nationalist Overthrow of Overthrow of Sultan (Monarch)Sultan (Monarch)

•Westernizes TurkeyWesternizes Turkey•Secularizes TurkeySecularizes Turkey

• Ataturk he became Ataturk he became the first President of the first President of the Republic of the Republic of TurkeyTurkey

• The Turks venerated The Turks venerated him so much he was him so much he was given the name given the name ‘Atatürk’, meaning ‘Atatürk’, meaning Father of the TuFather of the Turksrks

– Responsible for:Responsible for:

•Granting women the right to Granting women the right to votevote

•Gives women legal rights Gives women legal rights (divorce / owning property)(divorce / owning property)

•Adopting Western-style Adopting Western-style reformsreforms

•Introducing democratic Introducing democratic reformsreforms

Responsible Responsible for:for:

Responsible Responsible for:for:•Introducing secularismIntroducing secularism

•Adopting a secular ConstitutionAdopting a secular Constitution

• Responsible for:Responsible for:• Adopting Western-style reformsAdopting Western-style reforms

Women’s Dress

BEFORE

Ataturk

AFTER

• Funding Industry with Government Funding Industry with Government moneymoney

Responsible Responsible for:for:

– Opposed by religious forces – IslamOpposed by religious forces – Islam

**DO NOT COPY**March 3rd, 1924 - Ataturk abolished the Caliphate -

office of the successors to prophet Muhammad, the supreme politico-

religious office of Islam, and symbol of the Turkey sultan’s claim to world

leadership of all Muslims—was abolished**DO NOT COPY**

– Similar to:Similar to:• Peter the Great (Russia)Peter the Great (Russia)

– Peter demanded that Russians Peter demanded that Russians WesternizeWesternize

– The The forcedforced cutting of beards cutting of beards was just one examplewas just one example

– Ataturk enforced similar rules:Ataturk enforced similar rules:• Westernization was changed Westernization was changed

social, religious, economic social, religious, economic and political thoughtand political thought

• Sun Yat-sen (China)Sun Yat-sen (China)– Like Sun Yat-sen, Ataurk led a Like Sun Yat-sen, Ataurk led a

Nationalist movement in his Nationalist movement in his country (Turkey)country (Turkey)

• Points to Points to consider:consider:


•During World War I, many Arabs During World War I, many Arabs had helped the Allieshad helped the Allies– In return they had been promised In return they had been promised

independenceindependence•Instead, Britain and France took over Instead, Britain and France took over territories, or territories, or MandatesMandates, throughout , throughout the Middle Eastthe Middle East


•In the 1920s and 1930s Arab In the 1920s and 1930s Arab Nationalists sought to be free of Nationalists sought to be free of foreign controlforeign control– They hoped to unite They hoped to unite ALLALL Arabs Arabs

into their own stateinto their own state


•There was great conflict in the There was great conflict in the British mandate of British mandate of PalestinePalestine– The Allies had promised Arabs The Allies had promised Arabs

land that included Palestineland that included Palestine•They also pledged to set up a Jewish They also pledged to set up a Jewish state in the same regionstate in the same region– Even now, Arab and Jewish nationalists Even now, Arab and Jewish nationalists

battle over this same landbattle over this same land

Section 3: India Seeks Self-Section 3: India Seeks Self-RuleRule

• In 1858, India became an official In 1858, India became an official British colonyBritish colony– As time passed Indians called for more As time passed Indians called for more

freedomfreedom•In 1885, nationalists set up the India In 1885, nationalists set up the India

National CongressNational Congress– They worked to give Indians a voice in They worked to give Indians a voice in

running their own landrunning their own land

Section 3: India Seeks Section 3: India Seeks Self-RuleSelf-Rule

• World War I made the nationalist World War I made the nationalist movement strongermovement stronger– Indian soldiers had fought for Britain, yet Indian soldiers had fought for Britain, yet

they had few rightsthey had few rights•Britain failed to fulfill its promise to grant India Britain failed to fulfill its promise to grant India

greater self-governmentgreater self-government– Post-war anger led to protestPost-war anger led to protest

•On April 13On April 13thth, 1919, British troops killed , 1919, British troops killed nearly 400 protestors in the city nearly 400 protestors in the city ArmritsarArmritsar


• In the 1920s and In the 1920s and 1930s, 1930s, Mohandas Mohandas GandhiGandhi led the led the nationalist movement nationalist movement in Indiain India– He taught that He taught that

nonviolent resistancenonviolent resistance and and civil disobediencecivil disobedience (the refusal to obey (the refusal to obey unjust laws), not unjust laws), not bloodshed, were the bloodshed, were the way to win rightsway to win rights

Section 3: India Seeks Self-Section 3: India Seeks Self-RuleRule•Gandhi’s followers did not buy Gandhi’s followers did not buy

British goods or obey their lawsBritish goods or obey their laws•The Great Salt March was a The Great Salt March was a

protest of the British salt protest of the British salt monopoly, although assaulted and monopoly, although assaulted and beaten by police, Gandhi and his beaten by police, Gandhi and his followers peacefully marched to followers peacefully marched to the sea, and in the long run won the sea, and in the long run won their independence by turning their independence by turning public opinion against the Britishpublic opinion against the British

Section 3: India Seeks Section 3: India Seeks Self-RuleSelf-Rule

–Peaceful resistance won some Peaceful resistance won some rightsrights

–However, India did not gain full However, India did not gain full independence until 1947, one year independence until 1947, one year before Gandhi diedbefore Gandhi died•Gandhi was assassinated by a Gandhi was assassinated by a political extremist who believed political extremist who believed violence was necessary to achieve violence was necessary to achieve freedomfreedom


•As India As India struggled to be struggled to be free, tensions free, tensions grew between grew between two religious two religious groupsgroups– Muslims worried Muslims worried

that the Hindu that the Hindu majority would majority would rule a free Indiarule a free India

China

Bangladesh

Pakistan


--Some wanted Some wanted their own their own Muslim state, Muslim state, called called PakistanPakistan

-This conflict -This conflict would divide would divide India for many India for many years, and end years, and end in the division of in the division of India into 3 India into 3 separate separate countriescountries

China

Bangladesh

Pakistan


• India and the Road to Self-RuleIndia and the Road to Self-Rule

1850 1950

1858

India officially becomes a British colony

1885

Indian National Congress (Congress Party) forms

1900

1918

WWI ends

1919

British troops fire on protesters in Amritsar

1948

Gandhi is killed

1947

India gains its independence

1920

Gandhi begins nonviolent resistance

1930

Gandhi leads the Salt March to the Sea

Section 4: Upheavals in Section 4: Upheavals in ChinaChina

• The new republic of China faced The new republic of China faced problemsproblems– There was the upheaval in 1912 when There was the upheaval in 1912 when

Sun YixianSun Yixian stepped down as president stepped down as president• The new leader tried to rule like an emperorThe new leader tried to rule like an emperor

– When he died in 1916, warlords from the When he died in 1916, warlords from the provinces fought for powerprovinces fought for power

Sun YixianSun Yixian


• On May 4, 1919, students protested On May 4, 1919, students protested Japanese control of colonies in ChinaJapanese control of colonies in China– This began the This began the May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement

• Its supporters aimed to make China stronger Its supporters aimed to make China stronger through modernizationthrough modernization

• But other groups looked to the revolutionary But other groups looked to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin for answers ideas of Marx and Lenin for answers

Section 4: Upheavals in Section 4: Upheavals in ChinaChina• By 1921, Chinese Communists had By 1921, Chinese Communists had

formed their own partyformed their own party• Meanwhile, Sun Yixian had formed a Meanwhile, Sun Yixian had formed a

Nationalist party, called the Nationalist party, called the GuomindangGuomindang– At first the two parties worked together to At first the two parties worked together to

beat the warlords and unite Chinabeat the warlords and unite China

Section 4: Upheavals in Section 4: Upheavals in ChinaChina• When Sun died in 1925, When Sun died in 1925, Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi the the

new head of the Guomindang, saw the new head of the Guomindang, saw the Communists as a threatCommunists as a threat– He began a fierce 22-year warHe began a fierce 22-year war

• A new Communist leader, A new Communist leader, Mao ZedongMao Zedong, turned , turned to the peasants for supportto the peasants for support

– He saw strength in their large numbersHe saw strength in their large numbers

Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi

Sun Yixian

Mao Zedong


• As the Nationalists and the As the Nationalists and the Communists waged civil war, Japan Communists waged civil war, Japan attackedattacked– Until 1945, the Guomindang, the Until 1945, the Guomindang, the

Communists, and the Japanese fought Communists, and the Japanese fought to control Chinato control China


Control of

China

The Japanese

-Invade Manchuria in 1931

-Attack China in 1937 and seizes Nationalist capital

The Guomindang-Leader: Jiang Jieshi

-Forces Communists into northern China in 1934

-Loses capital city to Japanese in 1937; moves inland to new capital

The Communists-Leader: Mao Zedong

-Flees Guomindang army in 1934

-Sets up base in northern

China

Section 5: Empire of the Section 5: Empire of the Rising SunRising Sun

• World War I helped expand the economy World War I helped expand the economy of Japanof Japan– The Japanese exported goods to the AlliesThe Japanese exported goods to the Allies

• However, the economy slowed in the 1920sHowever, the economy slowed in the 1920s– Peasants were poor and workers earned low wagesPeasants were poor and workers earned low wagesExportsAllie

s:

Britain

France

Russia

$$$$$$$


• Looking for change, Looking for change, Japan moved toward Japan moved toward greater Democracygreater Democracy– By 1925, all men could By 1925, all men could

votevote– Political parties were Political parties were

strongstrong– The young Japanese The young Japanese

backed these changesbacked these changes• They refused to follow They refused to follow

traditionstraditions• They dressed in western They dressed in western

styles and called for new styles and called for new rightsrights


• In 1929, the world faced the Great In 1929, the world faced the Great DepressionDepression– During this period of economic During this period of economic

downturn, nations could not afford to downturn, nations could not afford to buy Japanese exportsbuy Japanese exports• Factories in Japan closedFactories in Japan closed


• Some Japanese Some Japanese blamed the blamed the democracy democracy movement for movement for the economic the economic problemsproblems– Japan, they Japan, they

said, must said, must expand it expand it military and its military and its empireempire


• Through the 1930s, these militarist Through the 1930s, these militarist gained powergained power– By 1937, democracy endedBy 1937, democracy ended– Militarists demanded citizens serve the Militarists demanded citizens serve the

state and honor the emperor as a godstate and honor the emperor as a god• Schools encouraged nationalism and anti-Schools encouraged nationalism and anti-

western feelingswestern feelings

Democracy

Militarism


• During the 1930s, civil war raged in During the 1930s, civil war raged in ChinaChina– Seeing the chance to win lands, Japan Seeing the chance to win lands, Japan

attacked the weakened nationattacked the weakened nation• In 1939, as Japan fought for control of China, In 1939, as Japan fought for control of China,

World War II broke out in EuropeWorld War II broke out in Europe


• The Rise of Japanese Militarists of the The Rise of Japanese Militarists of the 1930s1930sCauses:

-Unhappiness over loss of traditions

-Loss of foreign markets due to Great Depression

-Unemployment

-Poverty among peasants

-Feelings of nationalism

Demand for expansion of Japanese empire

Effects

-1931 attack on Chinese province of Manchuria

-Withdraw from the League of Nations

-Anti-western feelings

-End of many democratic freedoms

-Renewed practice of traditions

-Increased honor for emperor

-Renewed expansion and efforts to control China

Documents

Chapter 29: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin America Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa & the