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Chapter 39
Human Disease caused by Fungi and Protists
1 Pathogenic Fungi and Protists - Medical mycology - Mycoses fungal disease Table 391 ∙ superficial ∙ cutaneous ∙ subcutaneous ∙ systemic ∙ opportunistic - Protozoa single-celled eucaryotic chemoorganotrophs - Protozoan Diseases Table 392 Table 393
Table 391
Table 392
Table 393
2 Airborne Diseases
- Blastomycosis ∙ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a budding yeast in human but a mold in the environment ∙ three clinical forms - cutaneous - pulmonary - disseminated
∙ blastospores are inhaled into the lungs spread to the skin cutaneous ulcers and abscess occur Figure 391
∙ Treatment Amphotericin B Itraconazole Ketoconazole
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Table 391
Table 392
Table 393
2 Airborne Diseases
- Blastomycosis ∙ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a budding yeast in human but a mold in the environment ∙ three clinical forms - cutaneous - pulmonary - disseminated
∙ blastospores are inhaled into the lungs spread to the skin cutaneous ulcers and abscess occur Figure 391
∙ Treatment Amphotericin B Itraconazole Ketoconazole
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Table 392
Table 393
2 Airborne Diseases
- Blastomycosis ∙ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a budding yeast in human but a mold in the environment ∙ three clinical forms - cutaneous - pulmonary - disseminated
∙ blastospores are inhaled into the lungs spread to the skin cutaneous ulcers and abscess occur Figure 391
∙ Treatment Amphotericin B Itraconazole Ketoconazole
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Table 393
2 Airborne Diseases
- Blastomycosis ∙ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a budding yeast in human but a mold in the environment ∙ three clinical forms - cutaneous - pulmonary - disseminated
∙ blastospores are inhaled into the lungs spread to the skin cutaneous ulcers and abscess occur Figure 391
∙ Treatment Amphotericin B Itraconazole Ketoconazole
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
2 Airborne Diseases
- Blastomycosis ∙ caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis grows as a budding yeast in human but a mold in the environment ∙ three clinical forms - cutaneous - pulmonary - disseminated
∙ blastospores are inhaled into the lungs spread to the skin cutaneous ulcers and abscess occur Figure 391
∙ Treatment Amphotericin B Itraconazole Ketoconazole
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 391
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Coccidioidomycosis
∙ caused by Coccidioides immitis
∙ In humans the fungus grows as a yeast-forming thick- walled spherule filled with spores Figure 392
∙ most cases asymptomatic
∙ A few infection progressive chronic pulmonary disease
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 392
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans This fungus always grows as a large budding yeast Figure 393 Aged dried pigeon droppings are an apparent source of infection Cryptococcosis is found in approximately 15 of AIDS patients Infection in the respiratory track
- Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum a facultative parasitic fungus that grows intracellularly in phagocytic cells Figure 394 Human acquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia most cases mild symptom such as coughing fever joint pain some cases in the lung calcification may resemble tuberculosisrArr
minor pulmonary infection
skin bones viscera central nervous system cryptococcal meningitis
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 393
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 394a
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 394b
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
3 Arthropod-Borne Diseasesbull Malaria - The most important human parasite among the protozoa is Plasmodium the causative agent of malaria middot 350~500 million people infection annualy middot 1 million people death - Human malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum Figure 365 malariae vivax ovale- The mosquito injects a small amount of saliva containing an anticoagulant along with small haploid sporozoites Figure 396 rarr enter hepatic cells of the liver rarr production of schizont rarr the schizont attach to erythrocytes and penetrate these cells rarr production of trophozoites infection of RBC
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 395
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 396
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- The sudden release of merozoites toxins erythrocyte debris rArr chills and fever normal relapse (malaria paroxysms)
- anemia can result from loss of erthrocytes the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
- children and nonimmune individuals can die of cerebral malaria
- Diagnosis Wright or Giemsa-stained erythrocytes Figure 397
- Treatment chloroquine amodiaquine melfloquine primaquine Fansidar (a combination of primethamine and sulfadoxine)
- Individuals who are traveling to areas where malaria is endemic should receive chemoprophylactic treatment with chloroquine
- Various vaccines has been developed Figure 398
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 397a
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 397b
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 398
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Leishmaniasis - Leishmanias are flagellated protists - 2 million new cases each year 60000 deaths - transmitted by sand flies rarr introduce promastigotes into the skin rarr engulfed by macrophages rarr multiply rarr a mastigotes Figure 3910 rarr destroy host cells - Leishmania braziliensis mucocutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(a) - L tropica and Lmexicana cutaneous leishmaniasisrArr Figure 399(b) rarr small red papule rarr crustated ulcers - Leishmania donovani infection into the reticuloendothelial system rarr fever enlargement of spleen liver rArrVisceral Leishmaniasis
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 399a
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 399b
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3910
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiens and Tbrucei rhodesience
cause African trypanosomiasis
- The parasites are transmitted through the bite of testse fly to humans
- The protozoa rarr multiply in the blood
rarr interstitial inflammation and necrosis
Figure 3911 within the lymph nodes and small blood
vessels of the brain and heart
- T brucei rhodesience infection death within a year
- T brucei gambiense infection CNS infection sleeping
sickness death in 2~3 years
- Tcruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagasrsquo disease)
the parasites in triatomine bug feces infection through
Figure 3912 the wound
invade the liver spleen lymph nodes CNS destroy the cells
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3911
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3912a
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3912b
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
4 Direct Contact Diseases
bull Superficial Mycoses
- Infection in the outer surface of hair and skin
- Piedras infection of the hair shaft middot black piedras caused by Piedraia hortae middot white piedras caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii
- Tineas superficial fungal infection involving the outer layers of skin nails and hair
middot Tinea versicolor caused by the yeast Malassezia furfur
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Cutaneous Mycoses
- also called dermatomycoses ringworms or tinea
- represent the most common fungal diseases in humans
- Three genera of cutaneous fungi (dermatophytes)
middot Epidermophyton
middot Microsporum
middot Trichophyton
- Diagnosis
middot microscopic examination
middot culture on Sabrouraud dextrose agar
- Tinea barbae
middot an infection of the beard hair
middot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or T verrucosum
middot acquire the fungus from infected animals
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Tinea captis middot an infection of the scalp hair Figure 3913 middot characterized by loss of hair inflammation and scaling middot caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species middot person to person animal to human transmission
- Tinea corporis Figure 3914(a) middot a dermatophytic infection that may occur on any part of the skin middot The disease is characterized by circular red well-demarcated
scaly vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis middot Transmission is by direct contact or indirect contact through formites
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3913a
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3913b
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3914a
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Tinea cruris middot a dermatophytic infection of the groin Figure 3914(b) middot The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are similar to those of tinea corporis middot caused by Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trubrum - Tinea pedis Figure 3914(c) middot also known as athletersquos foot and tinea mannum middot Clinical symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption middot Itching is frequently present middot Most infections are caused by Trichophyton rubrum T mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3914b
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3914c
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Tinea unguium Figure 3914(d) middot a dermatophytic infection of the nail bed the nail plate rises and seperated from the nail bed
middot caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Tmentagrophytes
bull Subcutaneous Mycoses- Transmission the dermatophytes in soil infection by a puncture wound
- Chromoblastomycosis Figure 3915(a) middot This disease is caused by the black molds Phialophora verrucosa Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3914d
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3915a
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
- Maduromycosis Figure 3915(b)
(= eumycotic mycetoma fungal tumor)
- caused by Madurella mycetomatis
- Sporotrichosis Figure 3916
- caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii
- The disease occurs throughout the world and is the most
common subcutaneous mycotic disease in the US
- Symptoms
red papule ulcer extracutaneous sporotrichosis
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3915b
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3916
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Toxoplasmosis - caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission Figure 3917 oocysts nose or mouth intestinal infection blood transfusion - In pregnant women the protist might also infect the fetus causing serious congenital defects or death - most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic - In immunocompromised individuals fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement middot lymph node swelling middot reticular cell enlargement middot pulmonary necrosis middot myocarditis middot hepatitis middot retinitis - Currently toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised such as AIDs or transplant patients can produce a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions acompanied by inflammatory infiltrates
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3917
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Trichomoniasis
- caused by Trichomonas vaginals
- sexually transmitted
- female a profuse purulent vaginal discharge itching
The cervical mucosa is covered with punctuate
hemorrhage papules and vesicles
rArr ldquostrawbery cervixrdquo Figure 3918
- male asymptomatic sometimes burning sensation
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3918
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
5 Food-Borne and Waterborne Disease
∙ Amebiasis
- Entamoeba historica is responsible for amebiasis
(amebic dysentery)
- Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts Figure 3919
- The invading trophozoites destroy the epithelial lining of
the large intestine by producing cysteine proteinases
a virulence factor
ulcer
liver hepatic amebiasis
- Symptoms fulminating dysentery (exhaustive diarrhea)
appendicitis abscesses in the liver lung or brain
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3919a
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3919b
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3919c
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Free-living amoebae of Naegleria fowleri
causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans
rArr typically fatal in 3 to 10 days after infection
- several Acanthamoeba spp are known to infect the eye
causing a chronically progressive ulcerative Acanthamoeba
keratitis
may result in blindness
bull Cryptosporidiosis
- caused by Cryptospodium parvum
- If a human ingests food or water that is contaminated
with the oocysts infection
- Symptoms cholera like diarrhea abdominal pain nausea
fever and fatigue
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Cyclosporiasis
- Cycloporiasis is caused by the unicellular coccidian protist
Cyclospora cayetanensis
- oocysts sporozoites food chain infection by ingestion
Figure 3920
- Symptoms explosive diarrhea gas production nausea vomitting
fever fatique and substantial weight loss
bull Giardiasis - Caused by a flagellated protist Giardia intestinalis Figure 3921 - Transmission is most frequent by cyst-contaminated water supplies - The disease can be acute or chronic - Acute giardiasis is characterized by severe diarrhea epigastric pain cramps voluminous flatulence (ldquo passing gas rdquo) and anorexia - chronic giardiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea
in the enviroment
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3920
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3921
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
6 Opportunistic Diseases - An opportunistic microorganism is generally harmless in its normal environment but becomes pathogenic in a immunocompromised host (malnutrition alcholism cancer diabetes leukemiahellip) bull Aspergillosis - caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and A flavus Figure 3922 - Inhalation of conidiospores can lead to several types of
pulmonary aspergillosis ∙ allergic aspergillosis asthmatic attack ∙ bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchitis ∙ colonizing aspergillosis within the lungs ldquofungus ballsrdquo (aspergillomas) ∙ disseminated aspergillosis - treatment voriconazole and itraconazole
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3922a
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3922b
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Candidiasis - caused by dimorphic fungus Candida albicans or Cglabrata - C albicans and Cglabrata are members of the normal microbiota within the GI tract respiratory track vaginal area and mouth if anything upsets the normal microbiota Candida may multiply rapidly candidiasis important nosocomial pathogens - Most infection involve the skin or mucous membrane oral candidiasis (thrush) Figure 3923 - Paronychia and onychomyosis digits nails - Intertriginous candidiasis axillae groin skin folds - Napkin (diaper) candidiasis - Candidial vaginitis - Balanitis infection of the male glans penis
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3923a
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3923b
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3923c
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Microsporidia
- Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate intracellular
fungi that belong to the phylum Microspora
- Microsporidosis is an emerging infectious disease found
mostly in HIV patients
- Microsporidia posses a unique organelle known as the polar
tubule which is coiled within the spore Figure 3924
- Infection sporoplasm (cytoplasm-like contents)
the host cell multiplication
- Symptoms hepatitis pneumonia skin lesions
diarrhea weight loss wasting syndrome
Via polar tubule
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3924
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
bull Pneumocystis pneumonia
Figure 3925
- caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (renamed in 1999)
- The disease that this fungus causes has been called
pneumocystis pneumonia or pneumocystis carninii
pneumonia (PCP)
- This pneumonia occurs in more than 80 of AIDS patients
Figure 3925
Figure 3925
