Fungi, Protists, Monera

The Last Three Kingdoms

Fungi

Are they helpful or harmful?

• Name: Kingdom Fungi Type of organism: Fungi including mushrooms, toadstools and yeastsNumbers of species: About 70,000Where they are found: Almost everywhere - in the sea, in freshwater, and on land

• Description: Fungi can be single celled organisms like yeasts, or multicellular (many celled), like toadstools mushrooms and moulds. Although they often look like plants, fungi do not produce their own food as plants do. Instead they live off dead or decaying plant or animal material.

• Need to know: Fungi can be very useful - penicillin is made from moulds, yeast is used in baking and brewing, and we eat mushrooms on toast for breakfast!

Traits of Fungi

• They are either:– Saprobes – feed on material from previously

living things (shoes, dead trees, dead animals etc.) or

– Parasites – which eat or derive there energy from living things.

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Traits of Fungi

• Most are multicellular

• Some like yeasts are unicellular

Examples of Fungi

• Bread Mold

Examples of Fungus

• Moldy Fruit

Examples of Fungus

• Tree Fungus

Kinds of Fungi

• Sporangia-produce spores at the end of treelike structures called hyphae. (ex. Hyphae)

Kinds of Fungi

• Club Fungi - have hyphae that form branches underground. They have club shaped parts that produce spores.

Kinds of Fungi

• Sac Fungi – produce spores in sac-like structures.

Helpful Fungi

• Food – mushrooms• Used to make cheese – Blue Cheese• Used to make wine, beer, and whiskey (Yeast)• Used to make bread rise• Used to make soy sauce from soy beans• Used to break down materials and recycle

wastes and dead organisms• Used to make certain drugs (ex. Penicillin)

Mushrooms

Blue Cheese

Soy Sauce

Decaying Tree

Penicillin

Harmful Fungus

• Cause food spoilage• Cause plant disease such as rusts, Dutch

Elm Disease, and mildew• Cause Human diseases such as Ring

Worm, Athlete’s Foot, Thrush, lung Infections, and Yeast Infections

• Destroy leather, fabrics, plastics, etc.

Food Spoilage

Dutch Elm Disease

Kingdom Protista

• Name: Kingdom ProtoctistaType of organism: Protists including single celled algae, slime moulds and amoeba Numbers of species: Tens of thousands - but probably many moreWhere they are found: Almost everywhere - in the sea, in freshwater, and on land

• Description: Protists are single celled organisms, and like animal and plant cells they have a nucleus. There are many different types of protists - some that act like plants and make their own food, and some that are more like animal or fungal cells.

• Need to know: Some protists cause disease. One protist, called Plasmodium, causes Malaria - a disease that causes thousands of deaths each year.

• If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists.

• All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.

• Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

• Name: Kingdom MoneraType of organism: BacteriaNumbers of species: We cannot begin to estimateWhere they are found: Everywhere - all imaginable habitats

• Description: Bacteria are single celled organisms. Their cells have no nucleus. It is this characteristic that makes them different from any other form of life. They can be rod shaped, spiral shaped or round, with hairs (cilia) or tails (flagella) that let them move around. They reproduce by dividing - populations of bacteria can grow very quickly.

• Need to know: Bacteria can live everywhere - deep in the ocean in complete darkness, in acid pools, in alkali lakes and even deep within the Earth's crust where no other life exists.

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Introduction to Bacteria

2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:• Bacteria

-Get food from an outside source

• Blue-green Bacteria

-Make their own food

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BACTERIA

Bacteria - small one celled moneransBacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment

They are found almost everywhere:

-water -air

-soil -food

-skin -inside the body

-on most objects

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Spiral:spirilla

rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus

Round:cocci

3 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

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3 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus)

Neisseria meningitidis (coccus)

Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

Bacteria—Good or Bad?• Well, both actually!• Some are parasites that live in the bodies of other

organisms and cause diseases. In humans, food poisoning and diseases such as strep throat, tonsillitis, and tuberculosis are caused by bacteria.

• However, bacteria can be helpful in decomposing material and returning it to the soil. Bacteria are also used to treat sewage.

• Other forms of bacteria are used in making dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, and sour cream.

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Harmful Bacteria

• some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:•Air•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush•Drinking water that contains bacteria

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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Harmful Bacteria

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E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria

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•Used to treat sewage           Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,

used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess.

•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

Helpful Bacteria

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Helpful Bacteria

•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay

•Most are sued to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals

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Controlling Bacteria

3 ways to control bacteria:

1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria

•endospores are killed during this process

2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria

3) Dehydration- removing water from food

•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed

•example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

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Controlling BacteriaAntiseptic vs. Disinfectants

Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things

•means – “against infection”

Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash

Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

• Bacteria (Monera)• Protists

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