Section 1: Life in the Colonies p100-107Section 2: Gvt, Religion & Culture p108-113Section 3: France & Great Britain Clash p116-119Section 4: The French & Indian War p121-125

Chapter 4The Colonies Grow

Chapter 4 Section 1&2Life in the Colonies

New England Colonies

Maine, New Hampshire, Mass., Connecticut, Rhode Island Massive Population Growth in the Colonies

Immigration Large families Healthy place to live

Most people lived in well organized towns Meeting house in center of town

Served as church & town meetings Meeting house faced the green/commons

Cows grazed/soldiers marched

Agriculture in New England

Farmers lived in town & worked on outskirts

Subsistence farming Harsh climate & rocky soil few cash crops Slavery not important

Commerce in New England

Waterpower from streams powered mills

Large towns attracted skilled laborers Trading was vital As trade grew, shipbuilding grew Fishing became one of the leading

industries

Colonial Trade

Centered in the northern coastal cities Triangular Trade Creates Rum

in the Colonies

Buys Slaves from Africa

To farm Sugar & Molasses from

West Indies

The Middle Passage

Shipping enslaved Africans from Africa to the West Indies

Interior of slave ship

THE MIDDLE COLONIES

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey Delaware

Good climate and rich land Cash Crops

crops that are always needed & easily sold New York City & Philadelphia – Major ports Exported wheat to Britain and the West

Indies

German Immigrants of the Middle Colonies

Most of the 100,000 German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania

Became successful farmers diversity- cultural variety Tolerance for religious and cultural

differences

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Lots of fertile land for growing cash crops

Rural, no major industry or commerce

Tobacco & Rice

Tobacco principal crop of Maryland & Virginia Growing and preparation of

tobacco very labor intensive Main cash crop in South

Carolina & Georgia was rice Working in rice paddies very

difficult Both crops made more

profitable through slave labor

Jean Rambinintsoa “African Workers”

North Carolina Yeoman’s housePlanter surveying his property

Tidewater plantation circa 1730Yeoman & family during harvest

Slavery

Slavery was key to the success of the Southern Colonies economy

Most slaves lived on plantations and worked in the fields

Overseers- bosses in charge of slaves Slave Codes- strict rules governing the

behavior and punishment of slaves

"The Old Plantation," attributed to John Rose, Beaufort County, South Carolina, probably 1785–1790.

Chapter 4 Section 2Government, Religion & Culture p108

George Whitefield Preaching, John Collet

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

Influenced by English system of limited power of Monarchy and representative government

Bill of English Rights No taxation without representation No quartering of troops w/o parliamentary consent

Magna Carta Habeas corpus Due Process of Law

Both Documents would become the basis for Declaration of Independence

Voting Rights

Only white men who owned property had the right to vote

A higher proportion of people were involved in government in the colonies than anywhere else in the European World

This helped foster the independence movement to come

Education

Education was highly valued in New England & Middle Colonies

School systems set up in New England & Pennsylvania to study the Bible

By 1750 New England 85% men & 50% of women were literate

Harvard College 1636 Cambridge Mass William & Mary College 1693 Virginia

Chapter 4 Section 3France and Britain Clash p116

George Whitefield Preaching, John Collet

British-French Rivalry

By 1700 Britain & France were the most powerful countries in Europe & rivals for world trade & power

Territorial disputes over North American lands increased tensions in 1740’s Fort Pickawillany, Ohio Valley Louisbourg, Nova Scotia

The French & Indian War (1754-1763) was a part of the world-wide Seven Years War (1756-1763)

between France & Great Britain

Causes of French and Indian War

The British and French both wanted to control the Ohio Valley territory in North America.

Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain (orange) in contemporary Canada and the U.S.

The British wanted to settle in the Ohio Valley and the French wanted it for the fur trade.

Native Americans Take SidesBritish Relationship with

Native Americans

Adversarial Political Land settlement Failed to keep treaties Tried to assimilate Native

Americans Saw Native Americans

as a threat

French relationship with Native Americans

Inclusive, integrated Economic Fur trade Married into tribe Followed Native

American Customs Saw Native Americans

as a partners/allies

The Iroquois Confederacy

Most Powerful Native American group in East Made up of 5 tribes

Mohawk Seneca

Traded with both Britain & France played them off each other

In Mid 1740’s forced to choose sides & choose British

Cayuga Onondaga

AMERICAN COLONISTS TAKE ACTION

1753 Governor Dinwiddie sent Major George Washington to Ohio on a diplomatic mission to ease tensions with the French

It failed

Washington as Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, by Charles Willson Peale, 1772.

Washington’s First Command

Spring 1754 Dinwiddie sent Lt. Colonel Washington back to Ohio with a Militia of 150 men

Washington set up Fort Necessity but was eventually forced to surrender to the French

Washington considered the hero who “struck the first blow to the French”

The Albany Plan of Union

In June of 1754 representatives from New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland proposed the Albany Plan

Plan sought to unite the colonies against the French

Goal: colonists defend against the French, persuade the Iroquois to become allies

Albany Plan of Union Albany plan authored by Ben Franklin 1 general government for all 11 colonies Colonies would elect a legislature to

Collect taxes Raise troops Regulate trade

Not one colonial assembly approved the plan

Join or Die

cartoon to urge colonist to “join” in the fight with the British or “die” as colonists

Snake became a symbol of the Revolution and idea that there is strength in unity

“The first political cartoon”

Published in Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazzete on May 9,1754

Chapter 3 Section 4The French & Indian War p121

George Whitefield Preaching, John Collet

French & Indian War begins

French had a network of Indian alliances and forts from Canada to New Orleans that blocked Britain's westward expansion

Fall 1754 General Edward Braddock appointed commander in chief of the British Forces in NA to drive out French in Ohio Valley

Braddock Marches to Duquesne

June 1755 Braddock led 1,400 British soldiers to Fort Duquesne against the French

Braddock used traditional soldiering methods, July 9 French and Native Americans

ambushed the British guerilla style British routed, over 1,000 British casualties, Braddock killed Washington led survivors to Virginia

Britain Declares War on France

Fighting in America led to the SEVEN YEARS WAR in Europe

1756 Britain declared war on France First years of war were disastrous for

the British & the American Colonies

Pitt Takes Charge

William Pitt Lord William Pitt began

adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the Am. frontier

Pitt had Great Britain assume all the debt for the war

After the war, Britain increased the Colonies taxes to pay off the debt

Pitt went on the offensive and sent Jeffery Amherst & James Wolfe to invade French Canada

The French war effort collapsed during the years

1758-59, climaxing with a massive defeat

at Quebec in September 1759

THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE

The Battle of Quebec

Quebec was thought to be impossible to attack

British scout’s found a poorly guarded back entrance and Commander James Wolfe led the British in a surprise attack.

The British defeated the French Both Wolfe and the French Commander

died from their battle wounds

The Treaty of Paris

Fighting ended after the British General Amherst captured Montreal

fighting in N. America stopped The war officially ended with a British

victory and with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763.

Spoils of War

Great Britain Ruled Canada All lands east of

Mississippi River except New Orleans

France Kept sugar colonies in

Caribbean Small fishing islands

near Canada

Spain Gave Florida to Britain Received Louisiana

Territory from France New Orleans from France

Trouble on the Frontier

Native Americans lost their French ally & trading partners

They regarded the British as Enemies Relations between Native Americans &

British deteriorated rapidly British increased prices for trading good Refused to pay Native Americans for land Began settling Indian land

Pontiac’s War

Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, rallied tribes to fight against the British in the spring of 1763

The war lasted 2 years until British forces defeated the Shawnee & the Delaware in 1765

Proclamation of 1763

Due to Pontiac’s Rebellion, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763.

Colonists were forbidden from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Proclamation of 1763

King George III declared Appalachian Mountains futrther most Western Boundary

Angered many people who already had holdings west of the Appalachians Land speculators Settlers

DUMP SLIDES

Industries of the Middle Colonies

New York City & Philadelphia – Major ports

Exported wheat to Britain and the West Indies

Lumbering, Mining small and cottage based manufacturing

Iron Mills

African Traditions

Family was the most important aspect of slave communities. Slave parents passed down family histories and

African cultures and traditions. Families could be sold apart by slaveholder

Sometimes slaves could buy their freedom from their owners through wages they earned as skilled laborers

ENGLISH COLONIAL RULE

In the 1688 Political turmoil over religion & balance of power between the King & Parliament in Great Britain led to the Glorious Revolution

William & Mary signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689 guaranteeing certain basic rights for all citizens Basis for Declaration of Independence

AN EMERGING CULTURE

The Great Awakening Religious revival of the 1720’s-1740’s Jonathan Edwards – Massachusetts George Whitefield - British

Led to the formation of many new churches

Family Roles Family formed the foundation of colonial society

Colonial Farms Women in charge of domestic household, had no rights Men formal head of household managed farms and represented family

in the community Children worked on farms or became apprentices

Women in Cities Sometimes held jobs outside of the home Unmarried women – maids, cooks, nannies, nurse Widows – teachers, nurses, seamstresses, open shops or inns Widows & unmarried women ran businesses & owned property but

could not vote

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that spread the idea that knowledge, reason & science could improve society

Began in Europe and spread to Colonies Enlightenment increased interest in Science Ben Franklin best known American Scientist

of the time

Mercantilism

England viewed the North American Colonies as an Economic resource

Mercantilism Colonies would provide

captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials

Navigation Acts Series of laws between

1651-1673 to control colonial shipping & trade

ColonyMotherCountry

Manufactured goods

Cheap labor

Raw materials

Some colonists became smugglers to get around the laws

3 Types of Colonies

Charter•Connecticut & Rhode Island•Given a charter by King•Colonists elected Governors & Legislature•GB approved Governor •Governor could not veto Legislature

Proprietary• Delaware, Maryland,

Pennsylvania• Ruled by proprietors• Proprietors:

• Individuals or groups that GB granted land

• Free to rule as wished• Appointed Governors &

Upper House of Legislature

• Colonists elected Lower House

Royal•Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia•GB directly ruled the Colony•King appointed Governor & Upper House (Council)•Colonists elected Lower House (Assembly)

Tidewater region of flat low lying

plains along the sea coast

Large plantations often located on rivers

Each plantation its own self contained community

Plantation owners had wealth and power

Backcountry Appalachian Mountains

region –hills & forests Small farms grew corn

& tobacco - Yeomen Families worked the farm Majority of Farmers in

South were Yeomen Few had slaves

Freedom of the Press

1735 John Peter Zenger charged with libel for printing critical remarks about NY Governor

Andrew Hamilton Argued on behalf of Free speech & won

Set precedent for freedom of the press