CHAPTER-IVshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4078/11/11_chapter 4.pdf · Gymnopteris presliana (Fee) J. Sm in Bedd., Handb. 439 (1883) pro parte. Leptochilus preslianus (Fee)

29

CHAPTER-IV

TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF SOME DIMORPHIC PTERIDOPHYTES.

30

Bolbitis appendiculata var. asplenifolia (Bory) Sledge.

Family- Lomariopsidaceae.

Bolbitis appendiculata var. asplenifolia (Bory) Sledge, Bot.J.Linn.Soc.84 :19(1982); Manickam & Irudayaraj, Pterid.FI.West.Ghats 293 (1992).Bolbitis asplenifolia (Bory)iwats., Acta.Phytotax.Geobot.18 :49 (1959);Nayar

& Geevarghese,Fem.FI.Malbar 236 (1993).

Acrostichum asplenifolium Bory in Belang.,Voy.Ind.Or,Bot.2;21(1833).

Polybotrya asplenifolia Presl, Tent.Pterid.231 (1836); Bedd., FSI t.195 (1865).

Polybotrya asplenifolia sensu Bedd, FSI t.195(1864).

Polybotrya asplenifolia var. asplenifolia sensu Bedd., Handb.424 (1883).

Egenolfia asplenifolia (Bory) Fee in Nayar &

Kaur,Bull.Natl.Bot.Gdns,Lucknow 100 :19(1964).

Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Iwats.in Hennip.,Leiden Bot.ser.2 :185(1977)

pro parte.

Distribution-INDIA : Penninsular India-TAMIL NADU :Anamallays,

Tirunelveli; KERALA :Malbar, Ponumudi Hills.

SRI LANKA.

Locality- Anmode

Habitat - Terrestrial

Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Sciophyte

Diagnostic features- Rhizome creeping, stipe scaly.

- Sterile fronds often proliferous at the apex, pinnate; pinnae 25-50

pair, 5-7.5 cms long, 1.25 cm broad, oblong, lanceolate, cut down,

deeply into lobes with a bristle in the notch between the lobes.

- Fertile fronds much contracted with the pinna much shorter.

31

Bolbitis presliana (Fee) Ching.

Family- Lomariopsidaceae

Bolbitis presliana (Fee) Ching. in C. Chr., Index Fil. Suppl. III ; (1934); Nayar

& Kaur, Bull. Natl. Bot. Gdns. Luknow 88 : 53 (1964) pro parte & Comp.

Bedd. Handb. 102 (1974); Hennipm., Leiden Bot. & er 2 : 272 (1977); Dixit,

Census 162 (1984); Nayar & Geevarghese, Fern FI. Malbar 237 (1993);

Irudayaraj & Bir., Indian Fern J. 14 : 114 (1997).

Heteronnevron preslianum Fee, Hist. Acrost. 92 t. 92 t. 39 f. 1 (1845)

Acrostichum preslianum (Fee) Hook., Sp. Fil. 5 : 265 (1864)

Poesilopteris presliana (Fee) Bedd., FBI t. 269 (1868)

Gymnopteris presliana (Fee) J. Sm in Bedd., Handb. 439 (1883) pro parte.

Leptochilus preslianus (Fee) C. Chr., Index Fil. 387 (1906).

Campium feeianum Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 37 : 392 (1932).

Locality- Castlerock


Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Hygrophyte

Diagnostic features-

- Rhizome creeping, scaly. Stipe 15-25 cms long, scaly.

- Fronds 15-30 cms long, of two kinds, pinnate. Pinnae of the sterile

fronds 5-10 cms long, 1.25 cm wide, stalked, narrow, lanceolate,

gradually tapering at both ends, entire. Fertile fronds much

contracted, surface naked, rachis scaly, more or less winged.

32

Bolbitis virens Schott.

Family- LomariopsidaceaeBolbitis virens (Hook. et Grev.) Schott, Gen. Fil. Ad. T. 13 (1834); Nayar &

Kaur, Bull. Natl. Bot. Gdns. Lunnow 88: 71 (1964) Pro parte, & Comp. Bedd.,

Handb. 101 (1974); Hennipm, Leiden Bot. & ser. 2: 180 (1977); Nayar &

Geevarghese, Fern FI. Malbar 244 (1993) pro parte.; Vasudeva & Bir, Indian

Fern J. 10 : 126 (1993).

Achrostichum virens Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil. 221 (1831) pro parte ; Clarke,

Trans. Linn. Soc. London II Bot. 1 : 581 (1880) pro parte.; Hope, J. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 15 : 103 (1903) pro parte.

Poesliopteris costata var. undulate sensu Bedd., FBI t. 115 (1865).

Gymnopteris costata sensu Bedd., Handb. 438 (1883) pro parte.

Gymnopteris contaminans sensu Bedd., Suppl. FSI & FBI 27 (1876) pro parte.

& Handb. 435 (1883) pro parte.

Bolbitis undulata (Wall.) Ching in C. Chr., Index Fil. Suppl. III : 50 (1934);

Nayar & Kaur, Comp. Bedd., Handb. 102 (1974); Dixit, Census 162 (1984).

Locality- Castlerock, Anmode.

Habitat- Terrestrial

Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Sciophyte

Diagnostic features –

- Rhizome creeping, scaly. Stipe scaly.

- Fronds of two kinds, pinnate; pinnate of the sterile (barren) fronds

almost sessile, lanceolate, margin entire, slightly crenated or more

deeply lobed and serrate segments, terminal pinnae more or less

elongated. Fertile pinnae much contracted. Surface naked. Rachis

scaly. Texture membranous.

33

Osmunda hugeliana Presl.

Family- Osmundaceae.

Osmunda hugeliana Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid. 64 (1945); Manickam, Fern FI.

Palni Hills 17 (1986); fraser.- Jenkins., New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pterid, 186

(1997).Osmunda regalis var. panigrahiana Dixit, Indian J. For. 13 (1): 71 (1990).

Distribution- INDIA: Eastern Himalaya- ARUNACHAL PRADESH;

Central India- MADHYA PRADESH: Pachmari; Western India-

MAHARASHTRA : Mahabaleshwar; Peninsular India- TAMILNADU:

Kodaikanal, Ooty, Palni Hills.

Endemic

Locality- Anmode, Castlerock.


Life form- Shrub

Ecological criteria- Hygrophyte


- Caudex stout, erect, stipes stufted, 30-45 cms long.

- Fronds 60-120 cms long, foot or more broad, pinnare or tripannate.

- Sterile (barren) and fertile fronds separate, or only the upper part of

the frond fertile. Sterile pinnules oblong, blunt, with the margins

finely serrate or crenate, base unequal; ultimate fertile pinnules

cylindrical and covered with capsules.This is known as ‘Royal

fern’.

Economic importance- Fronds are used as tonic, styptic and also for the

treatment of rickets, rheumatism and for intestinal gripping (Nayar 1959,

Dixit & Vohra 1984).

34

Acrosticum aureum L.

Family- Pteridaceae

Acrosticum aureum L., Sp.pl. 2 : 1068 (1753); Bedd., FSI t. 204 (1865) & Handb. 440 (1883); C. Chr., Index Fil. 5 (1906); Holtt., Rev. FI. Malaya 2 : 409 (1954); Nayar & Kaur, Comp. Bedd., Handb. 102 (1974); Nakaike, Enum. Pterid. Japon. Fil. 356 (1975); Dixit, Census 73 (1984); Chandra & Kaur, Nomen. Guide 25 (1987); Nayar & Geervarghese, Fern FI. Malbar 132 (1993).Acrosticum obliguum Bl., Enum. Pl. Jav. 101 (1828).Acrosticum speciosum Willd., Sp. 5 : 117 (1810); Thothathri et al., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 74: 249 (1977); Dixit, Census 73 (1984); Manickam & Irudayaraj, Pterid. FI. West. Ghats 65 (1992); Irudayaraj & Bir, Indaian Fern J. 14 : (1997); Rajagopal & Bhat, Indian Fern J. 15 : 7 (1998). Locality- Sawanwadi, Castlerock


Life form- Shrub

Ecological criteria- Halophyte


- Caudex erect, stipes tufted, naked, glossy, 60 cms long. Fronds 60-

180 cms long, 30-60 cms broad, pinnate, the pinnae lanceolate,

oblong, apex acute or blunt, sometimes mucronate, base wedge

shaped, margin entire.

- The upper pinnae which, as a rule, are fertile are sessile with the

inferior base adnate and decurrent on the rachis; the lower pinnae

sterile and stalked.

Economic importance-

The pounded rhizome is applied as a paste to heal the wounds and

boils. It is also used as an anthelmintic, vulnerary, healing inveterate

ulcers, and bladder complaints in China (Dixit & Vohra 1984). Fertile

fronds are used for syphilitic ulcers in Borneo. Fronds are used as an

antifungal agent.

35

Ophioglossum vulgatum L.Family- Ophioglossaceae

Ophioglossumvulgatuml.Sp.Pl.2:1062(1753):C.Chr.,Index

Fil.472(1906);Clausen,Mem.TorreyBot.Club.19:123(1938);Chakravarty,

Bull.Bot.Soc.Bengal5(1):3(1951);Hope.J.Bomb.Nat.Hist.Soc.15(1):107(1903):Mahab

ale.Bull.Bot.Surv.India,4:71(1962);Nishida,Bull.Nat.Sci.Mus.4(3):328(1959);Beddom

e,Handb.Ferns

Br.India.464(1883);Suppl.109(1892);Panigrahi&Dixit,Proc.Nat.Inst.Sci.India,35(B):2

55(1969);Nayar&Kaur,Comp.BeddomeHandb106(1964):Dixit

Cens.Ind.Pterid.24(1984);Manickam,Fern Fl,Palni hills,12(1986).

O. polyphyllum (non A.Br. apud Seubert), Sensu Clausen,Mem.Torrey

Bot.club.19(2) :123(1938) ;Sensu Chakraverty,Bull.Bot.Soc.Bengal,5(1) :3(1951).

Locality- Sawantwadi


Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Ephemeral annual


- Rhizome erect, cylindrical with tuberous roots.

- Sterile division of frond 2.5-10 cms long, 1.25-5 cms broad, ovate

or lanceolate, blunt or acute at the apex, often distinctly cordate at

the base, stalked or sessile, veins clear. No midrib.

- Fertile spike 2.5 cm or more long on a stalk 5-15 cms long.


Fronds used as a tonic and styptic. Used in confusions and

haemorrages (Singh, 1999). A warm decoction of the rhizomes is used by

the Sutos as a lotion for boils.

36

Lygodium flexuosum (L)Sw.

Family- LygodiaceaeLygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. in Schrad. J. Bot. 1800 (2) : 106 (1801); Beddome,Handb.Ferns Br. India. 457,t.283 (1883); Holtum, FI.Mal.57 (1954);Alston &Holtum,Rein wartdtia,t(1);15(1959);Baisha and Rao, Ferns & Fern Allies Meghalaya,37 (1982);Dixit, Cens. Ind.Pterid.60 (1984); Jamir &Rao, Ferns Nagaland, 136 (1988).Ophioglossum flexuosum Linn., Sp. PI. 2: 1063 (1753).Distrubution :INDIA: North Western Himalaya- GARWHAL : Dehra Dun, Chamoli, KAMAUN : Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh; Eastern Himalaya-WEST BENGAL : Darjiling; Central India- MADHYA PRADESH; Western India- MAHARASHTRA; Chandrapur; Peninsular India- Goa : Molem, KARNATAKA : Dakshin Kannada, KERALA : Malbar; TAMILNADU : Anamallays, Mahendragiri Hills. Locality- Anmode

Habitat- Terrestrial

Life form- Twinner

Ecological criteria- Heloiphytic perennial


- Rhizome glabrous and creeping, fronds glabrous, sterile fronds are

like fertile ones, occurring terminally, margin finely serrate, fertile

fronds unipinnate. Pinnae generally trilobed, terminal lobe is

elongated and linear-oblong.


Rhizome boiled with mustard oil and is locally applied in the

treatment of rheumatism, sprains, scabies, ulcers, eczema and coughs

(Dixit & Vohra, 1984). The part of rhizome is applied for piles and

rhizome is also tied on the waist (Singh et al., 1989), part of the plant is

applied in case of herpes, juice of this plant is given to relieve fever.

37

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L)Brong.

Family- Parkeriaceae

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.)Brong.,Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom Paris 1821 : 186 (1822);Hope, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13:458(1901); Bedd., FSI t. 75 (1863) & Handb. 123 (1883); Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London II Bot. I :471 (1880); Nayar & Kaur, Comp. Bedd.Handb. 32 (1974); Nakaike, Enum. Pterid. Japon. Fil. 11 (1974); Bhardwaj et al. J. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. 75 : 535 (1977); Sledge, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 84:10 (1982); Dixit, Census 84 (1984); Kuo, Taiwania 30:20 (1985); Manickam, Fern FI. Palni 31 (1986); Dagar & Dagar, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9(2): 318 (1987); Chandra & Kaur, Nomen. Guide 9 (1987); Dixit, Indian Fern J. 6: 151 (1989); Nayar & Geevarghese, Fern. FI. Malbar 89 (1993); Rajagopal & Bhat, Indian Fern J. 15 : 7 (1998).

Locality- Malvan, Sawantwadi

Habitat- Semi-aquatic

Ecological criteria- Tropophyte

Diagnostic features –

- A water plant growing in stagnant pools, tanks and marshes.

- Stipes somewhat quadrangular, thick, inflated, filled with air

spaces.

- Fronds of two kinds : sterile (barren) ones simple or slightly

divided or 2-3 pinnate. Fertile ones 2-3 pinnate, segments forked,

pod like.


The fronds are used as poultice in skin diseases. They are reported to

be toxic and styptic.Young fronds are used as vegetable and as a green

manure for the paddy fields.

38

Salvinia molesta Mitch.

Family- Salviniaceae.

Salvinia molesta Mitch..,Brit. Fern Gaz. 10 : 251 (1973); Dixit, Census 174 (1984); Madhusoodanan, Proc. Intn. Symp. Syst. Pterid. 61 Fil. 6 (1989); Manickam & Irudayaraj, Pterid. FI. West. Ghats 344 (1992); Rajagopal & Bhat, Indian Fern J. 15 : 25 (1998).Distribution-INDIA: Peninsular India- KARNATAKA: Dakshina Kannada, TAMILNADU : Kanyakumari, KERALA.ENDEMIC

Locality- Ratnagiri

Habitat - Aquatic

Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Submerged


- Heterosporous water fern of unfern like appearance.

- It has a slender branched rhizome without roots. The plants are free

floating.

- At the nodes are borne three leaves (sterile), two laterals are

floating and the third one on lower side is submerged, probably

functions like a root.

- The sporocarps (fertile) are borne in clusters on one of the inner

segments of submerged leaf.

Economic importance- Plant is eaten as food, used for the biogas

production and as a green manure. This plant can act as an additional

source of raw materials in the paper industry for the manufacture of low-

grade paper (Manickam & Irudayaraj, 1992).

39

Marsilea quadrifolia L.

Family- Marsileaceae

Marsilea quadrifolia L., Sp. PI.2 : 1099 (1753).Marsilea agyptica Willd., Sp. 5 : 540 (1810); Dixit, Census 84 (1984).Distribution : INDIA : Central India- ORISSA ; Western India- RAJASTHAN.

Locality- Ratnagiri

Habitat - Aquatic

Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Submerged hydrophyte


- Rhizome is slender, creeping, dichotomously branched.

- At each node are borne one or two adventitious roots and an

upright leaf of flexible petiole and lamina divided into four

(sterile) leaflets.

- The reproductive structures (fertile), bean like sporocarps are

borne on short or long stalks, inserted a short distance above the

base of petiole.


Fronds are sold in the local vegetable market and are mixed with

pulses and eaten with choice in India.

40

Azolla pinnata L.

Family- Azollaceae

Azolla pinnata L., Prod. FI. N.Holl. 167 (1810); Holtum,FI.Mal.2:621(1954);De vol,FI. Taiwan 1:60(ed.2) (1980);Dixit, Cens. Ind.Pterid.174(1984);Jamir & Rao, Ferns Nagaland,405(1988).Distribution :India: Throughout in India. AFRICA, ASIA, AUSTRALIA, JAPAN, PAKISTAN.

Locality- Ratnagiri

Habitat - Aquatic

Life form- Herb

Ecological criteria- Floating hydrophyte


- Azolla plants have crowded moss-like leaves borne on a fragile

free-floating rhizome with submerged roots.

- The roots are borne on the lower side.

- The leaves (sterile) are arranged in alternate rows and each leaf is

divided into two lobes.

- The sporocarps (fertile) are dimorphic, the bigger ones are

microsporangiate and the smaller ones, megasporangiate.


Azolla is used as an important biofertilizer in paddy fields. Azolla appears

to be fit for human consumption, in the preparation of soup or meat balls

(Ahulwalia et al, 2002).

41

Drynaria quercifolia (L.)J.Sm.

Family- Polypodiaceae

Drynaria quercifolia (L.)J.Sm. in Hook., J. Bot. London 3. : 398 (1841); Bedd.

FSI t.187 (1865), Suppl. FSI & FBI 24 (1876) & Handb. 343 (1883) ; Sledge,

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat.Hist.,) 2 (5): 144 (1960) & Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 84 : 20

(1982); Mehra & Bir, Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. (n.s.) 15 : 174 (1964); in Hara,

FI. East. Himal. 1 : 493 (1966); in Ohashi, FI. East. Himal. 3 : 198 (1975) ;

Nayar & Kaur, Comp. Bedd., Handb. 82 (1874); Dixit, Census 58 (1984);

Satija & Bir, Asp. Pl. Sci. 8 : 88 (1985); Roos, Dryn. 259 (1985); Chandra &

Kaur, Nomen. Guide 22 (1987). Manickam & Irudayaraj, Pterid. FI. West.

Ghats 312 (1992); Nayar & Geevarghese, Fern FI. Malbar 382 (1993);

Rajagopal. & Indian Fern J. 15 : 23 (1998).

Polypodium quercifolium Linn., SP. PI. 2 : 1087 (1753); Clarke, Trans. Linn.

Soc. London II Bot. 1 : 555 (1880).

Locality- Molem.

Life form - Epiphyte


- Rhizome short, thick and fleshy covered with red brown scales.

- Fronds of two kinds- the sterile ones smaller, becoming brown

with age, cordate ovate, variously lobed. Fertile fronds long-

stalked, the base often cut down almost to the midrib into

elongated segments. Surfaces naked. Texture membranous to

leathery.


The rhizomes are bitter, it is used as an astringent. Fronds used in hectic

fever, dyspepsia and cough. The decoction of the plant is used in typhoid

fever by vaidyas.Fronds are useful in poulticing swellings in Malaysia.

Documents

CHAPTER-IVshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4078/11/11_chapter 4.pdf · Gymnopteris presliana (Fee) J. Sm in Bedd., Handb. 439 (1883) pro parte. Leptochilus preslianus (Fee)