CHAPTER 5 Chemical for Consumers

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CHAPTER 5CHEMICAL FOR

CUMSUMERS


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Preparation of Soaps1. Soaps are made from animal fats and $egetable

oils.

2. Soaps are prepared by hydroly%ing fats or oils under

al&aline condition.

'. (his reaction is called saponification.


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Saponication)s a process #hich in$ol$es boiling fats or oils #ith

concentrated sodium hydro*ide solution or

potassium hydro*ide solution to produce glycerol

and the salts of fatty acids #hich is also &no#n as

soap

Chemical equation:

ats ! "a#H$%#H

glycerol ! RC##&

"a!

$%!

'Ester( 'soap(


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The General Equation


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1. (he fats and oils are hydrolised first to form

glycerol and fatty acids.

2. (he acids then react #ith an al&ali to form the

corresponding sodium and potassium salts.

'. +hen concentrated "O,aO, solution a sodium

and potassium palmitate is formed.

/. 0otassium soaps are softer milder than sodiumsoaps. sed for bathing.


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Experiment 5.1:

Preparation of Soaps0rocedures:

1. 1 cm' of palm oil is poured into a bea&er.

2. 3 cm'

of 3 mol dm-'

aO, solution is added to thepalm oil.

'. (he mi*ture is then heated until it boils. (he mi*ture

is then stirred #ith glass rod.

/. (he mi*ture is boiled for 1 minutes until the layerof oils disappears.

3. 4unsen burner is turned off. (he mi*ture is left to

cool do#n.


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5.2: Detergent 1. ;etergent is any cleaning agent that is not a soap.

2. )t is made from synthetic sources such aspetroleum.

'. ;etergents are usually sodium salts of sulfuric

acid.


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2 General Formulae of Detergents9a Sodium al&yl sulfate

9b Sodium al&ylben%ene sulphonate


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!e "leansing Action of Soap an#

Detergent 1. (he abilities of soap and detergent:

. to lo#er the surface tension

.(o emulsify the oil or grease

. (o hold them in suspension in #ater

2. (hese abilities are due to the structure of soaps

and detergent.

'. +hen soap is dissol$ed in #ater it ionises to form

soap anions and sodium cations.


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/. = soap anion consists of a long hydrocarbon chain

#ith a carbo*ylate group on one end.

hydrphobic hydrophilic


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3. )n #ater detergent dissol$es to form detergent

anions and sodiumpotassium cation.

5.


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1. (he hydrocarbon chain #hich is hydrophobic is

soluble in oils or grease.

2. (he ionic part is the carbo*ylate group #hich is

hydrophilic and is soluble in #ater.

'. +hen soap or detergent is added to #ater itre-uces the surface tension of the ater.

/. +hen the surface tension is loere- the #ater

molecules #ill spread out and #et the clothes.

3. So soaps also act as a etting agent.


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5. )f the #ater is agitated slightly the grease begins

to be lifted off the surface.

6. >echanical agitation during scrubbing helps to pull

the grease free and brea&s the grease into small

droplets.


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A##iti(es in Detergents1. 4uilder 9sodium tripolyphosphate

-


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CHAPTER 5 Chemical for Consumers