Chapter 6 NotesChapter 6 NotesChoctaw and Creek removalsChoctaw and Creek removals

Louisiana Purchase - made the Louisiana Purchase - made the Mississippi river area the “answer to Mississippi river area the “answer to Indian problem” by someIndian problem” by some

Still…land hungry whites would cross the Still…land hungry whites would cross the river area and harass and still obtain landriver area and harass and still obtain land

John C. Calhoun, John C. Calhoun, Secretary of WarSecretary of War

Was the “creator” of Was the “creator” of Indian removal as Indian removal as the answer to Indian the answer to Indian problemproblem

He advocated He advocated education before education before removalremoval

““Civilized”Civilized”

The Choctaws made swift progress in being The Choctaws made swift progress in being educated and civilizededucated and civilized

Calhoun decided he would focus on them for Calhoun decided he would focus on them for first removalfirst removal

Oct 18, 1820 Choctaw leaders and the Indian Oct 18, 1820 Choctaw leaders and the Indian Commission signed “Commission signed “Treaty of Doak’s StandTreaty of Doak’s Stand””

This was the first removal treaty signed This was the first removal treaty signed w/Choctawsw/Choctaws

They would cede 5 million acres in the east for They would cede 5 million acres in the east for 13 million acres west and financial assistance in 13 million acres west and financial assistance in re-locatingre-locating

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit CreekTreaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek Signed on December 27, 1830Signed on December 27, 1830 Would firmly establish gov’t policy on Indian Would firmly establish gov’t policy on Indian

RemovalRemoval 11 total provisions11 total provisions

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act Congress passed in May, 1830Congress passed in May, 1830 Choctaws accepted gifts for land and felt they Choctaws accepted gifts for land and felt they

had “put one over on the U.S. Gov’thad “put one over on the U.S. Gov’t First party of 4,000 Choctaws were moved to First party of 4,000 Choctaws were moved to

Indian Territory in Oct, 1831 (First of three Indian Territory in Oct, 1831 (First of three removals, met with a lot of hesitation)removals, met with a lot of hesitation)

Dissension occurred among the Dissension occurred among the CreeksCreeks

Lower Creeks- Mixed blood who Lower Creeks- Mixed blood who were led by McIntosh family. were led by McIntosh family.

Upper Creeks- Led by Upper Creeks- Led by Opothleyahola Opothleyahola

William McIntosh helped pass the William McIntosh helped pass the law in 1811 requiring the death to law in 1811 requiring the death to anyone who sold off tribal lands anyone who sold off tribal lands without consent of the councilwithout consent of the council

Passed the Treaty of Indians Spring Passed the Treaty of Indians Spring on Feb 12, 1825on Feb 12, 1825

Creek council disagreed and a death Creek council disagreed and a death sentence was carried out against himsentence was carried out against him

John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams learned of the hostility learned of the hostility towards the Creeks, and towards the Creeks, and ordered a New Treatyordered a New Treaty

Invited the tribal chiefs to Invited the tribal chiefs to Washington to discuss. Washington to discuss. Indian Springs Treaty Indian Springs Treaty declared invaliddeclared invalid

New Agreement called for New Agreement called for cession of Creek lands in cession of Creek lands in Georgia and arranged for Georgia and arranged for McIntosh followers to McIntosh followers to remove to the new landsremove to the new lands

Chapter 7 Trail of TearsChapter 7 Trail of Tears The Chickasaws were the most prosperous out The Chickasaws were the most prosperous out

of the SE tribes. (Also, adjusted to white ways of the SE tribes. (Also, adjusted to white ways of life the quickest)of life the quickest)

Treaty of Pontotoc (1832) moved Chickasaws Treaty of Pontotoc (1832) moved Chickasaws to temporary locations on their former lands to temporary locations on their former lands while government sold their property to eager while government sold their property to eager white buyerswhite buyers

Treaty of DoaksvilleTreaty of Doaksville Signed on Jan 17, 1837Signed on Jan 17, 1837 Chickasaw leaders and Choctaw leaders Chickasaw leaders and Choctaw leaders

signed this agreementsigned this agreement Choctaws agreed to sell portion of the central Choctaws agreed to sell portion of the central

and western areas of their nation in Indian and western areas of their nation in Indian Territory to the ChickasawsTerritory to the Chickasaws

Cherokees were the first the Cherokees were the first the give the western journey a give the western journey a name “The Trail of Tears” or name “The Trail of Tears” or “Trail Where They Cried”“Trail Where They Cried”This name referred to all the This name referred to all the removals of the 5 Civilized removals of the 5 Civilized tribes, because of suffering tribes, because of suffering and death ratesand death rates

GoldGold was found in Georgia was found in Georgia Cherokees were literally routed from their Cherokees were literally routed from their

homes, their woman raped, the men beaten. homes, their woman raped, the men beaten. Georgia Guard sent to protect the peace, but Georgia Guard sent to protect the peace, but

did their own cruel or evil actsdid their own cruel or evil acts

Cherokee leaders Major Ridge, John Ridge, Cherokee leaders Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, and Principal Chief John Ross Elias Boudinot, and Principal Chief John Ross held firm that Gov’t should honor it’s promise held firm that Gov’t should honor it’s promise to leave Cherokees aloneto leave Cherokees alone

On December 29, 1835 at New Echota; On December 29, 1835 at New Echota; Boudinot, Mjor Ridge, and John Ridge signed Boudinot, Mjor Ridge, and John Ridge signed a treaty to remove to the West (some think a treaty to remove to the West (some think they were bribed of tricked)they were bribed of tricked)

Cherokees made efforts to avoid removal. Cherokees made efforts to avoid removal. Such as, welcomed whit missionaries, become Such as, welcomed whit missionaries, become

literate and “assimilate” to white customsliterate and “assimilate” to white customs Chickasaws efforts to avoid removal included: Chickasaws efforts to avoid removal included:

accepting Christianity, become more adapt to accepting Christianity, become more adapt to businessbusiness

Chickasaws, in order to become more Chickasaws, in order to become more independent, did the followingindependent, did the following

Engage in vast farming ventures, Build Engage in vast farming ventures, Build transportation and lodging services for transportation and lodging services for travelers, demand money for payment instead travelers, demand money for payment instead of goodsof goods

““became business people”became business people”

Winfield Scott was sent to Winfield Scott was sent to Georgia and Tennessee area Georgia and Tennessee area to take charge of the 7,000 to take charge of the 7,000 troops to speed up removal. troops to speed up removal.

The Treaty of New Echota The Treaty of New Echota resulted in in the Cherokee resulted in in the Cherokee removal (The three leaders removal (The three leaders who signed this treaty were who signed this treaty were later killed)later killed)