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Ms. Cole – Canadian History 11
Chapter 7 – Aboriginal Economies
What is an “economy?”
Economics:
“…the study of the use of scarce resources that have
alternative purposes.”
Economy:
“…the use of scarce resources that have alternative
purposes.”
Over time, Canada had developed and changed
how it uses it‟s scarce resources.
Not all about money! It’s about resources! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YULdjmg3o0
Grade 11 Economics
Resources available to you: What you want:
Make
Decisions
Grade 11 Economics
Resources available to you: What you want:
Make
Decisions
Governmental Economics
Make
Decisions
Resources available to
Canada:
What Canadians want:
Governmental Economics
Make
Decisions
Resources available to
Canada:
What Canadians want:
Let’s start at the beginning…
Aboriginal Economies
Aboriginal Technologies Advanced knowledge of plant science
60% of today‟s crops originated with American Aboriginal
Peoples – potatoes, corn, tomatoes, peppers, squash.
Development of stone tools
The natural world shaped the economy and the
technologies needed to work the land.
Viewing Activity
For each paper, write down the colour
and what you learned about aboriginal
technology from it.
Once you are done, return to your seat.
For each of the three colours, try to
identify a theme.
Image # and
description
What I
learned/Response
Colour of
paper
Station 1 – Diversity and main types of food Europeans Aboriginal Peoples
Station 2 - Farming
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/55674e06e4b0830d6f6d4322/t/55a540f9e4b01f72a1cdb2
4d/1436893433671/MEN-AM11-gkh002.jpg?format=1500w
Station 3 - Gathering Fruits, nuts, berries, roots, leafy vegetables, herbs, wild rice, tree
sap, sweetgrass.
How would tightly woven baskets, the sun, watertight containers
made of bark, and tools have been related to these gathered foods?
Station 4 – Hunting on the Plains
Buffalo Pounds and Buffalo Jumps. What do these pictures
tell you about hunting buffalo?
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-
archive/100/205/301/ic/cdc/www.abheritage.ca/alberta/i
mages/arch/IMG0042_det_buffalo_pound.jpg
Located in Alberta
Station 5 – Cedar Needles
Over 500 drugs in use today originated in Aboriginal economies.
For example, Peruvian bark used to develop the cure for malaria.
Ipecac cured dysentery.
Which problems to these remedies help to cure?
Station 6 – Willow and Poplar Bark
Which problems to these remedies help to cure?
Station 7 – Eye Wear Why might these glasses have been developed in the Arctic?
Pg. 95 Canada’s
History
Station 8 – The Canoe
Has the canoe changed much over time? Why or why not? What
was it originally made of?
Station 9 – On the Plains
Besides skates (made from buffalo bones), snowshoes, and dog sleds.
The buffalo hunting plains people invented the travois…what is it
used for?
Station 10 – Hunting sea mammals Up North, Aboriginal peoples hunted beluga whales, walruses,
seals, and polar bears. What are these boats called and what do
you think they are made of?
http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/aboriginal/images/inuit-man-kayak.jpg
In general, how would you
describe Aboriginal
economies (use of resources
to gain what is desired) ?
Trade Economies: Need,
Alliances, Prestige.
Frequent items: arrowheads,
tools, and shells.
Wealth and Social Standing Sustainable Development
Wealth = non-material values (spiritual powers and
good relationships)
Sharing of goods/gifts during ceremonies and rituals.
Being generous was a mark of prestige.
Sharing food = potlach
Giveaway Ceremony
Critical Question: Focus on the individual or the
community?
James G. Swan – American 1800s
Heartland, Hinterland, the Staple Trade
Chapter 8
What are Canada’s
most important
resources ?
Key words
Export
Import
Staple (pg. 98)
Heartland
Hinterland
Mercantilism
Export - send (goods or services) to
another country for sale.
Import - bring (goods or services) into a
country from abroad for sale.
Staple (pg. 98) – lumber, cod/fish, wheat, fur.
Heartland – a region that is the economic center of a country
or empire.
Hinterland – a region that provides the resources needed by
the heartland.
Mercantilism - handout
Mercantilism Today?
Staple Thesis – Harold Innis
Since expansion and colonialism were caused
by desire for resources…
Resources influenced the settlement patterns of
North America (where people chose to build
communities)
Therefore, the economy directly influences
social and political development.
oIn other words, Canada exists today because of
where early explorers found, beaver, fish,
timber, and wheat.
Today and Tomorrow – What do you
already know?
Cod
Fur
Timber
Wheat
The Cod Fishery (99-100)
The Cod Fishery (Read pg. 99-100) 1. Why did people in Europe introduce more fish into their diet?
(2 reasons)
2. After Cabot discovered fish off the coast of Newfoundland,
which other countries sent fleets over?
3. What were the two different methods of fishing and how did
it influence the settlement of Canada?
4. Recall: What is it called when resources affect the
political/social settlement of a country?
Codfish Industry Today!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5wR8Iu2Q00
Fur Trade
October 28th – What do we already
know about the fur trade!
Fur Trade (pg. 101-103)
October 28th – What do we already know about the fur
trade!
French – Jacques Cartier
Samuel de Champlain
Hats
St. Lawrence River
Quebec and Atlantic Canada (New France!)
Hudson‟s Bay Company
Voyageurs + Coureurs de Bois
Trade with Aboriginal Peoples
Fur Trade - French (pg. 101-103)
Wendat/Huron traded with Innu and Abenaki on behalf
of the French.
French then traded European goods to Wendat.
Wendat used these goods against their enemies (the
Iroquois/Haudenosaunee)
Coureurs de bois voyageurs (why?)
Task
Read yellow “Voices” page 101
What do you notice about Cartier‟s
language?
Fur Trade - English (pg. 101-103)
The Hudson‟s Bay Company (1610 + 1670)
New France became a British colony in 1763 after
_________________________.
1780s creation of competition for HBC –
Northwest Company. Eventually absorbed by HBC.
Fueled exploration and deterioration of Aboriginal
peoples.
https://www.nfb.ca/film/voyageurs
How did the fur trade affect the settlement of
Canada?
Timber Trade (pg. 103-105)
Britain needed wood…Thirteen Colonies (USA)
were no longer theirs and Britain‟s forests had long
been destroyed.
1811 – timber yards are flourishing
Replaces fur as BNA‟s leading export
Preferential Trade Status – advantage selling to
British businesses.
Eventually led to shipbuilding…iron/steel. Needed
for Napoleonic Wars (Reading)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJDD9VCSfpY
Point Wolfe Sawmill
http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-
np/nb/fundy/natcul/cultur.aspx https://www.flickr.com/photos/jchaley/49692647
52
http://albertcounty.tripod.com/id46.html
Point Wolfe Sawmill
http://fbramazingplaces.ca/portfolio/point-wolfe-
river-estuary/
http://shipsstarthere.ca/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/Investments1.jpg
Wheat Trade (pg.105)
The Corn Laws of 1820 (tariffs on wheat exported
to Britain from non-BNA countries)
Preferential Trade Status
Economic Boom for farmers = settlements,
transportation, and flour mills for processing.
New Heartland?
http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/26/flourmilling5.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOCWkRqQznw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02scQOLd-Fo
What is the Breadbasket
of Canada?
October 30th
What happens when Great Britain
revokes (cancels) Preferential Trade
Status in Canada because they want to
trade with other countries?
Cancels
Preferential
Trade Status
Reciprocity
Treaty of
1854 (tax
free natural
resources
and access to
fisheries)
National Policy
Canada became a country in 1867. The First Prime Minister was
Sir John A. MacDonald (Conservative).
It had always been a goal in Canada to build a railway from Coast
to Coast – why?
In 1873, the Pacific Scandal revealed that Sir John A.
MacDonald had taken bribes (i.e. fund my campaign and I will
give you the contract to build the railway).
For a short while, Sir John A. was replaced by Liberal Alexander
Mackenzie as PM. The economy was in bad shape.
In 1878 Sir John A. regained power as he introduced and
promised the National Policy.
The National Policy (know for Mon.!)
3 major components (1878):
Protective tariffs against foreign goods (mostly
American competition) – carriages, machinery, railway
cars, clothing. Help Canada‟s industries sell manufactured
products (no longer just raw materials)
Transcontinental Railway – CPR (Transport Goods)
Greater immigration and settlement of the West
The Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Frontenac - 1893
The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Lake Louise - 1890
The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Banff Springs - 1888
The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Laurier – Grand Trunk Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels
• The Algonquin, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, opened 1889
• Chateau Halifax, Halifax, Nova Scotia, opened in 1974 (Delta
Halifax).
• Digby Pines Resort, Digby, Nova Scotia, opened 1917
• Lord Nelson Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia, opened 1927
http://www.themontrealeronline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/A-Nova-Scotia-getaway-01.jpg
Purposes of CPR?
Prevent Annexation by Americans
Unite with B.C.
Improve economy – easier to transport goods and manufacture
products.
Make Canadian goods competitive against American goods.
Attract tourists
Improve Canada‟s prestige
Telling Times Clip and Check for Understanding Multiple Choice
http://www.cpac.ca/en/programs/telling-times/episodes/21253229/
Nov. 2/15
Question: What were the three
elements of the National Policy?
The National Policy (know for Mon.!)
3 major components (1878):
Protective tariffs against foreign goods (mostly
American competition) – carriages, machinery, railway
cars, clothing. Help Canada‟s industries sell manufactured
products (no longer just raw materials)
Transcontinental Railway – CPR (Transport Goods)
Greater immigration and settlement of the West
Recap: Development and Economy
Aboriginal
Economies
Early European
Economies Economy after
1867
NP – Industrial Heartland
Toronto and Montreal
New industries and businesses – no American
competition thanks to protective tariffs.
Access to markets (buyers) in East and West thanks to
_____________?
Manufacturing of Canada: ½ in Ontario and 1/3 in
Quebec.
Present Day?
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-
x/2007002/m/0338map1-en.jpg
http://www.magnetcom.net/images/gallery_pictur
es/slideshow07.jpg
Hinterland - Maritimes
The National Policy briefly resulted in prosperity
(especially for Nova Scotia!) 1880s and 1890s.
Built towns around the railway: Moncton, Amherst,
Truro, New Glasgow, Sydney.
Halifax Shipyard was perfect for trade!
Prosperity did not last long – debated why.
Financial institutions and people began moving
away.
Hinterland - West
Opposite of Maritimes: started with depression
and ended with prosperity.
Produced wheat and grains (1890s and 1900s.)
Immigration to area disrupted the Aboriginal
Peoples (Métis)
Working Days – 21st Century
How many hours do you work in a day/in a
week?
How much do you get paid? Who decides?
What happens if you mess up at work?
Is there safety protocol in place? Is it followed?
What happens if you get hurt at work?
Who is legally allowed to work?
Working Conditions (1850s-1920)
Work days = 12 hours or more
Mess ups = loss of wages or physical punishment
Disease and injuries happened every day (no health and
safety restrictions).
Women and children worked (usually exploited in
sweatshops)
Women paid less than men.
Employers had control over your behavior outside of
work.
No social programming for the poor (social safety net). https://www.nhhistory.org/edu/support/nhgrowingup/teacherrules.pdf
Interesting Fact: (American Company)
Even though this is an American company, it is representative of the culture and attitudes of this era:
In order to manage and control such a large and diverse workforce, John R. Lee, Head of Personnel, created the Sociological Department in 1914. The Sociological Department established a system of rules and codes of behavior for Ford employees that they had to meet, in order to qualify for the $5 day pay rate. The Sociological Department monitored employees at home, as well as on the job. Investigators made unannounced visits to employee‟s homes and evaluated the cleanliness of the home, noted if the family had renters, checked with school attendance offices to determine if children were attending school and monitored bank records to verify that employees made regular deposits. Sociological Department investigators also assisted worker‟s families by teaching wives about home care, cooking and hygiene. 2009.0.10.2 Factory Facts from Ford, 1915
Standard of Living (1850s-1920)
Children aged 11-12 were expected to work, otherwise their
family would slip into poverty.
Two or three families were forced to live together in apartments
as rent rose.
Entrepreneurs were generally rich.
No running water, sewers, electricity.
Malnutrition
High Death Rates (Infant Mortality Rate)
Can‟t sterilize bottles or refrigerate milk
Infant Mortality - MacMurchy
1925–1926: total of 1,532 deaths or “over 4 maternal deaths a day.” …MacMurchy pointed out: “The economic factor comes into this question. It is not unusual for us [the federal Department of Health] to receive letters from parents who have not been able to pay the doctor‟s account for services rendered at the last child‟s birth and are ashamed to ask him to come again, asking „What are we to do?‟” (“Maternal Mortality Survey,” Second Conference on Medical Services in Canada, House of Commons, March 28th, 29th, 30th, 1927 [Ottawa: F. A. Acland, King‟s Printer, 1928], pp. 146–49). Gradually, childbirth moved out of the home and into the hospital and, during the 1930s, some cities began to experiment with prenatal clinics. However, it was not until the 1950s that maternal mortality rates began to decline significantly. Infant mortality was still a challenge in less wealthy provinces until the 1970s, and it remains a problem today in northern Canada and on First Nation reserves. http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-1c05e.shtml
Recap: Industry (1800s-1900s)
Heartland was located in….?
Hinterland was located in…?
Working conditions were poor/adequate/good/excellent.
Companies had a lot/a little control over their employees.
The standard of living for the average Canadian worker was
low/moderate/high.
The standard of living for entrepreneurs in Canada were
low/moderate/high.
True or False: The infant mortality rate was high because of
poor living conditions and poverty.
Social Response
Page 115 : read.
How did the following groups attempt to improve
Canadian society? (Point Form!)
Progressive movement
Women‟s Christian Temperance Union
Law makers
Workers
Chapter 10
The Evolution of the Canadian Economy
What would you do?
You‟re a farmer who has immigrated out to
the “Promised Land” of Western Canada.
You have very little to start with. You hear
that machinery is very cheap in the USA, so
you attempt to buy from across the border.
That‟s when you find out that extra taxes
(tariffs) actually make it more expensive to
buy American than Canadian. What do you
do?
Timeline – Evolution of Economy
National Policy 1878
Protective tariffs to force Canadians
to buy local
Reciprocity
Treaty with
USA
1854 (tax
free natural
resources
and access to
fisheries)
Resistance to NP tariffs wheat trade.
Farmers want cheaper machinery
from USA
1911
1911
Lobby Groups want free trade
PM Wilfrid Laurier negotiates with USA
Eliminates tariffs on most natural products entering country
Reduced tariffs on farm equipment
Canadian Manufacturers Association is concerned that factories
and manufacturers in Canada will shut down as a result.
Conservatives warn that trade agreements with the USA will lead
to political union.
Election of 1911
Robert Borden (Conservative) wins!
Free Trade is put on hold
Free Trade vs. Protectionism Part 1: Investigation
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvgZcc43wfg (10:20)
Part 3: Definitions
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2X3KPilAt0&index=35&list=PLF2A3693D8481F442
Part 5: handout and http://www.brighthub.com/office/finance/articles/122806.aspx
Canada’s economy 1920s-1950s October 29, 1929 – Stock Market Crash
The Great Depression (Unemployment, single-industry communities die off)
Liberal PM William Lyon Mackenzie King adopted a “laissez-faire” attitude. (Wait and See)
The public, overwhelmed by poverty, were not pleased with this attitude. They elected Conservative R. B. Bennett in hopes of economic reform in 1930. His strategies largely failed to help the Depression. Increased tariffs to stimulate jobs.
Consequences…
Read brown box – pg. 122
Consequence Effect on the Great
Depression
Creation of CBC Federally funded – attempt to create
jobs.
Build Saint Lawrence Seaway Economy opportunities – construction
jobs
Bank of Canada Economic regulation – prevent future
Depressions
Wheat Board Created Ensure fair prices are charged for wheat
and grain.
Bottom Line? Federal Gov’t plays role
in regulating economy.
Canada’s economy 1920s-1950s
Economic boom caused by the war ended the Great
Depression.
Massive Government Intervention in the Economy during
the Second World War.
Wartime Prices and Trade Board (freeze on wages and prices)
Limited the amount of money Canadians could spend.
Rationed food
Victory Bonds - glossary
Baby Bonus – glossary
Veteran‟s benefits to transition into peacetime economy
Tax incentives to wartime manufacturers – continue into
peacetime.
PM List + NAFTA
The Future of Economics in Canada
Read the four bullet points on pg. 128.
Do you agree or disagree with those
predictions?
Based on what you know about the
economy, what challenges do you think
Canada will face in the future?
?
How has the economy affected Canada
after 1950?
Rural-Urban Drift In 2001, 80% of Canadians lived in cities.
Most popular cities are Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, and Montreal (51% of pop.). Why?
Expensive to have children – less workers and aging population.
Economic Disparity – the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Why? (page 134-135 – give 3 reasons)
The Future of Economics in Canada
Participate in free trade agreements and the World Trade Organization (1948)
Protect water (Canada has over 20% of the world‟s fresh water supply)
Develop sustainable resources (staple trades and natural resources) while still making money from exporting goods to the global market.
Participate in fair trade to ensure an ethical, global future. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pkIW30EJs8 )
Case Study: Trans Pacific Partnership (2015)
http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/provincial/economy.aspx
http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/provincial/economy.aspx
TPP
http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32498715
http://www.londoncommunitynews.com/opinion-
story/6075592-controversial-tpp-pact-good-for-canada/
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/sarah-giles/the-trouble-
with-tpp_b_8309052.html
http://business.financialpost.com/news/agriculture/how-
tpp-could-make-things-sticky-for-quebecs-maple-syrup-
producers