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Chapter 8-Part 2 Pictures Thermodynamics and ATP. Enzyme 1. Enzyme 2. Enzyme 3. A. D. C. B. Reaction 1. Reaction 2. Reaction 3. Starting molecule. Product. Theoretical metabolic pathway. Fig 5.2. Catabolic vs. Anabolic Reactions. Condensation → reactions (anabolic) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 8-Part 2 PicturesThermodynamics and ATP
Theoretical metabolic pathway
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3A B C D
Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3Startingmolecule
Product
Fig 5.2. Catabolic vs. Anabolic Reactions
• Condensation → reactions (anabolic)
• Hydrolysis → reactions (catabolic)
• Catabolic Rxns – • O-O O + O + Energy
• Anabolic Rxns-O + O + Energy O-O
Figure 8.6
In exergonic rxns∆G is a negative
number
ALL rxns require some input of energy
Fig 8.14 Energy Profile for a Catabolic (Exergonic) Reaction
∆G = ∆H - T∆S∆G = T∆S
Diffusion – spontaneous because randomness (disorder) increases (+∆S)
Catabolic Reaction – Spontaneous becausethermal energy (heat) is released (-∆H) AND bonds in products are more disordered (+∆S)
Examples of Stored energy (Potential energy)
Examples of Kinetic energy (Energy of Motion)
∆G values
• sucrose + H20 fructose + glucose (∆G = -7.0 kcal/mol)
Exergonic Reactions are Spontaneous
• What do we mean by spontaneous?
Example 1: Baking soda + vinegar (fast reaction)
fructose + glucose
Example 2: Sucrose hydrolysis (very slow reaction without a catalyst)
Spontaneous reactions are not time-dependent
Question 8.3 – 8.4
Fig 8.14 Energy Profile for an Exergonic Reaction
On the platform, a diverhas more potential energy.
Diving converts potentialenergy to kinetic energy.
Climbing up converts kineticenergy of muscle movement to potential energy.
In the water, a diver has less potential energy.
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
First law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred or transformed but Neither created nor destroyed. For example, the chemical (potential) energy in food will be converted to the kinetic energy of the cheetah’s movement in (b).
(a)
Chemicalenergy
Figure 8.3
Second law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increasesthe disorder (entropy) of the universe. For example, disorder is added to the cheetah’ssurroundings in the form of heat and the small molecules that are the by-productsof metabolism.
(b)
Heat co2
H2O+
50µm
Figure 8.4
Chemical Equilibrium
An organism in metabolic equilibrium
Equilibrium
ATP
ATP
Metabolic Disequilibrium
ATPATP
Food
Waste Products
Questions 8.5 – 8.6
ATP = Currency of the Cell
Fig 8.11
Fig 8.9 ATP hydrolysis
Coupled Reactions
Fig 8.10ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
Question 8.7