Chapter 8: The Rise of Rome - UMMSFeldman - Wikispaces 8 Rise of Rom… · Chapter 8, page 289 ... Journey Across Time Video Program. Rome’s Beginnings ... Read the first few pages

Each civilization that you will study in this unit madeimportant contributions to history.

• The Romans invented concrete and used the arch in building.• The Christians helped shape the West’s religious beliefs.• The Muslims spread the religion of Islam and invented algebra.

AncientRome

AncientRome

Chapte rs 8 & 9

500 B.C. 100 B.C.500 B.C. 100 B.C.

Chapt er 10

Islamic Civilization

Islamic Civilization

Chap te r 11

254

St. Matthew

509 B.C. Romebecomes arepublic

Islamicprayer rug

Wall painting of ayoung couple of

ancient Rome

New EmpiresNew Faithsand

c. A.D. 100Churches foundedthroughout Romanworld

312 B.C.RomansbuildtheAppianWay

146 B.C. Rome destroysCarthage

44 B.C. Julius Caesaris killed

c. A.D. 30Jesus preachesin Galilee andJudaea

Rise ofChristianity

Rise ofChristianity

(l)Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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Mosque inBaghdad

Gladiatorsin battle

A.D. 476WesternRoman Empireends

Church of Hagia Sophia(“Holy Wisdom”)

A.D. 392Christianitybecomes Rome’sofficial religion

A.D. 1054Eastern Orthodoxand RomanCatholic Churchesseparate

A.D. 534JustinianreformsRoman law

Chapter10

Chapter10

Chapter11

Chapter11

Chapters 8 & 9Chapter 10Chapter 11

c. A.D. 1200Muslim rulereaches to northern India

c. A.D. 830Baghdad reaches itsheight as center ofIslamic learning

A.D. 624Muhammadfounds Islamicstate in Arabia

Chapters8 & 9

Chapters8 & 9

(t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler

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256

1 Roman aqueduct

See Ancient RomeChapters 8 & 9


2 Roman Pantheon

AFRICAAFRICA

EUROPEEUROPE

Mediterranean Sea

1

23

4

63 B.C.–A.D. 14Roman emperorChapter 8, page 289

c. 6 B.C. –A.D. 30Crucifixion led to rise of

ChristianityChapter 10, page 346

c. A.D. 10–65Christian thinkerChapter 10, page 349

c. A.D. 280–337Roman emperorChapter 9, page 321

256–257 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Ric Ergenbright, (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)DanitaDelimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY

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A.D. 354–430Christian

philosopherChapter 10, page 357

C. A.D. 500–548Byzantine empress

Chapter 9, page 331

c. A.D. 570–632Muslims believe Allahdictated the Quran to

MuhammadChapter 11, page 376

A.D. 1048–1131Islamic poet

and philosopherChapter 11, page 392

ASIAASIA

3 Hagia Sophia


4 Mount of the Beatitudes

See Rise of ChristianityChapter 10

5 Kaaba

See Islamic CivilizationChapter 11

ArabianSea

257

5

(t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS, Bettmann/CORBIS

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Ruins of the Forum in Rome, Italy

Rise RomeThe

of

451 B.C.Romans adopt theTwelve Tables

267 B.C. Rome controlsmost of Italy

27 B.C.Octavian

becomes Rome’sfirst emperor

A.D. 96Rule of theGood Emperorsbegins

500 B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100 500 B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100

258–

259

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etty

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ages

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Chapter PreviewWhile the Chinese civilization arose in East Asia, the

Romans created an empire that covered much of theMediterranean world. Read this chapter to discover how the Romans were able to win control of such a large area.

View the Chapter 8 video in the World History:Journey Across Time Video Program.

Rome’s BeginningsThe civilization of Rome began in Italy. Rome grew from a small cityinto an economic and military power.

The Roman RepublicRome was a republic for almost 500 years. During this time, itgradually expanded the right to vote. After many years of war andfollowing the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire, Rome tookcontrol of the Mediterranean region.

The Fall of the Republic As Rome’s territory grew, the army gained political power. The RomanRepublic, weakened by civil wars, gave way to the Roman Empire.

The Early EmpireAugustus and many of his successors governed well. Rome’s empiregrew larger and wealthier.

Chapter Overview Visitjat.glencoe.com for a previewof Chapter 8.

Know-Want-Learn Make this foldable to help you organize what you know, whatyou want to know, and what you learn about the rise of Rome.

Reading and WritingBefore reading thechapter, write what youalready know about thebeginning of Rome, therise and fall of itsrepublic, and the earlyRoman Empire under thetabs of your foldable.Also write one questionyou have on each tab. Asyou read, summarizewhat you learn undereach tab.

Step 1 Fold four sheets of paperin half from top to bottom.

Step 2 On each folded paper, make acut 1 inch from the side on the top flap.

Step 3 Place the folded papers oneon top of the other. Staple the foursections together and label the topfour tabs: Rome’s Beginnings, TheRoman Republic, The Fall of theRepublic, and The Early Empire.

259

Cut 1 inch fromthe edge through the

top flap only.

Rome’s BeginningsStaple here.

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http://jat.glencoe.com

260

Taking Notes

Note TakingDid you know that when you take notes, you remember more

than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why itis important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading.

Read this paragraph from Section 3.

Here is one method of note taking for theabove paragraph.

Main Topic

Republic’s Problems

Important Details

1. dishonest officials2. gap between rich

and poor3. farmers faced ruin4. cities overcrowded

Trouble in the Republic

Rome’s armies were victorious wher-ever they went. Yet problems were build-ing at home. Dishonest officials stolemoney, and the gap between rich and poorwas growing. Thousands of farmers facedruin, and the cities were becoming over-crowded and dangerous.

—from page 278

Authors of textbooks

help with note taking

by giving you headings

and subheadings. If you

are not sure of the main

topic, it is a safe bet

that headings in bold

are important.

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Make a T-ChartRead the first few pages of Section 2 and

use this T-chart as a guide to help you practicetaking notes.

On page 273, read aboutRome’s first code oflaws, the Twelve Tables.Come up with yourown 12 Tables of SchoolLaw, and explain whyeach one should beused to govern thestudents in your school.

Read to Write

Main Topic

Rome’s government

Social groups in Rome

Roman law

Important Details

1.

2.

1.

2.

1.

2.

261

As you read Section 1, write thenames of important people or placeson the left column of your note-takingpaper. On the right side, list detailsfrom your reading.

Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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Rome’s

c. 650 B.C.Etruscans ruleRome

509 B.C.Rome becomesa republic

267 B.C.Rome controlsmost of Italy

ITALY

AFRICASicily

Rome

650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.

262 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome

BeginningsWhat’s the Connection?

In previous chapters, you learnedabout the civilization of ancientGreece. Greek ways did not die withthe end of Greece’s freedom. Theywere adopted and spread widely byanother civilization, Rome.

Focusing on the • Geography played an important role

in the rise of Roman civilization.(page 263)

• The Romans created a republic andconquered Italy. By treating peoplefairly, they built Rome from a smallcity into a great power. (page 265)

Locating PlacesSicily (SIH•suh• lee)Apennines (A•puh•NYNZ)Latium (LAY•shee•uhm)Tiber River (TY•buhr)Etruria (ih•TRUR•ee•uh)

Meeting PeopleRomulus (RAHM•yuh• luhs)

and Remus (REE•muhs)Aeneas (ih•NEE•uhs)Latins (LA•tuhnz)Etruscans (ih•TRUHS•kuhnz)Tarquins (TAHR•kwihnz)

Building Your Vocabularyrepublic (rih•PUH•blihk) legion (LEE• juhn)

Reading StrategySummarizing Information Use adiagram like the one below to showhow the Etruscans affected thedevelopment of Rome.

Etruscans

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CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 263

The Origins of RomeGeography played an important role in

the rise of Roman civilization.Reading Focus If you were founding a new city, whatnatural features would influence your choice of a build-ing site? As you read this section, think about thechoices that the early Romans made.

Italy is in an important location in themiddle of the Mediterranean region. It is along, narrow peninsula with a distinctiveshape: it looks like a high-heeled boot jut-ting into the sea. The heel points towardGreece and the toe toward the island ofSicily (SIH • suh • lee). Across the top of theboot are the Alps, craggy mountains thatseparate Italy from European lands to thenorth. Another mountain range, theApennines (A •puh • NYNZ), runs all the waydown the boot from north to south.

The landscape of Italy is similar to thatof Greece, but the Apennines are not asrugged as Greece’s mountains. They can becrossed much more easily. As a result, thepeople who settled in Italy were not split upinto small, isolated communities as theGreeks were. In addition, Italy had betterfarmland than Greece. Its mountain slopeslevel off to large flat plains that are ideal forgrowing crops. With more capacity to pro-duce food, Italy could support more peoplethan Greece could.

Historians know little about the firstpeople to live in Italy. There is evidence,however, that groups from the northslipped through Italy’s mountain passesbetween about 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C.Attracted by the mild climate and rich soil,a small but steady stream of newcomers set-tled in the hills and on the plains. Amongthese peoples were a Latin-speaking peoplewho built the city of Rome on the plain ofLatium (LAY • shee •uhm) in central Italy.

Where Was Rome Located? Geographyplayed a major part in the location ofRome. The site chosen for Rome wasabout 15 miles (24 km) up the Tiber River(TY •buhr) from the Mediterranean Sea. TheTiber River gave the Romans a source ofwater and a way to the rest of theMediterranean world. At the same time,Rome was far enough from the sea toescape raids by pirates.

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Italy 500 B.C.

In 500 B.C. the Etruscans and the Greeksoccupied much of Italy.1. Which civilization do you think most

influenced the Latins who settled Rome?Explain your answer.

2. How was Rome’s location advantageousfor the Latins’ conquest of Italy?

Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

CarthaginiansKEY

EtruscansGreeksLatins

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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

In addition, Rome was built on sevenhills. The Romans did this on purpose. Thehills were very steep, making it easy todefend the city against enemy attack. Romewas also located at a place where peoplecould easily cross the Tiber River. As aresult, Rome became a stopping place forpeople traveling north and south in westernItaly and for merchant ships sailing in thewestern Mediterranean.

How Did Rome Begin? Two different leg-ends describe how Rome began. The tradi-tional story is that twin brothers namedRomulus (RAHM • yuh • luhs) and Remus(REE •muhs) founded the city. As babies, the

boys were abandoned near the Tiber River.Rescued by a wolf and raised by a shep-herd, they decided to build a city in 753 B.C.The twins quarreled, however, and Remusmade fun of the wall his brother was build-ing. In a fury, Romulus lashed out at Remus

and killed him. Romulus went on tobecome the first king of Rome, thenew city he named after himself.

The seeds of Rome are tracedeven farther back in the Aeneid, afamous epic by the Roman poetVirgil. The Aeneid is the story of theTrojan hero Aeneas (ih • NEE • uhs).He and a band of followers are saidto have sailed the MediterraneanSea after the Greeks captured Troy.After many adventures, the Trojanslanded at the mouth of the Tiber.

Through warfare and then marriage to thelocal king’s daughter, Aeneas united theTrojans and some of the Latins (LA • tuhnz),the local people. He thus became the“father” of the Romans.

Historians are not sure how Romebegan. They think that Latins lived in thearea of Rome as early as 1000 B.C. They builthuts on Rome’s hills, tended herds, andgrew crops. Sometime between 800 B.C. and700 B.C., they decided to band together forprotection. It was this community thatbecame known as Rome.

Early Influences After about 800 B.C.,other groups joined the Romans in Italy.Two of these groups, the Greeks and theEtruscans (ih •TRUHS •kuhnz), played a majorrole in shaping Roman civilization.

Many Greeks came to southern Italyand Sicily between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C.,when Greece was busily building overseascolonies. From the Greeks, Romans learnedto grow olives and grapes. They alsoadopted the Greek alphabet, and they


The AeneidTwo legends describe the beginning of Rome.One says that after Troy was destroyed,Aeneas and the other Trojans went in search of another place to live.“Weeping, I drew awayfrom our old country. . . .I took to the open sea,borne outward into exilewith my people, my son,my hearth gods, and thegreater gods. . . . Nowmaking landfall underthe southwind there, Iplotted out on thatcurved shore the walls ofa colony—though fateopposed it—and Idevised the nameAeneadae for the people,from my own.”

—adapted from Virgil, Aeneid

What type of person do you think Aeneaswas to build a new city after having thefirst one destroyed?

Virgil

Francis Schroeder/SuperStock

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would eventually model their architecture,sculpture, and literature after the Greeks.

Rome’s early growth was influencedmost, however, by the Etruscans. TheEtruscans lived north of Rome in Etruria(ih •TRUR •ee •uh). After 650 B.C., they movedsouth and took control of Rome and most ofLatium.

The Etruscans were skilled metalwork-ers who became rich from mining andtrade. They forced enslaved people to dothe heaviest work and made their own livescomfortable. Their tomb paintings showmen and women feasting, dancing, andplaying music and sports. Some murals alsoshow bloody battle scenes, revealing theEtruscans’ pride in their military.

The Etruscans changed Rome from a vil-lage of straw-roofed huts into a city ofwood and brick buildings. They laid outstreets, temples, and public buildingsaround a central square. Etruscans alsotaught Romans a new style of dress, featur-ing short cloaks and togas—loose garmentsdraped over one shoulder. More impor-tantly, the Etruscan army would serve as amodel for the mighty army the Romanseventually assembled.

Explain How did geographyhelp the Romans prosper?

The Birth of a RepublicThe Romans created a republic and

conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they builtRome from a small city into a great power.Reading Focus Have you heard the phrase “winninghearts and minds”? It means convincing people to supportyou rather than just forcing them to obey. Read on to learnhow the Romans not only conquered other people in Italybut also won their hearts and minds.

The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than100 years. Under the Etruscans, Romebecame wealthy and powerful. However,the ruling family, called the Tarquins(TAHR •kwihnz), grew more and more cruel.

Finally, in 509 B.C., the Romans rebelled.They overthrew the Tarquins and set up arepublic (rih•PUH•blihk). A republic is a formof government in which the leader is not aking or queen but someone put in office bycitizens with the right to vote. In a republic,the citizens have the power. The rise of theRoman Republic marked the beginning of anew chapter in Rome’s history.

Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of daily life, such as religious ceremonies orpeople enjoying music and feasts. How did the Etruscans become wealthy?

Etruscanjewelry

(t)file photo, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY

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At the time Rome became a republic, itwas still a small city, surrounded by ene-mies. Over the next 200 years, the Romansfought war after war against their neigh-bors. In 338 B.C. they finally defeated theother Latins living nearby. Next theyattacked the Etruscans and defeated themin 284 B.C. By 267 B.C., the Romans had alsoconquered the Greeks in southern Italy.With this victory, the Romans became themasters of almost all of Italy.

Why Was Rome So Strong? Rome wasable to conquer Italy because the Romanswere excellent soldiers. In the republic’searly days, every male citizen who ownedland had to serve in the army. Disciplinewas harsh, and deserters were punished bydeath. The tough discipline helped moldRoman soldiers into fighters who did notgive up easily. In addition, they were prac-tical problem solvers.

For example, Roman armies at firstfought like Greek armies. Row upon row ofsoldiers marched shoulder to shoulder,keeping their shields together and holdinglong spears. Roman generals soon realizedthat this way of fighting was slow and hardto control. They reorganized their soldiersinto smaller groups called legions (LEE •juhnz). Each legion had about 6,000 men andwas further divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers. These small groups couldquickly cut through enemy lines.

Roman soldiers, or legionaries, werearmed with a short sword called a gladiusand a spear called a pilum. Each unit alsocarried its own standard—a tall poletopped with a symbol. In battle, standardshelped keep units together because the sol-diers could see them above the action.

Shrewd Rulers The Romans were not onlygood fighters but also smart planners. Asthey expanded throughout Italy, they builtpermanent military settlements in the areasthey conquered. Then they built roadsbetween these towns. These roads allowedtroops to travel swiftly to any place in theirgrowing territory.

To rule their new conquests, theRomans created the Roman Confederation.Under this system, Romans gave full citi-zenship to some peoples, especially otherLatins. They could vote and serve in thegovernment, and they were treated the


At first, the Roman army was made up of ordi-nary citizens. Later the army contained well-trained professional soldiers and was one of thebest fighting forces in the world. What was astandard, and why did the army carry them?

The long iron point on the

spear was made to bend after the spear was

thrown, preventing an enemy from

using it.

Shields were made from

sheets of wood glued together

and covered with leather or

cloth.

A soldier's armor was made of iron strips joined by leather ties.

Roman LegionaryRoman Legionary

Stock Montage

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Reading SummaryReview the • The Romans, a Latin-speaking

people, settled the region ofRome on the west side of Italy.The region’s geography, as well asEtruscan and Greek ideas, helpedRome grow.

• In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrewEtruscan rule and established arepublic. By about 275 B.C.,Roman legions had conqueredmost of Italy.

Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

1. Where did the Greeks live inItaly, and how did they influ-ence Roman civilization?

2. Describe the two legends thattell of the founding of Rome.Then describe how and whenRome was actually founded.

Critical Thinking3. Geography Skills Draw a

diagram like the one below. Listexamples of how geographydetermined Rome’s location.

4. Summarize Describe theRoman conquest of Italy.

5. Compare and ContrastHow did geography affect thedevelopment of civilization inGreece and Italy?

6. Expository Writing Write ashort essay discussing the rea-sons Rome was so successful inits conquest of Italy.

7. Taking NotesUse the blue subheads inSection 1 to create notesabout Rome’s beginnings. Listeach subhead on the left of aT-chart and details on theright.

What Did You Learn?


same as other citizens under the law. TheRomans granted other peoples the status ofallies.

Allies were free to run their own localaffairs, but they had to pay taxes to therepublic and provide soldiers for the army.The Romans made it clear that loyal alliescould improve their position and evenbecome Roman citizens.

With these policies, the Romans provedthemselves clever rulers. They knew thatconquered peoples would be more loyal tothe government if they were well treated.Rome’s generosity paid off. As a result, therepublic grew stronger and more unified.

All the same, Rome was not afraid touse force if necessary. If conquered peoplesrevolted against Roman rule, their resist-ance was swiftly put down.

Describe How did Romerule its new conquests?

The Location of Rome

This mosaic, or picture made from bits of stone,shows a group of Roman legionaries. Howmany soldiers made up a legion?

Prenestino Museum, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock

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Roman RepublicThe

What’s the Connection?Romans had suffered under cruel

Etruscan kings. When they had thechance to create their own govern-ment, they chose something verydifferent.

Focusing on the • Rome’s republic was shaped by a

struggle between wealthy landownersand regular citizens as it graduallyexpanded the right to vote. (page 269)

• Rome slowly destroyed the Carth-aginian Empire and took control ofthe entire Mediterranean region.(page 274)

Locating PlacesCarthage (KAHR• thihj)Cannae (KA• nee)Zama (ZAY• muh)

Meeting PeopleCincinnatus (SIHN•suh•NA•tuhs)Hannibal (HA•nuh•buhl)Scipio (SIH•pee•OH)

Building Your Vocabularypatrician (puh•TRIH•shuhn)plebeian (plih•BEE•uhn)consul (KAHN•suhl)veto (VEE•toh)praetor (PREE•tuhr)dictator (DIHK•TAY•tuhr)

Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Completea chart like the one below listing thegovernment officials and legislativebodies of the Roman Republic.

264 B.C.Punic WarsbeginSPAIN

ITALY

GREECE

Rome

Carthage

450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.


Officials Legislative Bodies

146 B.C.Rome destroysCarthage

451 B.C.Romans adopt theTwelve Tables

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Rome’s GovernmentRome’s republic was shaped by a strug-

gle between wealthy landowners and regular citi-zens as it gradually expanded the right to vote.Reading Focus Do you know where our word republic comes from? It is made up of two Latin wordsmeaning “thing of the people.” Read on to learn aboutthe republican government that early Romans created.

Early Romans were divided into twoclasses: patricians and plebeians. The patricians (puh • TRIH • shuhnz) were wealthylandowners. These nobles made up Rome’sruling class. Most of Rome’s people, how-ever, were plebeians (plih • BEE • uhnz). Thisgroup included artisans, shopkeepers, andowners of small farms.

Both patrician and plebeian men wereRoman citizens. They had the right to voteand the responsibility to pay taxes andserve in the army. However, plebeians hadless social status. Marriage between mem-bers of the two classes was forbidden.Plebeians also lacked an important politicalright: they could not hold public office.

How Did Rome’s Government Work?Rome had a tripartite, or three-part, govern-ment. One group of people ran the govern-ment, another group made laws, and a thirdgroup acted as judges. It had checks andbalances so that one group could not get toostrong, but it did not separate powers likeour government does today. In the RomanRepublic, the top government officials were

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0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

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Growth of the Roman Republic 500–146 B.C.

During the early years of theRepublic, Rome gained territoryaround the Mediterranean Sea.1. What major islands did Rome

conquer?2. Why do you think Rome did not

expand farther north?Roman consul

Rome, 500 B.C.

Territory added by 264 B.C.

Territory added by 146 B.C.

KEY

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Mic

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Hol

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the consuls (KAHN • suhlz). Two consuls—both patricians—were chosen every year.They headed the army and ran the govern-ment. Because they served such shortterms, there was little risk that they wouldabuse their power. The consuls also kepteach other in line because each could veto(VEE • toh), or reject, the other’s decision. Theword veto is Latin for “I forbid.” Rome hadother important officials called praetors(PREE • tuhrz). Their main job was to interpretthe law and act as judges in court. Variousother officials performed specializedduties–keeping tax records, handling publicfestivals, and so forth.

Rome’s most important legislative, orlawmaking, body was the Senate. This wasa select group of 300 patrician men whoserved for life. In the beginning, the Senateonly gave advice to the consuls. Over time,the power of the Senate grew. By the 200s B.C., it could also propose laws, holddebates, and approve building programs.

Another legislative body was theAssembly of Centuries. It elected consulsand praetors, and passed laws. Like theSenate, the Assembly of Centuries wasunder the control of the patricians.

Plebeians Against Patricians As you mightexpect, plebeians complained about havingso little power in the Roman Republic. Afterall, they fought alongside patricians in thearmy, and their tax payments helped therepublic thrive.

Eventually, the plebeians took action tobring about change. In 494 B.C. many ple-beians went on strike. They refused to servein the army. They also left the city to set up arepublic of their own. These moves fright-ened the patricians into agreeing to sharepower.

In 471 B.C. the plebeians were allowed toset up their own body of representatives,called the Council of the Plebs. The assemblyelected tribunes who brought plebeian con-cerns to the government’s attention. The trib-unes also won the right to veto governmentdecisions. In 455 B.C. plebeians and patricianswere allowed to marry, and in the 300s B.C.,plebeians were allowed to become consuls.

The most far-reaching political reformcame in 287 B.C. In that year, the Council ofthe Plebs finally gained the power to passlaws for all Romans. Now all male citizenshad equal political standing, at least in the-ory. In practice, a few wealthy patrician fam-ilies still held most of the power, and womenremained without a voice in government.


A Roman TriumphSometimes military leaders returning toRome after a victory took part in a greatparade called a triumph. “Thus arrayed [decora-tively dressed], theyentered the city, hav-ing at the head of theprocession the spoilsand trophies and fig-ures representing thecaptured forts, cities,mountains, rivers,lakes, and seas—everything, in fact,that they had taken. . . .[When] . . . the victori-ous general arrived at the Roman Forum . . . herode up to the Capitol. There he performed certainrites and made offerings.”

—Zonaras, “A Roman Triumph”

Why do you think the military leaders andtheir troops were dressed decorativelybefore the triumph?

Roman soldiers

Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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Roman Dinner Parties Before Romebecame a powerful empire, Romans ate simple meals of porridge, driedvegetables, and greens. People rarelyate meat or seafood. After Rome’sconquests, the dining habits of wealthyRomans changed. Newly rich Romansshowed off their wealth with expensivefeasts that included exotic foods andlively entertainment for their guests.

At Roman dinner parties, guestsreclined on couches. The enslavedservants served the food, which wouldbe carried into the banquet room ongreat silver platters. Roman dishesmight include boiled stingray garnishedwith hot raisins; boiled crane withturnips; or roast flamingo cooked withdates, onions, honey, and wine.

A wealthy Roman womanreclining on a couch

Connecting to the Past1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome

became wealthy and powerful?

2. Describe how their eating habits changed.

The Roman Republic had become more rep-resentative, but it was far from a full-fledgeddemocracy.

Who Was Cincinnatus? An unusual fea-ture of the Roman Republic was the officeof dictator (DIHK • tay • tuhr). We define a dic-tator today as an oppressive ruler withcomplete control over the state. Roman dic-tators also had complete control, but theyserved the people and ruled on a temporarybasis during emergencies. The Senateappointed a dictator in times of great dan-ger. As soon as the danger was past, Romandictators gave up their power.

The best-known early Roman dictator isCincinnatus (SIHN • suh • NA • tuhs). About 460 B.C., a powerful enemy had surroundeda Roman army. Officials decided that thecrisis called for a dictator and thatCincinnatus was the man for the job. Theofficials found Cincinnatus plowing hisfields. A loyal and devoted citizen,Cincinnatus left his farm and gathered anarmy. He defeated the enemy in short orderand returned to Rome in triumph.Although he probably could have contin-ued ruling, Cincinnatus did not wantpower. Having done his duty, he returnedto his farm a mere 15 or 16 days later.

Romans strongly believed in civic duty,or the idea that citizens have a responsibilityto help their country. Cincinnatus waswidely admired for his civic duty in his owntime and in later ages. George Washington,for one, took inspiration from his example.Like Cincinnatus, Washington was a farmerwhen he was asked to head an army: theContinental Army in the American War forIndependence. After leading the Americansto victory, Washington returned to his plan-tation home. Only later, and with somereluctance, did he agree to become the firstpresident of the United States.

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LUCIUS QUINCTIUS

CINCINNATUSc. 519–438 B.C.

The loyal devotion of Cincinnatus greatly

impressed the Roman historian Livy. In his

History of Rome, Livy advised his readers to

listen to the worthwhile story of Cincinnatus,

whose virtue rose high above any rewards

that wealth could bring.

According to Livy, Cincinnatus lived in

Rome but owned and worked a four-acre field

on the other side of the Tiber River. On the

day that the officials looked for Cincinnatus,

they found him hard at work in his field,

covered with dirt and sweat. Cincinnatus was

surprised when the officials asked him to put

on his toga and listen as they explained the

wishes of the Roman Senate

The officials explained the emergency

situation to Cincinnatus. He agreed to the

Senate’s request that he become a dictator.

Cincinnatus and the officials crossed the

Tiber River to Rome. The next morning,

before daylight, Cincinnatus went to the

Forum and gathered his forces to attack

the enemy.

The story of Cincinnatus was

important to the ancient Romans for

several reasons. He was victorious in

battle and yet quickly gave up the

dictatorship. Perhaps more impor-

tantly, he did his civic duty by

responding to a call to serve.

Cincinnatus is asked to lead Rome.

“The city was in the grip of fear.”

—Livy, The Rise of Rome

Name a modern-day leader that you think

historians will write about with great

admiration. Explain why.

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Roman Law One of Rome’s chief gifts tothe world was its system of law. The legalsystem of the United States owes much tothe Roman system.

Rome’s first code of laws was the TwelveTables, adopted about 451 B.C. Before this time, Rome’s laws were not writtendown. As a result, plebeians claimed thatpatrician judges oftenfavored their own class.They demanded that thelaws be put in writing foreveryone to see.

The patricians finallyagreed. They had the lawscarved on bronze tabletsthat were placed inRome’s marketplace, orthe Forum (FOHR • uhm).The Twelve Tables becamethe basis for all futureRoman laws. They estab-lished the principle thatall free citizens had theright to be treated equallyby the legal system.

The Twelve Tables, however, appliedonly to Roman citizens. As the Romans tookover more lands, they realized that newrules were needed to solve legal disputesbetween citizens and noncitizens. They cre-ated a collection of laws called the Law ofNations. It stated principles of justice thatapplied to all people everywhere.

These standards of justice included ideasthat we still accept today. A person was seenas innocent until proven guilty. Peopleaccused of crimes could defend themselvesbefore a judge. A judge had to look at theevidence carefully before making a decision.

The idea that the law should apply toeveryone equally and that all people shouldbe treated the same way by the legal system

is called the “rule of law.” In the age of Rome,the rule of law was still a new idea. In manylands, people at the top of society often hadspecial privileges and did not have to obeythe same laws or use the same courts as peo-ple lower down. In some places, people at thebottom of society did not have any legalrights at all. The rule of law is one of the keyideas that the Romans gave to the world. It isstill the basis of our legal system today.

Contrast Before 471 B.C.,what right did patricians have that plebeians did not?


Twelve Tables c. 451 B.C.

The Twelve Tables were laws writtenon tablets that described the rightsof each person in the Roman Republic.The laws were the first set of rules to govern Rome. Writing the lawsdown and putting them on publicdisplay ensured that everyone knew the laws and that judges didnot apply the laws differently todifferent people.

The laws on the Twelve Tablesexplained a person’s rights concerningproperty, wills, public behavior, familylaw, and court actions. The TwelveTables were the first step toward equal rights for citizens of all classesin ancient Rome. They were also a first step toward the idea of the ruleof law that we still uphold today.

These bundles ofrods and axes,called fasces,symbolized thelegal authority ofRoman leaders.

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Rome ExpandsRome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian

Empire and took control of the entire Mediterraneanregion. Reading Focus When you achieve a victory—whetherit is in academics, sports, or some other field—do youthen strive for more success? That may have been howthe Romans felt once they had taken over Italy. Read onto learn how they continued to expand their power.

While Rome developed its government,it also faced challenges abroad. The Romanshad completed their conquest of Italy.However, they now faced a powerful rival inthe Mediterranean area. This enemy was thestate of Carthage (KAHR• thihj) on the coast ofNorth Africa. It had been founded around

800 B.C. by the Phoenicians. As you learnedearlier, the Phoenicians were sea traders fromthe Middle East.

Carthage ruled a great trading empirethat included parts of northern Africa andsouthern Europe. By controlling the move-ment of goods in this region, Carthagemade itself the largest and richest city in thewestern Mediterranean.

The First Punic War Both Carthage andRome wanted to control the island of Sicily.In 264 B.C. the dispute brought the twopowers to blows. The war that began in 264 B.C. is called the First Punic War.Punicus is the Latin word for “Phoenician.”The war started when the Romans sent anarmy to Sicily to prevent a Carthaginian

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The Punic Wars 264 –146 B.C.

After winning the Second PunicWar, Rome became the strongestMediterranean power.1. From what direction did Hannibal

attack Rome?2. Why do you think Hannibal took

the route he did instead of sailingstraight across to Rome?

Rome at the start of1st Punic WarCarthaginian EmpireHannibal’s routeScipio’s routeBattle

KEY

MotionIn

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In December 218 B.C., Hannibal’s forces and the Roman army met in bat-tle near the Trebbia River in northern Italy. In a well-planned attack, theCarthaginian forces badly defeated the Romans. Hannibal made good useof his elephants in the attack, but most died following the battle. Atwhat other battle in Italy were the Romans defeated by Hannibal?

takeover. The Carthaginians, who alreadyhad colonies on the island, were deter-mined to stop this invasion.

Up until then, the Romans had foughttheir wars on land. However, they soonrealized they could not defeat a sea powerlike Carthage without a navy. They quicklybuilt a large fleet of ships and confrontedtheir enemy at sea. The war dragged on formore than 20 years. Finally, in 241 B.C.,Rome crushed Carthage’s navy off the coastof Sicily. Carthage was forced to leave Sicilyand pay a huge fine to the Romans. Theisland then came under Roman rule.

The Second Punic War To make up for itsloss of Sicily, Carthage expanded its empireinto southern Spain. Roman leaders were

not happy about Carthage gaining land onthe European mainland west of Rome. Theyhelped the people living in Spain rebelagainst Carthage. Of course, Carthaginianswere angry. To punish Rome, Carthage sentits greatest general, Hannibal (HA • nuh •buhl), to attack Rome in 218 B.C. This startedthe Second Punic War.

Hannibal’s strategy was to take thefighting into Italy itself. To do this,Hannibal gathered an army of about 46,000 men, many horses, and 37 elephants.He landed his forces in Spain and thenmarched east to attack Italy.

Even before reaching Italy, Hannibal’sforces suffered severe losses crossing thesteep, snowy Alps into Italy. The brutalcold, gnawing hunger, and attacks by

275

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Reading SummaryReview the • During the Roman Republic, the

government changed as the ple-beians, or lower classes, and thepatricians, or ruling class, strug-gled for power.

• Beginning in 264 B.C., Romefought and won a series of warswith Carthage and other powersand gained control of theMediterranean region.

1. Who were the top governmentofficials in the Roman Republic,and what were their duties?

2. What does mare nostrummean, and why did the Romansuse the term?

Critical Thinking3. Sequencing Information

Draw a diagram to describe the sequence of events fromthe start of the First Punic Warto the start of the SecondPunic War.

4. Geography Skills Where wasCarthage located, and why didit compete with Rome?

5. Summarize What other conquests did Rome carry out during the period of thePunic Wars?

6. Evaluate Why do you thinkthe legacy of Roman law isconsidered so important?

7. Persuasive Writing Write aspeech demanding equal rightsfor plebeians in the earlyrepublic.

What Did You Learn?



RomeInvadesSicily

mountain tribes killed almost half of thesoldiers and most of the elephants. Theremaining army, however, was still a pow-erful fighting force when it reached Italy.

The Romans suffered a severe loss in216 B.C. at the Battle of Cannae (KA •nee) insouthern Italy. Even though Hannibal’s armywas outnumbered, it overpowered the Ro-man force and began raiding much of Italy.

The Romans, however, raised anotherarmy. In 202 B.C. a Roman force led by ageneral named Scipio (SIH • pee • OH) in-vaded Carthage. Hannibal, who was wag-ing a war in Italy, had no choice but toreturn home to defend his people.

At the Battle of Zama (ZAY•muh), Scipio’stroops defeated the Carthaginians. Carthagegave up Spain to Rome. It also had to give upits navy and pay a large fine. Rome nowruled the western Mediterranean.

More Conquests While Carthage was nolonger a military power, it remained atrading center. In 146 B.C. Rome finallydestroyed its great rival in the Third PunicWar. Roman soldiers burned Carthage andenslaved 50,000 men, women, and chil-dren. Legend says that the Romans evenspread salt on the earth so no crops wouldgrow. Carthage became a Roman province,or regional district.

During the Punic Wars, Rome success-fully battled states in the eastern Med-iterranean. In 148 B.C. Macedonia cameunder Roman rule. Two years later, the restof Greece became Roman. In 129 B.C. Romegained its first province in Asia. It was nowonder that the Romans began to call theMediterranean mare nostrum—”our sea.”

Describe How did Romepunish Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War?

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The Fall of the Republic

82 B.C.Sulla becomes dictator ofRome

44 B.C.Group ofsenators murderJulius Caesar

27 B.C.Octavianbecomes Rome’sfirst emperorASIA

MINOR

GAUL

ITALY

GREECE

SPAIN Rome

100 B.C. 60 B.C. 20 B.C.100 B.C. 60 B.C. 20 B.C.

What’s the Connection?By the end of the Third Punic

War, Rome ruled the Mediterraneanworld. All was not well, however.Closer to home, the republic facedincreasing dangers that would soonlead to its end.

Focusing on the • The use of enslaved labor hurt

farmers, increased poverty andcorruption, and brought the armyinto politics. (page 278)

• Military hero Julius Caesar seizedpower and made reforms. (page 280)

• The Roman Republic, weakened bycivil wars, became an empire underAugustus. (page 282)

Locating PlacesRubicon (ROO•bih•KAHN)Actium (AK•shee•uhm)

Meeting PeopleJulius Caesar

(jool•yuhs SEE•zuhr)Octavian (ahk•TAY•vee•uhn)Antony (AN•tuh•nee)Cicero (SIH•suh•ROH)Augustus (aw•GUHS•tuhs)

Building Your Vocabularylatifundia (LA•tuh•FUHN•dee•uh)triumvirate (try•UHM•vuh•ruht)

Reading StrategyFinding the Main Idea Use a chart likethe one below to identify the main ideasof Section 3 and supporting details.

Main Idea

Supporting Supporting SupportingDetail Detail Detail

Supporting Supporting SupportingDetail Detail Detail

F

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Trouble in the RepublicThe use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,

increased poverty and corruption, and brought thearmy into politics.Reading Focus Poverty, corruption, unemployment,crime, and violence are problems we hear about today.Read on to learn how the Romans struggled with thesesame issues 2,000 years ago.

Rome’s armies were victorious wher-ever they went. Yet problems were buildingat home. Dishonest officials stole money,and the gap between rich and poor wasgrowing. Thousands of farmers faced ruin,and the cities were becoming overcrowdedand dangerous.

Rich Versus Poor As you read in Section 2,most of the people who ruled Rome werepatricians—rich people who owned largefarms. These rich landowners ran the Senateand held the most powerful governmentjobs. They handled Rome’s finances anddirected its wars. Despite some gains for theplebeians, many people became veryunhappy about this situation.

Rome had few privileged citizens com-pared with the many Romans who farmedsmall plots of land. In the 100s B.C., how-ever, these farmers were sinking intopoverty and debt. Why? Many of them hadbeen unable to farm because they werefighting in Rome’s wars. Others had suf-fered damage to their farms duringHannibal’s invasion of Italy.

Moreover, small farmers could not com-pete with wealthy Romans who were buy-ing up land to create latifundia (LA • tuh •FUHN • dee • uh), or large farming estates.These rich landowners used a new sourceof labor—the thousands of prisonersbrought to Italy during the wars. By usingthese enslaved people to tend their crops,wealthy Romans could force owners ofsmall farms out of business.

Faced with debts they could not payoff, many farmers sold their land andheaded to the cities, desperate for work.However, jobs were hard to find. Enslavedpeople did most of the work. If free menwere lucky enough to be hired, theyearned low wages. These conditions cre-ated widespread anger.


This image shows Romans farming their land. Why were Roman farmersbecoming poor in the 100s B.C.?

The Art Archive/Archeological Museum Aquileia/Dagli Orti

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Roman politicians were worried aboutriots breaking out, but they quickly turnedthe situation to their advantage. To win thevotes of the poor, they began providingcheap food and entertainment. This policyof “bread and circuses” helped many dis-honest rulers come to power.

Why Did Reform Fail? Not all wealthy peo-ple ignored the problems facing the RomanRepublic. Two prominent officials whoworked for reforms were Tiberius and GaiusGracchus (GRA•kuhs). These brothers thoughtthat many of Rome’s problems were causedby the loss of small farms. They asked theSenate to take back public land from the richand divide it among landless Romans.

Many senators, however, were amongthose who had claimed parcels of publicland. Putting their own interests above thegeneral welfare, they fought the Gracchusbrothers’ proposals. A band of senators evenwent so far as to kill Tiberius in 133 B.C.Twelve years later, Gaius met the same fate.These were dark days for the RomanRepublic, when the people charged withmaking and upholding the laws could soshockingly violate them.

The Army Enters Politics Matters onlyworsened as the Roman army took on a newrole. Until now, the army had mostly stayedout of government affairs. Things changedwhen a military leader named Mariusbecame consul in 107 B.C. Previously, mostsoldiers were owners of small farms. Nowbecause this type of farmer was disappearing,Marius began to recruit soldiers from the

poor. In return for their service, he paidthem wages and promised them the onething they desperately wanted—land.

Marius changed the Roman army fromcitizen volunteers to paid professional sol-diers. The new troops, however, weremotivated by material rewards rather thana sense of duty. They felt loyal to theirgeneral, not to the Roman Republic. Thisgave individual generals a great deal ofinfluence and good reason to becomeinvolved in politics. They needed to getlaws passed that would provide the landthey had promised their soldiers.

Marius’s new military system led tonew power struggles. It was not long beforeMarius faced a challenge from a rival gen-eral with his own army, a man named Sulla.In 82 B.C. Sulla drove his enemies out ofRome and made himself dictator.

Over the next three years, Sulla changedthe government. He weakened the Councilof the Plebs and strengthened the Senate.Then he stepped down from office. Hehoped that the Roman Republic could healits wounds and recapture its glory. Instead,Rome plunged into an era of civil wars forthe next 50 years. Ambitious men saw howSulla used an army to seize power. Theydecided to follow the same path.

Explain What change didMarius make to the Roman army?

Tiberius Gracchus(left) and hisbrother Gaiusbelieved that mov-ing poor Romansfrom the city tofarms would helpsolve the republic’sproblems. What happened to theGracchus brothers?

Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 8—Student Web Activity tolearn more about the rise of Rome.

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Julius CaesarMilitary hero Julius Caesar seized

power and made reforms.Reading Focus Did you know that George Washington,Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor,Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower all com-manded armies before becoming president? Read tolearn about a famous Roman who made a similar jumpfrom military leader to political leader.

After Sulla left office, different Romanleaders battled for power, supported bytheir loyal armies. In 60 B.C. three men wereon top: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar(jool • yuhs SEE • zuhr). Crassus was a mili-tary leader and one of the richest men inRome. Pompey and Caesar were not as rich,but both were successful military men.Drawing on their wealth and power, theyformed the First Triumvirate to rule Rome.A triumvirate (try • UHM • vuh • ruht) is apolitical alliance of three people.

Caesar’s Military Campaigns The mem-bers of the Triumvirate each had a militarycommand in a remote area of the republic.Pompey was in Spain, Crassus in Syria, andCaesar in Gaul (modern France). While inGaul, Caesar battled foreign tribes andinvaded Britain. He became a hero toRome’s lower classes. Senators and othersback home in Rome feared that Caesar wasbecoming too popular and might seizepower like Sulla.

After Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C., the Senate decided that Pompeyshould return to Italy and rule alone. In 49 B.C. the Senate ordered Caesar to give uphis army and come home. Caesar faced adifficult choice. He could obey the Senateand perhaps face prison or death at thehands of his rivals, or he could march onRome with his army and risk a civil war.

Caesar decided to hold on to his 5,000loyal soldiers. He marched into Italy bycrossing the Rubicon (ROO • bih • KAHN), a

A scene showing a battle between Romans and Gauls

Pompey

Caesar

Crassus

Caesar was part of the First Triumvirate,whose members are shown below.

Caesar’s Rise to PowerCaesar’s Rise to Power

(tl)Archaeological Museum, Venice/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (bl)Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

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Caesar crossing the Rubicon

Brutus (left) was one ofthe senators who killedCaesar. Antony (above)supported Caesar andhis nephew Octavianand fought againstCaesar’s assassins.

small river at the southern boundary of hiscommand area. By doing so, Caesar knewthat he was starting a civil war and that therewas no turning back. The phrase “crossingthe Rubicon” is used today to mean makinga decision that you cannot take back.

Pompey tried to stop Caesar, but Caesarwas the better general. He drove Pompey’sforces from Italy and then destroyedPompey’s army in Greece in 48 B.C.

Caesar’s Rise to Power In 44 B.C. Caesarhad himself declared dictator of Rome forlife. This broke with the Roman traditionthat allowed dictators to hold power foronly short periods of time. To strengthen hishold on power, Caesar filled the Senate withnew members who were loyal to him.

At the same time, Caesar knew thatreforms were needed. He granted citizen-ship to people living in Rome’s territoriesoutside the Italian peninsula. He started newcolonies to provide land for the landless andcreated work for Rome’s jobless people. Heordered landowners using slave labor to hire

more free workers. These measures madeCaesar popular with Rome’s poor.

Caesar also created a new calendar with12 months, 365 days, and a leap year. TheJulian calendar, as it was called, was usedthroughout Europe until A.D. 1582. Thatyear it was modified slightly to become theGregorian calendar. This calendar, based onthe birth of Christ, has been used in theUnited States since its beginning and isused by most countries in the world today.

While many Romans supported Caesar,others did not. His supporters believed hewas a strong leader who brought peace andorder to Rome. His enemies, however,feared that Caesar wanted to be king. Theseopponents, led by the senators Brutus andCassius, plotted to kill him. Caesar ignoreda famous warning to “beware the Ides ofMarch” (March 15). On that date in 44 B.C.,Caesar’s enemies surrounded him andstabbed him to death.

Explain Why did Brutus,Cassius, and others kill Caesar?

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Rome Becomes an EmpireThe Roman Republic, weakened by civil

wars, became an empire under Augustus.Reading Focus Have you ever been in a traffic jamand wished that a police officer would show up to getthings moving? Read on to learn how Romans wel-comed the arrival of a strong new ruler.

Caesar’s death plunged Rome intoanother civil war. On one side were forcesled by the men who had killed Caesar. Onthe other side was Caesar’s grandnephewOctavian (ahk • TAY • vee • uhn), who hadinherited Caesar’s wealth, and two ofCaesar’s top generals, Antony (AN • tuh •nee) and Lepidus. After defeating Caesar’sassassins, these three men created theSecond Triumvirate in 43 B.C.

The Second Triumvirate The members ofthe Second Triumvirate began quarrelingalmost at once. Octavian soon forcedLepidus to retire from politics. Then thetwo remaining leaders divided the Romanworld between themselves. Octavian tookthe west; Antony took the east.

In short order, though, Octavian andAntony came into conflict. Antony fell inlove with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VIIand formed an alliance with her. Octaviantold the Romans that Antony, withCleopatra’s help, planned to make himselfthe sole ruler of the republic. This alarmedmany Romans and enabled Octavian todeclare war on Antony.

In 31 B.C., at the Battle of Actium (AK •shee • uhm) off the west coast of Greece,Octavian crushed the army and navy ofAntony and Cleopatra. The couple then fledto Egypt. A year later, as Octavian closed in,they killed themselves. Octavian, at the ageof 32, now stood alone at the top of theRoman world. The period of civil wars was

over, but so was the republic. Octavianwould lay the foundation for a new systemof government—the Roman Empire.

Who Was Augustus? Octavian couldhave made himself dictator for life, likeJulius Caesar did. He knew, though, thatmany people favored a republican form ofgovernment. One such person was


Cicero Calls for War

This excerpt is from Cicero’s sixth speechabout the struggle between Octavian andAntony (Marcus Antonius):“Therefore, when I saw that a nefarious [evil] war was waged against the republic, I thoughtthat no delay ought to be interposed to our pursuit of Marcus Antonius;and I gave my vote thatwe ought to pursue with war that most audacious[bold] man, who . . . wasat this moment attack-ing a general of the Romanpeople. . . .I said further,that . . . thegarb of warshould beassumed by the citizens, inorder that all men mightapply themselves with moreactivity and energy to avenging the injuries of the republic.”

—Cicero, “The Sixth Oration ofM.T. Cicero Against

Marcus Antonius”

Why did Cicero want Rome to fightAntony?

Cicero

Bettmann/CORBIS

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Reading SummaryReview the • As the gap between the ruling

class and the poor in Romeincreased, a number of reformsfailed, and generals began togather power.

• Julius Caesar became dictatorand carried out reforms to aidRome’s poor. Later he was assas-sinated by members of theSenate.

• Caesar’s grandnephew Octaviandefeated Antony and Cleopatraand became Augustus, the firstRoman emperor.

1. What is a triumvirate?

2. Who was Cicero, and how didhe influence the writers of theUnited States Constitution?

Critical Thinking3. Understanding Cause and

Effect Draw a diagram like theone below. Fill in the chain ofeffects that was caused by thethousands of enslaved prison-ers that were brought to Italyfrom Rome’s many wars.

4. Summarize What reforms didthe Gracchus brothers suggest?

5. Analyze What was the “breadand circuses” policy, and howdid Roman politicians benefitfrom it?

6. Analyze What reforms didJulius Caesar put in place thatincreased his popularity withpoor and working-class Romans?

7. Persuasive Writing Imagineyou are a Roman citizen. Decidewhether you would have beenfor or against Julius Caesar’srise to power and his reforms.Then write a newspaper edito-rial explaining your views. Besure to include facts to supportyour opinions.

What Did You Learn?



Cicero (SIH • suh • ROH), a political leader,writer, and Rome’s greatest public speaker.Cicero had argued against dictators andcalled for a representative government withlimited powers.

Cicero’s speeches and books swayedmany Romans. Centuries later, his ideaswould also influence the writers of the UnitedStates Constitution.

Although Cicero did not live to see Octavianrule, he had supported him, hoping he wouldrestore the republic. In 27 B.C. Octavianannounced that he was doing just that.

He knew the Senate wanted this form ofgovernment. However, Octavian also knewthat the republic had been too weak to solveRome’s problems. Although he gave somepower to the Senate, he really put himself incharge. His title, imperator, translates to“commander in chief,” but it came to mean

“emperor.” Octavian also took the title ofAugustus (aw• GUHS • tuhs)—“the revered ormajestic one.” From this point on, he wasknown by this name.

Explain How did Octavian’sgovernment reflect the ideas of Cicero?

At the Battle of Actium, Octavian’s forcesdefeated those of Antony after Cleopatra’sships retreated. How did the Battle of Actiumaffect the history of Rome?

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284

Was Caesar a Reformer or a Dictator?

During his life, Julius Caesar was

greatly admired by many people. He was

also hated and feared by many others.

Some believed he was too ambitious—

exceptionally eager for fame and power—

and that his ambition would keep him

from acting in Rome’s best interest.

Was Caesar a great reformer or an

ambitious dictator? Those who saw him as

a great leader and reformer said that he

• won the support of his soldiers

through his military leadership

and strategy

• treated many of his defeated

enemies generously and

appointed some of them—

including Brutus—to gov-

ernment positions

• ended the rule of corrupt

Roman nobles

• brought order and peace to

Rome

• restored cities that had

been destroyed by the

republic

• strengthened and

expanded the state of

Rome

• started public jobs pro-

grams to aid the poor

• granted Roman citizen-

ship to people from for-

eign countries or states.

Great Reformer

The assassinationof Julius Caesar

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285

AmbitiousDictator

Caesar also had many enemies,

including some who had been his

friends. They saw Caesar as a dan-

gerous dictator and thought he was

taking advantage of his growing

power. They said that he

• became an enemy when he

refused to follow the Senate’s

order to return to Rome

• started a civil war that led

to the destruction of the

republic

• increased the number

of senators to add to his

number of supporters

• treated his defeated enemies

with cruelty

• punished those who wanted

to uphold the traditions and

laws of the republic

• weakened the Senate to gain

absolute power over Rome

• kept hidden any facts that did

not make him look brave and

intelligent

• sought glory for himself at the

expense of the republic.

285285285

Julius Caesar

Checking for Understanding1. Define ambition. Identify some

ways ambition can be a positivecharacteristic and some ways itcan be a negative characteristic.

2. What could Caesar have done toshow his enemies that he wasnot abusing his power?

3. Do you think Caesar was a greatleader and reformer or an ambi-tious dictator? Write a briefessay that explains how youview Caesar. Use facts to support your position.

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The Early Empire

What’s the Connection?You learned in Section 3 that

when Octavian became Augustus, theRoman world began to change. Therepublic gave way to an empire, andpeace and prosperity spreadthroughout the Mediterranean.

Focusing on the • By expanding the empire and

reorganizing the military andgovernment, Augustus created a newera of prosperity. (page 287)

• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,ports, and common currency madethe empire rich and prosperous.(page 290)

Locating PlacesRhine River (RYN)Danube River (DAN•YOOB)Puteoli (pyu•TEE•uh•LY) Ostia (AHS•tee•uh)

Meeting PeopleCaligula (kuh•LIH•gyuh• luh)Nero (NEE•roh)Hadrian (HAY•dree•uhn)

Building Your VocabularyPax Romana

(pahks roh•MAH•nah)aqueduct (A•kwuh•DUHKT)currency (KUHR•uhn•see)

Reading StrategyCause and Effect Use a chart like the one below to show the changesAugustus made in the Roman Empireand the effect of each change.

Causes Effects

A.D. 14Augustus dies

A.D. 96Rule of the GoodEmperors begins

A.D. 180Pax Romanaends

BRITAIN

GAULITALY GREECE

EGYPT

SPAIN

PALESTINE

Rome

A.D. 10 A.D. 110 A.D. 210A.D. 10 A.D. 110 A.D. 210


286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:08 PM Page 286

The Emperor AugustusBy expanding the empire and reorgan-

izing the military and government, Augustus cre-ated a new era of prosperity.Reading Focus What makes a good or bad leader?Think about this question as you read about Augustusand other Roman emperors.

Augustus paved the way for 200 years ofpeace and prosperity in Rome. The emperorswho followed him were not all good rulers,but they helped the Roman Empire reach itspeak. For centuries, the Mediterraneanregion had been filled with conflict. UnderAugustus and his successors, the region wasunder the control of one empire. A long eraof peace began with Augustus and lasteduntil A.D. 180. It was called the Pax Romana(pahks roh•MAH•nah), or “Roman Peace.”

What Did Augustus Achieve? Uponbecoming emperor in 27 B.C., Augustus setout to make the empire strong and safe. Toprovide security, he built a permanent, professional army of about 150,000 men—all Roman citizens. Augustus also created aspecial unit called the Praetorian Guard.

This force consisted of about 9,000 men incharge of guarding the emperor. ThePraetorian Guard later became very influ-ential in Roman politics.

Augustus’s legions conquered new ter-ritories and added vast stretches of north-ern Europe to the empire. All of Spain and Gaul came under Roman rule, as didland in what is today Austria, Hungary,Romania, and Bulgaria.

Meanwhile, Augustus rebuilt Rome withstately palaces, fountains, and splendid pub-lic buildings. “I found Rome a city of brick,”he boasted, “and left it a city of marble.” Thearts flourished as never before, and Augustusalso imported grain from Africa to feed thepoor. He knew that a well-fed populationwould be less likely to cause trouble.

Augustus devoted much of his energy toimproving Rome’s government. During hisreign, more than 50 million people lived inthe Roman Empire. To rule this huge popu-lation, Augustus appointed a proconsul, orgovernor, for each of Rome’s provinces.These new officials replaced the politicianswho had been chosen by the Senate.Augustus often traveled to the provinces tosee how the governors were doing.


The city of Rome at the height of the Roman Empire

Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library

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Augustus also reformed the Roman taxsystem. Previously, individual tax collectorspaid the government for the right to do thejob. To make their investment worthwhile,tax collectors were allowed to keep some ofthe money they gathered. Many of them,however, were dishonest and took too much.Augustus solved this problem by makingtax collectors permanent government work-ers. This change made the tax system fairer.

Augustus also reformed the legalsystem. He created a set of laws forpeople in the provinces who werenot citizens. As time passed, how-ever, most of these people gained cit-izenship. The laws of Rome thenapplied to everyone, although thelegal system generally stressed theauthority of the government overthe rights of the individual.

Who Came After Augustus?After ruling for almost 40 years,Augustus died in A.D. 14. No lawstated how the next emperor was to be chosen. Augustus, however,had trained a relative, Tiberius, to follow him. The next three emperors—Caligula(kuh •LIH •gyuh •luh), Claudius, and Nero (NEE •roh)—also came from Augustus’sfamily. They are called the Julio-Claudian emperors. Unfortunately,they were not all fit to lead.Tiberius and Claudius ruled capa-bly. Caligula and Nero, however,proved to be cruel leaders.

Mental illness caused Caligulato act strangely and to treat peoplecruelly. He had many people mur-dered, wasted a lot of money, andeven gave his favorite horse theposition of consul. Eventually, thePraetorian Guard killed him andput Claudius on the throne.

Nero was also a vicious man. Amongthose he had killed were his mother and twowives. He is best remembered for having“fiddled while Rome burned.” According tolegend, he was playing music miles fromRome when a fire destroyed much of the cityin A.D. 64. Eventually, he committed suicide.

Explain What did Augustusdo to make the empire safer and stronger?


Emperor Accomplishments

Tiberius 14–37 A.D.

Great military leader; regulated business to prevent fraud; kept Rome’s economy stable

Caligula 37–41 A.D.

Abolished sales tax; allowed people in exile to return; increased court system’s power

Claudius 41–54 A.D.

Built new harbor at Ostia and new aqueduct for Rome; conquered most of Britain

Nero 54–68 A.D.

Constructed many new buildings; gave slaves the right to file complaints; assisted cities suffering from disasters

The Julio-Claudian EmperorsThe Julio-Claudian Emperors

The four emperors who followed Augustuswere all relatives of Augustus.1. Under which emperor was Britain

conquered? 2. Conclude Why do you think the Roman

Empire remained at peace even with weakemperors such as Caligula and Nero?

(t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tc)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bc)The Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Dagli Orti, (b)The Art Archive/Staatliche Glypothek Munich/Dagli Orti

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AUGUSTUS63 B.C.–A.D. 14

Octavian was born to a wealthy family in a

small Italian town southeast of Rome. During his

youth, Octavian suffered a number of illnesses. He refused

to let his illnesses interfere with his life, however, showing

the determination that would later make him Rome’s first

emperor.

Octavian’s father was a Roman senator, but it was

Octavian’s great-uncle—Julius Caesar—who first

introduced Octavian to public life in Rome. In his late

teens, Octavian joined Caesar in Africa and then the

following year in Spain. At the age of 18, while Octavian

was studying at school, he learned that his great-uncle

had been murdered. In his will, Caesar had adopted

Octavian as his son. Caesar had also made Octavian his

heir—a position that Antony had assumed would be

his. Against his family’s advice, Octavian went to Rome

to claim his inheritance. By the time he reached Rome,

however, Antony had seized Caesar’s papers and

money and refused to give them to Octavian.With

remarkable political savvy for someone so young,

Octavian turned the situation around in his favor. He

won the hearts of Caesar’s soldiers and the

people of Rome by celebrating the public games

that Caesar had started.

In his rise to power and during his reign as

Emperor Augustus, Octavian pushed himself and

his loyal followers with relentless energy. In his

private life, however, he lived

simply and quietly and shunned

personal luxury. He was devoted

to his wife, Livia Drusilla, and

spent his spare time with her at

their home on the outskirts of

Rome.

289

Augustus

Augustus overcame the obstacles of illness and

political enemies to become a great emperor.

Can you think of any present-day individuals

who overcame obstacles to excel at something?

“I extended the frontiers of all the provinces of theRoman people.”

—Augustus, “Res Gestae: TheAccomplishments of Augustus”

Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers

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Unity and ProsperityRome’s system of roads, aqueducts,

ports, and common currency made the empire richand prosperous.Reading Focus Do you find that you are more pro-ductive when you are not worried about conflicts athome or school? Read to learn how the Roman Empireprospered during its time of peace.

After Nero committed suicide, Romepassed through a period of disorder untilVespasian, a general and one of Nero’s pro-consuls, took the throne. Vespasian restoredpeace and order. He put down several

rebellions in the empire, including theJewish rebellion in Palestine. Troops com-manded by his son Titus defeated the Jewsand destroyed the Jewish temple inJerusalem in A.D. 70.

During his reign, Vespasian began con-struction of the Colosseum—a hugeamphitheatre—in central Rome. His sonTitus, then his other son Domitian, ruledRome after he died. Both sons oversaw anera of growth and prosperity in Rome.During Titus’s reign, two disasters struckthe empire. The volcano Mount Vesuviuserupted, destroying the city of Pompeii,and a great fire badly damaged Rome.

Today, about 600,000 peoplelive near Mt.Vesuvius. Some peopleeven live on the volcano’s beautiful

green slopes. Scientists warn that thevolcano is overdue to erupt again and

suggest that people move away from thehighest-risk areas. Would you choose to live near

Mt.Vesuvius? Why or why not?

Living in the Shadow of Mt. Vesuvius

Ancient Pompeii was a busy port town. Itscitizens were going about their day on August 24,A.D. 79, when Mt.Vesuvius erupted and buriedthe town in volcanic ash. About 20,000people escaped, but thousands of othersdied. Not until centuries later—in the1500s—were the preserved ruins atPompeii discovered.

Mt. Vesuvius today

The ruins of Pompeii

290

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The “Good Emperors” At the beginningof the A.D. 100s, a series of rulers who werenot related to Augustus or Vespasian cameto power. These five emperors—Nerva,Trajan, Hadrian (HAY •dree •uhn), AntoninusPius, and Marcus Aurelius—are known asthe “good emperors.” They presided overnearly a century of prosperity, from A.D. 96to A.D. 180. Agriculture flourished, tradeincreased, and the standard of living rose.

During this time, the emperor came toovershadow the Senate more than everbefore. The five “good emperors” did notabuse their power, however. They wereamong the most devoted and capable rulersin Rome’s history. They improved Romanlife in many ways, naming trained officialsto carry out their orders.

Among the achievements of theseemperors were programs to help ordinarypeople. Trajan gave money to help poorparents raise and educate their children.Hadrian made Roman law easier to under-stand and apply. Antoninus Piuspassed laws to help orphans. All theemperors supported public build-ing projects. They built arches andmonuments, bridges and roads,and harbors and aqueducts. Anaqueduct (A • kwuh • DUHKT) is ahuman-made channel for carryingwater long distances.

A Unified Empire Later emperorscontinued to conquer new territoryfor Rome. The empire reached itslargest size under Trajan. It spreadwell beyond the Mediterranean,including Britain in the north andpart of Mesopotamia in the east.

Trajan’s successors, however, realizedthat the empire had grown too big to ruleeffectively. Hadrian began to pull back. Heremoved troops from most of Mesopotamia.

Roman Aqueducts Transportingwater is a complex problem. Romanengineers solved it by buildingaqueducts. Roman aqueducts carriedwater across a valley or hillside usinggravity, aboveground stone arches, andunderground pipes made of stone orclay. Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226,11 aqueducts were built to bring waterto Rome from as far away as 57 miles.Once the water made it to Rome, itwas held in collecting tanks. Mostpeople gathered water from thesepublic tanks. Only the rich and high-ranking officials had private watertanks in their homes.

Many Roman aqueducts still standand are used today. Engineers in ancient

Persia, India, andEgypt built similarwater systemshundreds of yearsbefore theRomans. However,historians agreethat the Romanswere the greatestaqueduct buildersof the ancientworld.

Connecting to the Past1. How did the Romans transport water

to the city of Rome?

2. Why do you think that only therich and powerful had private watersupplies?

Roman aqueduct

Ric

Erg

enbr

ight

286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:15 PM Page 291


N

S

WE

500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 mi.0

40°N

ASIAMINOR

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

SPAINITALY

GREECE

Rome

Carthage

N

S

WE


500 mi.0

40N

ASIAMINOR

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

SPAINITALY

GREECE

Rome

Carthage

N

S

WE


500 mi.0

40N

ASIAMINOR

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

SPAINITALY

GREECE

Rome

Carthage

Expanded theempire to its

largest size; builtmany new public

works

Promoted art andscience; built new

public works;passed laws to aid

orphans

In Europe, he set the empire’s northern boundaries at the Rhine River (RYN) andDanube River (DAN • YOOB). He also builtHadrian’s Wall across northern Britain tokeep out the Picts and Scots—two warlikepeople who lived in northern Britain.

In the A.D. 100s, the Roman Empire wasone of the greatest empires in history. Itincluded about 3.5 million square miles (9.1 million square km). Its people spoke dif-ferent languages—mostly Latin in the westand Greek in the east. They also practiceddifferent local customs. What unified the

empire, though, were Roman law, Romanrule, and a shared identity as Romans.

Roman culture had been carried intoevery province by the soldiers who protected the empire and by the officialssent to govern. The Romans were gener-ous in granting citizenship. In A.D. 212every free person was made a Roman citizen.

A Booming Economy Most people in theRoman Empire made a living from theland. Small farms dotted northern Italy. In

TrajanA.D. 98–117

Antoninus PiusA.D. 138–161

Extent of RomanEmpire, 146 B.C.

Extent of RomanEmpire, 44 B.C.

Extent of RomanEmpire, A.D. 14

Reformed land laws in favor of

the poor; revisedtaxes

NervaA.D. 96–98

Built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain;made Roman laws easier to

understand

HadrianA.D. 117–138

Helped unite the empire

economically;reformed

Roman law

Marcus AureliusA.D. 161–180

The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion

The “Good Emperors” of the Pax RomanaThe “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana

MotionIn

(l)Roma, Museo Nazion/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Staatliche Glypothek, Munich, Germany/E.T. Archive, London/SuperStock, (others)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS

286-294 Ch8 S4-875047 9/14/06 10:58 AM Page 292


southern and central Italy, latifundia, or large estates worked by enslaved people, were common. On these estatesand in the provinces of Gaul and Spain,farmers produced grapes and olives. Themaking of wine and olive oil became big business. In Britain and Egypt, thechief crops were grains. Bountiful harvestsfrom these regions kept Rome’s peoplewell fed.

Agriculture was the most importantpart of the economy, but industry wasimportant too. Potters, weavers, and jewelers

produced goods and cities became centersfor making glass, bronze, and brass.

Traders came from all over theempire—and beyond—to ports in Italy.Two of the largest port cities were Puteoli(pyu•TEE•uh• LY) on the Bay of Naples andOstia (AHS • tee • uh) at the mouth of theTiber. The docks were lively places. Luxuryitems, including silk goods from China andspices from India, poured in to satisfy therich. Raw materials, such as British tin,Spanish lead, and iron from Gaul, went tothe workshops of Roman cities.

From China

FromIndia

From

Africa

N

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500 km

500 mi.0


10°E0°10°W 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E

60°E

40°N

30°N

50°N

AFRICA

ASIAMINOR

SPICES

SPICES

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

CaspianSea

NorthSea

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Adriatic Sea

Rhine

R. Danube R.

TigrisR

.

Euphrates R.

Nile R.

RedSea

Corsica

Sardinia

Sicily

CreteCyprus

Hadrian’sWall

GAUL

SPAIN

BRITAIN

ITALY

GREECE

SYRIA

PALESTINE

ARABIAEGYPTAlexandria

Sidon

Byzantium

Athens

PuteoliOstia

Rome

Carthage

MassaliaTarraco

At its height, the Roman Empire had conqueredan area about the size of the United States.1. What feature made up the far northern border

of the Roman Empire?2. Describe in general the trade items that came

from the various regions of the empire.

Roman Empire,A.D. 200

Trade route

GlasswareGrain

HorsesMarbleMetals

Olive oil

SPICES

PerfumeSilk

SpicesTimberWild animals

Wine

WoolTraded goods:

KEY

286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/26/04 6:17 PM Page 293

Reading SummaryReview the • Augustus conquered new lands

and created a professional mili-tary and a system of proconsuls.He improved the tax system andthe legal system, ushering in thePax Romana.

• Under Vespasian, his sons, andthe five good emperors, Romanscontinued to be prosperous. Theybuilt an elaborate system ofroads and developed a commoncurrency that promoted tradeand economic growth.

1. What was the Pax Romana?

2. What products came from thefarms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain?

Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information

Draw a diagram like the onebelow. Add details about theimprovements and changesAugustus made to the RomanEmpire during his reign.

4. Sequencing InformationDescribe the sequence ofemperors who ruled Rome,from Augustus through the“Good Emperors.”

5. Analyze Why was Rome’screation of a common currencyimportant?

6. Evaluate Who do you thinkwas a more important leader,Julius Caesar or Augustus?Explain.

7. Creative Writing Write ashort play in which severalRoman citizens discuss one of the emperors mentioned in this section and his accomplishments.

What Did You Learn?



Roads and Money A good transportationnetwork was vital to the empire’s trade.During the Pax Romana, Rome’s system ofroads reached a total length of 50,000 miles(80,000 km). On the seas, the Roman navyhelped to rid the Mediterranean of pirates.Goods could be shipped more safely to andfrom Rome’s ports.

Rome’s trade was helped by a commoncurrency (KUHR • uhn • see), or system ofmoney. Roman coins were accepted through-out the Mediterranean region by A.D. 100.Merchants could use the same money in Gaulor Greece as they did in Italy. The Romansalso created a standard system of weights andmeasures. This made it easier for people toprice goods, trade, and ship products.

Ongoing Inequality The Roman Empire’sprosperity did not reach all of its people.

Shopkeepers, merchants, and skilled work-ers benefited from the empire’s trade. RichRomans built great fortunes and lived inluxury. However, most city dwellers andfarmers remained poor, and manyremained enslaved.

Identify Who were the“Good Emperors,” and what did they accomplish?

Changes Under Augustus

Roman coins could be used throughout most ofthe empire, making trade much easier. Howelse did Rome improve trade during the empire?

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The Fall of the Republic

The Early Empire

The Roman Republic

Rome’s Beginnings

Section

Section

Section

Section

Vocabularyrepublic legion

Vocabularypatrician plebeianconsulveto praetor dictator

Vocabularylatifundia triumvirate

VocabularyPax Romanaaqueduct currency

Focusing on the • Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization.

(page 263)

• The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating peoplefairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power. (page 265)

Focusing on the • Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between

wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it grad-ually expanded the right to vote. (page 269)

• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empireand took control of the entire Mediterranean region.(page 274)

Focusing on the • The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and

corruption, and brought the army into politics. (page 278)

• Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. (page 280)

• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire underAugustus. (page 282)

Focusing on the • By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government,

Augustus created a new era of prosperity. (page 287)

• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made theempire rich and prosperous. (page 290)


Roman consul

Study anywhere, anytime!Download quizzes and flash cardsto your PDA from glencoe.com.

Michael Holford

295-297 Ch8 CRA-875047 9/14/06 11:43 AM Page 295

www.glencoe.com

Taking Notes Note Taking18. Read the following paragraph from page 269. Take notes on the information by

making a T-chart.

Early Romans were divided into two classes: patricians andplebeians. The patricians were wealthy landowners. These noblesmade up Rome’s ruling class. Most of Rome’s people, however,were plebeians. This group included artisans, shopkeepers, andowners of small farms.

To review this skill, see pages 260–261.

Section 2 • The Roman Republic9. How did the roles of patricians and ple-

beians differ in Roman society?10. Explain how Rome gradually defeated the

Carthaginians. Section 3 • The Fall of the Republic11. How did slavery weaken the Roman

Republic? 12. How did Augustus change the Roman

Republic? Section 4 • The Early Empire13. Was Augustus a successful ruler? Explain

your answer. 14. How did the Roman Empire change dur-

ing the Pax Romana?

Critical Thinking15. Compare In the chapter, Cincinnatus is

compared to George Washington. Think ofanother person or character who is similar toCincinnatus. Explain how they are similar.

16. Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey? 17. Predict What do you think would have

happened if Hadrian had tried to furtherexpand the Roman Empire?

Review VocabularyEach of the following statements is false.Replace each word in italics with a word thatmakes the statement true. Write the correctwords on a separate sheet of paper. ___ 1. A legion is a form of government in

which the citizens choose their leader.___ 2. Patricians included artisans and

shopkeepers.___ 3. The judge in a Roman court case was a

consul.___ 4. In early Rome, the role of praetor lasted

only until a crisis had passed.___ 5. Large farming estates that used

enslaved people to tend crops werecalled aqueducts.

___ 6. A veto was a human-made channel forcarrying water.

Review Main IdeasSection 1 • Rome’s Beginnings

7. Describe the role geography played in therise of Roman civilization.

8. How did treating people fairly help Rometo increase its power?


295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 3/22/04 8:29 PM Page 296

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.19. Place Which areas did Rome control after

the Punic Wars? 20. Human/Environment Interaction What

does the building of Hadrian’s Wall sayabout the Picts and Scots?

21. Region Why was it important to theRomans to control Mediterranean lands?

Read to Write22. Persuasive Writing Suppose you were

working with Tiberius and Gaius to reformRome. Write a letter or speech thatexplains why reform is needed and whattypes of reforms should occur.

23. Using Your Use your foldableto write a series of questions about thechapter. With a partner, take turns askingand answering questions until you havereviewed the entire chapter.

Building Citizenship24. Making Connections Use the Internet

and your local library to research theTwelve Tables. Work with your classmatesto design a similar series of laws, andrecord them, using modern language. Howis your law code similar to and differentfrom the Twelve Tables?

Using Technology25. Creating Promotional Materials Use the

Internet to find at least five places relatedto ancient Rome that can be visited bytourists. Create a guidebook or brochureon the computer advertising these links tothe past and persuading people to visitthat area. Share your final product in areport to the class.

Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for theChapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com


N

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500 mi.0

40°N

30°N

10°E

0°

20°E 30°E

ASIAMINOR

RhineR

.

Danu be R.

Tigris R.Euphrates R.

Nile

R.

Black Sea

NorthSea

Mediterranean Sea

Red SeaCaspian

Sea

Hadrian’sWall

BRITAIN

GAULITALY

GREECE

EGYPT

AFRICA

SPAIN

SYRIAPALESTINE

Rome

Carthage Actium

AnalyzeAugustus wrote a historical documentdescribing his accomplishments. This passage is about his military leadership.“About 500,000 Roman citizens were undermilitary oath to me. Of these, when theirterms of service were ended, I settled incolonies or sent back to their own munici-palities a little more than 300,000, and toall these I allotted lands or granted moneyas rewards for military service.”

—Augustus, “Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus”

26. Why did Augustus give money to hisretired soldiers?

27. Why do you think Augustus did notexplain the reasons for his actions?

Rome after Punic Wars, 146 B.C.

Territory added by Caesar’s death, 44 B.C.

Territory added by Augustus’s death, A.D. 14Territory added by A.D. 130Battle site

KEY

Growth of Rome

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Documents

Chapter 8: The Rise of Rome - UMMSFeldman - Wikispaces 8 Rise of Rom… · Chapter 8, page 289 ... Journey Across Time Video Program. Rome’s Beginnings ... Read the first few pages