Chapter 9: Reformation & Late Renaissance

Protestantism

• Martin Luther– He protested against

the Catholic Church demanding that they reform(ation) their ways.• Problem

– Simony: Ministers buying their positions and being unqualified.

– Indulgences: Purchasing the removal of sin.

Protestantism

• Martin Luther– He published the 95

Theses pointing out changes that needed to be made in the church.• God and the Bible were the

ultimate authority, not the pope.• Bible should be written in

the vernacular.

Protestantism

• Calvinism– It was created by John

Calvin.– It proposed predestination,

the belief that God already knew those who were saved at birth.

Expansion

• The Americas– Discovered by

Christopher Columbus.– Financed by King

Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.

Expansion

• The Americas– Conquistadores

(Spanish for conquerors)• Hernan Cortes brought

in a horde of wealth (gold) from the Aztecs.• Francisco Pizarro

brought in tons of silver from the Incans.

Cortes

Pizarro

Expansion

• The Americas– Conquistadores (Spanish for conquerors)• European disease was what destroyed the Native

American population.

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– Northern painters

preferred to paint in oil.– Jan van Eyck was a

master of realism.

Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– Albrecht Durer was the first humanist painter in

the North and is known for his woodcuts and engravings.

Adoration of the Magi

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– Pieter Bruegel was the North’s first post-

Reformation painter.

Peasants

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– In Praise of Folly • It was written by Desiderius

Erasmus, a northern humanist thinker.• The work was an expose on the

vanity and corruption of Renaissance society.• It was regarded as the age’s

greatest satire.

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– Utopia• A book written by Thomas

More.• It described a mythical, perfect

society.

Expansion

• The Renaissance Moves North– Michel de Montaigne developed the essay.

The Elizabethan Age

• Anglican Church– King Henry VIII of England,

unable to divorce Catherine of Aragon (the pope refused to grant one), created his own church.

– Henry appointed himself as the head of the church and granted himself a divorce.

The Elizabethan Age

• Queen Elizabeth I of England– She came to power after

the death of her brother and sister.

– She solidified the power of the Anglican Church.

– She defended England against the invasion of the Spanish Armada.

The Elizabethan Age

• William Shakespeare– He is regarded as one of

the greatest writers of all time.

– He popularized blank verse, a five-stressed poetic line, also known as iambic pentameter.

The Elizabethan Age

• William Shakespeare– His plays popularized theatre and led to the

creation of the Globe Theatre.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Counter-Reformation– The creation of the Protestant Church caused the

Catholics to purge many of Luther’s earlier complaints.

– The ruling was known as the Council of Trent.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Counter-Reformation– The Jesuits (The Society of

Jesus)• It was an order created by

Ignatius of Loyola.• They acted as a type of

internal affairs organization within the Catholic Church.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Theatre & Music– Teatro Olimpico• This was a small scaled version of an ancient Roman

theater.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Theatre & Music– Teatro Olimpico• With the knowledge of the Camerata (a group of

Florentines who loved the ancient works) and its combination with music would lead to opera.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Theatre & Music– Giovanni Gabrieli

developed the concept of stereophonic dialog by using two brass choirs at the same time.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Mannerism– It was developed by the

master of color, Titian.– It is defined as using

exaggeration, distortion, and expressiveness in an elegant and inventive play on Renaissance conventions.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain

• Baroque– This style was

developed by Domeniko Theotocopoulos, El Greco.

– This style is defined as having a synthesis of mannerism and the style associated with the late Renaissance.