Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages

Chapter 9: Chapter 9: The High Middle AgesThe High Middle Ages

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 2: Holy Roman EmpireSection 2: Holy Roman EmpireSection 3: Europeans Look OutwardSection 3: Europeans Look OutwardSection 4: Learning, Literature, & The Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The ArtsArtsSection 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal Power

Summary:Summary: Strong monarchs in Strong monarchs in EnglandEngland & & FranceFrance

worked to increase their land holdings worked to increase their land holdings and to their power over their subjectsand to their power over their subjects


During the During the Middle AgesMiddle Ages, , kings, nobles, and the kings, nobles, and the ChurchChurch struggled for struggled for powerpower KingsKings slowly began to slowly began to

increase their powerincrease their power First, they expanded royal landsFirst, they expanded royal lands Kings then gave rights to Kings then gave rights to

townspeople and gained their townspeople and gained their loyaltyloyalty

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal Power EnglishEnglish and and FrenchFrench

Kings made government Kings made government strongerstronger In England kings created a In England kings created a

royal treasuryroyal treasury People paid taxes to the People paid taxes to the

king, not the noblesking, not the nobles

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal Power King Henry IIKing Henry II set up royal courts and a set up royal courts and a

system of common lawsystem of common law to broaden to broaden royal justiceroyal justice EnglishEnglish kings met with kings met with councilscouncils made up made up

of nobles and clergy for adviceof nobles and clergy for advice As time passed, the English As time passed, the English councilcouncil developed developed

into into ParliamentParliament Parliament Parliament won the right to approve taxeswon the right to approve taxes ParliamentParliament provided a balance to royal power provided a balance to royal power

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal Power In In FranceFrance, the ruling family made the , the ruling family made the

throne throne hereditaryhereditary, passing power , passing power from father to sonfrom father to son FrenchFrench kings also formed an alliance with kings also formed an alliance with

the Churchthe Church Rulers collected taxes, organized an army, Rulers collected taxes, organized an army,

and created an organized governmentand created an organized government Like English kings, French monarchs met Like English kings, French monarchs met

with with councilscouncils for advice for advice

Section 1: Growth of Royal PowerSection 1: Growth of Royal Power Important ideas about Important ideas about

government emerged in government emerged in EnglandEngland In In 12151215, , EnglishEnglish nobles nobles

forced forced King JohnKing John to sign a to sign a document called the document called the Magna Magna CartaCarta

The The Magna CartaMagna Carta gave rights gave rights to the peopleto the people

It stated that kings must obey It stated that kings must obey the lawthe law

These ideas are important in These ideas are important in governments todaygovernments today


Kings in England In Common King in France-Decide who can build castles and where-Force vassals to obey them-Establish common law so that all people can be treated the same-Collect records of who owns land

-Add to their lands-Set up organized governments-Collect taxes-Create a royal treasury-Set up royal courts and royal law

-Make throne hereditaryBecome allies with the Church-Organize an army-Take French lands from English king

During the Middle Ages, European monarchs strengthened their power by centralizing government and developing ties to the middle class

Section 2: Holy Roman EmpireSection 2: Holy Roman Empire Summary:Summary:

Conflicts with nobles and the Conflicts with nobles and the Roman Roman CatholicCatholic ChurchChurch preventedprevented Holy Holy RomanRoman EmperorsEmperors from unifying from unifying GermanyGermany

Section 2: Holy Roman EmpireSection 2: Holy Roman Empire After After CharlemagneCharlemagne died in 814, died in 814,

Germany split into many statesGermany split into many states Powerful nobles ruled the states Powerful nobles ruled the states In time, a German king was crowned In time, a German king was crowned

Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor Later Emperors tried to unify the EmpireLater Emperors tried to unify the Empire

However, conflicts with powerful German However, conflicts with powerful German nobles prevented the emperors from nobles prevented the emperors from succeedingsucceeding

Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont.Section 2: Holy Roman Empire Cont.

Emperors and Popes Emperors and Popes clashed over who had clashed over who had the right to pick the right to pick BishopsBishops The conflict continued The conflict continued

because most nobles because most nobles supported the Popesupported the Pope

Finally, in 1122, the Finally, in 1122, the Pope and emperor Pope and emperor reached a settlement reached a settlement about choosing Bishopsabout choosing Bishops


During the 1100s and 1200s, During the 1100s and 1200s, Holy Holy RomanRoman EmperorsEmperors tried to gain control tried to gain control of Italyof Italy However, the Pope and his Allies defeated However, the Pope and his Allies defeated

the emperorsthe emperors While the emperors focused attention on While the emperors focused attention on

Italy, German nobles grew more independentItaly, German nobles grew more independent While French and English kings grew While French and English kings grew

stronger, the rulers of Germany lost more stronger, the rulers of Germany lost more controlcontrol

Thus Germany stayed dividedThus Germany stayed divided


During the 1200s, the church was very During the 1200s, the church was very powerfulpowerful Pope Gregory VIIPope Gregory VII and and Pope Innocent Pope Innocent

IIIIII believed that the Pope should have believed that the Pope should have more power than any other rulermore power than any other ruler

Rulers who objected were Rulers who objected were excommunicatedexcommunicated

After the 1200s the power of the Pope After the 1200s the power of the Pope declineddeclined


Conflict:Conflict: Resolution:Resolution:Emperors and Popes both want to choose Church officials

They reach a CompromiseEmperor grants land to BishopsPope chooses Bishops and gives them spiritual power

Emperor and Pope fight over land in northern Italy

Pope and his Italian allies defeat Emperor

The Holy Roman emperor and the Pope struggled over important issues from the late 1000s to the 1200s

Section 3: Europeans Look OutwardSection 3: Europeans Look Outward

Summary:Summary: The The CrusadesCrusades brought changes and brought changes and

caused Europeans to learn more about caused Europeans to learn more about the the Middle East Middle East and and AsiaAsia


While Europe was still cut off from the While Europe was still cut off from the world, civilizations in other places world, civilizations in other places were thrivingwere thriving Islamic civilizationIslamic civilization stretched from the stretched from the

Middle EastMiddle East across across Northern AfricaNorthern Africa The The Byzantine empireByzantine empire was a rival to was a rival to

IslamIslam and and influencedinfluenced Greek Greek and and Russian religionRussian religion

The conflict between The conflict between IslamIslam and and ByzantiumByzantium would erupt into a period wars called the would erupt into a period wars called the CrusadesCrusades


In the 1050s, the In the 1050s, the Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks invaded the invaded the ByzantineByzantine empire and empire and conquered conquered PalestinePalestine The The PopePope called for Europeans to rescue called for Europeans to rescue

the Holy Lands from the Turksthe Holy Lands from the Turks For 200 years, thousands of knights fought For 200 years, thousands of knights fought

religious wars called the religious wars called the CrusadesCrusades In the end, the Crusaders failed to regain the In the end, the Crusaders failed to regain the

Holy LandHoly Land


However, the However, the CrusadesCrusades had major had major effects on Europeeffects on Europe People of different religions grew to hate People of different religions grew to hate

each othereach other Other effects were more positiveOther effects were more positive

Trade with the East increased, especially Trade with the East increased, especially from Italian port citiesfrom Italian port cities

Kings and Popes became more powerfulKings and Popes became more powerful

Section 3: Europeans Look OutwardSection 3: Europeans Look Outward Since nobles Since nobles

needed more needed more money to pay money to pay for armies, for armies, they allowed they allowed serfs to serfs to pay pay rent in moneyrent in money instead of instead of grain or laborgrain or labor


Europeans realized that there was Europeans realized that there was culture and civilization in far away culture and civilization in far away placesplaces Some Europeans, such as Some Europeans, such as Marco PoloMarco Polo, ,

traveled to far off landstraveled to far off lands


Religious wars also took place in Religious wars also took place in SpainSpain In In 14921492, the rulers , the rulers Ferdinand Ferdinand andand

IsabellaIsabella forced out the Muslims and forced out the Muslims and united Spainunited Spain The Spanish

then persecuted Jews and Muslims who refused to convert to Christianity

Section 3: Europeans Look OutwardSection 3: Europeans Look Outward Causes:Causes: Effects:Effects:-People wanted to free the Holy Land from Seljuk control-Many people want to get rich and gain new land-Some people want to see new places

-Trade Increases-People of different religions grow to hate each other-Popes become more powerful-Feudal kings become more powerful-Renting land helps to free serfs-Europeans become interested in travelingPeople learn about other cultures

Crusades

The Crusades helped to speed up changes in Europe and to open it up to new ideas

Section 4: Learning, Literature, & The ArtsSection 4: Learning, Literature, & The Arts

Summary:Summary: Improved Improved economic economic andand political political

conditions in Europe led to a conditions in Europe led to a revivalrevival of of learning during the learning during the High Middle AgesHigh Middle Ages


By the 1100s, By the 1100s, economiceconomic, , socialsocial, and , and politicalpolitical conditions in Europe had conditions in Europe had improvedimproved The change created a need for educationThe change created a need for education

The The ChurchChurch wanted a more educated clergy wanted a more educated clergy Rulers needed people who could read and write Rulers needed people who could read and write

to help run the governmentto help run the government Wealthy people wanted their sons to have Wealthy people wanted their sons to have

important jobsimportant jobs


The The Church Church set set up school s to up school s to train the clergy, train the clergy, but eventually but eventually laymenlaymen, or people , or people who were not who were not clergy, could clergy, could attendattend Some of these Some of these

schools became schools became the 1the 1stst universities universities

Women were not Women were not allowed to attend allowed to attend universitiesuniversities


During this period, new learning was During this period, new learning was reaching Europereaching Europe ScholarsScholars rediscovered rediscovered the ideas of the ideas of

ancient ancient GreeceGreece, , RomeRome, and the , and the MuslimMuslim world world


Important changes took Important changes took place in medieval place in medieval European literatureEuropean literature Writers began to use Writers began to use

everyday languages that everyday languages that ordinary people could ordinary people could understandunderstand

Authors such as, Authors such as, ChaucerChaucer wrote stories about warrior wrote stories about warrior heroes and ordinary people heroes and ordinary people that showed courage, that showed courage, humor, and moralityhumor, and morality


Popular literary works can give us an Popular literary works can give us an idea of what life must have been like idea of what life must have been like in the in the High Middle AgesHigh Middle Ages

Such as the Such as the legend of legend of King ArthurKing Arthur


Changes also took place in Changes also took place in architecturearchitecture Some architects built stone churches Some architects built stone churches

that looked like Roman fortressesthat looked like Roman fortresses This style was called This style was called RomanesqueRomanesque


Others built huge Others built huge GothicGothic Churches Churches with pointed arches, high ceilings, with pointed arches, high ceilings, and supports called and supports called Flying Flying ButtressesButtresses


Flying ButtressesFlying Buttresses


Stained glass windows and marble Stained glass windows and marble statues showed Bible stories to those statues showed Bible stories to those that could not readthat could not read


Life at a Medieval UniversityLife at a Medieval University

Wake up at 5

a.m. for prayers

Go to classes in cold rooms

with hard benches

Memorize mathematics, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic

Eat breakfast of soup and oatmeal at 10 a.m.

Go to afternoon classes until 5 p.m.

Have supper and study

Take oral exams

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis Summary:Summary:

The The Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages was a period of was a period of decline in Europe, marked by disease, decline in Europe, marked by disease, corruption, and warcorruption, and war

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis The The Late Middles AgesLate Middles Ages was a hard was a hard

time for Europeanstime for Europeans During the 1300s, a deadly disease called During the 1300s, a deadly disease called

the the Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague, or Black Death, , or Black Death, spread through Europespread through Europe

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis One out of every three people in One out of every three people in

Europe died of this diseaseEurope died of this disease

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis The economy fell apart because of the The economy fell apart because of the

loss of workers and rising pricesloss of workers and rising prices Landowners converted farmland to sheep Landowners converted farmland to sheep

pastures to avoid paying the high wages of pastures to avoid paying the high wages of farm workersfarm workers

Peasants who were thrown off of their Peasants who were thrown off of their farms rushed to towns, but found no jobsfarms rushed to towns, but found no jobs

People everywhere were scared and angryPeople everywhere were scared and angry Revolts all over Europe resultedRevolts all over Europe resulted

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis The The Roman Roman

CatholicCatholic ChurchChurch faced serious faced serious problemsproblems Its frightened Its frightened

followers needed followers needed comfortcomfort

But many priests But many priests and monks had died and monks had died from the plague, so from the plague, so the the ChurchChurch was was unable to helpunable to help

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis During this period, During this period, EnglandEngland and and FranceFrance

fought the Hundred Years’ Warfought the Hundred Years’ War The English King wanted French land and wanted to The English King wanted French land and wanted to

be king of Francebe king of France A young women named A young women named Joan of ArcJoan of Arc led the French led the French

to several victoriesto several victories

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis

The English captured The English captured Joan of ArcJoan of Arc and and burned her at the burned her at the stakestake Her execution inspired Her execution inspired

the French to win the the French to win the warwar

Later, the Later, the ChurchChurch made made Joan of Arc Joan of Arc aa saint saint

Section 5: A Time of CrisisSection 5: A Time of Crisis Hard Times During the Middle AgesHard Times During the Middle AgesFamine

-Crops fail-People starve

Black Death-Bubonic plague spreads from Asia to Europe-1 in 3 people die-Society and economy fall apart

Hundred Year’s War-English king wants to be king of France-Both England and France want French landThey fight for more than 100 yearsFrance defeats England

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Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages