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Thinking and Intelligence
• What type of thing would someone intelligent say?
• What type of thing would someone unintelligent say?
• Name 5 qualities about someone that would indicate intelligence.
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Reasoning and Rationality
• 1-Formal Reasoning
• 2-Informal Reasoning
• 3-Reflective Judgment
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Formal Reasoning
• It is the kind of thinking you find in an intelligence test.
• The information needed for reaching a solution is specified clearly.
• There is a single right or best answer.
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Formal Reasoning1-Algorithm
• A set of procedures guaranteed to produce a solution even if you don’t really know how it works.
• Example:• To solve a problem in long division you just
apply a series of operations that you have learned.
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Formal Reasoning2-Logic
• Deductive Reasoning• Drawing conclusions
from a set of observations or premises.
• If the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
• Inductive Reasoning• Draw conclusions but
could be conceivably wrong.
• You draw specific conclusions from general premises.
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Formal Reasoning2-Logic
• Deductive Reasoning
• Example:• All human beings are
mortal. I am a human being.
• If the premises are true • Then, I am mortal.
• Inductive Reasoning
• Example:• Most people with
season tickets must love music. John has season tickets.
• Then, John probably loves music.
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Informal Reasoning
• In informal reasoning problems, there may be no clearly correct solutions.
• Disagreement may exist about basic premises.
• Information may be incomplete.• Many view points may compete.
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Informal Reasoning1-Heuristics
• Rules of thumb that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution.
• Examples:• A doctor who wants to determine the best
kind of treatment.• A factory owner who wants to boost
production.
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Informal Reasoning2-Dialectical Thinking
• Example:• Is what juries are supposed to do in order to
arrive to a verdict.
• You consider argument for and against the defendant’s guilt.
• You consider point and counter point.
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Reflective JudgmentCritical Thinking
• The ability to question the assumptions, evaluate and integrate evidence, relate the evidence to a theory or an opinion,
• Consider alternative interpretations,• And reach conclusions that can be defended
as reasonable or plausible.
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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener & Patricia King
• 1-Prereflective Reflective Stages• (the first 2 stages)• The right answer always exists.• No distinction between knowledge and belief, or
belief and evidence.
• Examples:• I was brought up to believe that a certain ethnic group is
bad.• If I break a mirror, I will have bad luck.
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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener & Patricia King
• 2-Quasi-Reflective Stages(the next 3 stages)• There is no right and wrong answer.• Knowledge is subjective.
• Examples:• The best way to treat depression is by giving antidepressants.• The best way to treat depression is cognitive therapy.
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Reflective JudgmentKaren Kitchener & Patricia King
• 3-Reflective Thinking Stages(the last 2 stages)• Although somethings cannot be known with
certainty, some judgments are more valid than others based on evidence.
• Examples:• Based on evidence, I believe that the development
of diabetes is genetic.
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What Do You Think?
Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it.
(Rene Descartes)
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Barriers to Reasoning• 1- Availability Heuristic Exaggerating the ImprobableEstimating the likelihood of events based on their
availability in memory. We assume such events are common.
• Example:• If it happened in the past, then it will happen now.• I had an accident on the freeway, then I can’t drive
on the freeway.
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 2- Representatives Heuristics A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of
things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes.
• Examples:• Believing that someone is famous or
important because of how well he is dressed.
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 3- Framing and the Tendency to Avoid Loss How an issue is framed can significantly affect
decisions and judgments.• Examples:• If you take chemotherapy, you’ll lose your hair.
(People will respond cautiously)• If you take the medication for high blood pressure,
you’ll be OK. (People will go for it)
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 4- Confirmation Bias• Paying attention to information that
confirms one’s own belief.• Examples:• Smoking is not harmful.(Regardless of the research)
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 5- Biases Due to Fixation or Mental Sets The inability to see a problem from a fresh
perspective. • Examples:• Believing that the medication will not work
and ignoring the doctor’s advice to take the medication.
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 6- Biases Due to Functional Fixation Our tendency to perceive the functions of
objects as fixed and unchanging.• Examples:• Ransacking the house for a screw driver
when a dime would have turned the screw.
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 7- Overconfidence or The Hindsight Bias• The tendency to overestimate one’s ability
to predict the future.• Examples:• I knew you were going to have a divorce.
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 8- The Need for Cognitive Consistency• When there is inconsistency between
behavior and belief. (Smoking)• Examples:• Denying the evidence or rationalizing• Modifying the belief• Changing the behavior
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Barriers to Reasoning
• 9- Belief Perseverance Clinging to one’s initial conception after the
basis on which they were formed has been discredited. Confirmation bias contributes to belief perseverance.
• Examples: You continue smoking even though research
shows it is definitely connected to lung cancer.
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Language DevelopmentMonth410
122424+
StageBabbles many speech soundsBabbling reveals household
languageOne-word stageTwo-word telegraphic speechLanguage develops rapidly
into complete sentences
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Language Development
• Behaviorist, B. F. Skinner
• Rationalist, Noam Chomsky
• Cognitive Scientists, Statistical Learning
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Innate Capacity for LanguageNoam Chomsky
• Surface Structure• Deep Structure• Language Acquisition Device
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Language Acquisition DeviceInnate Mental Module
• Children in different cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development.
• Children combine words in ways adults never do.
• Adults don’t consistently correct their children’s syntax.
• Even retarded children develop language.• Infants can derive simple linguistic rules.
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Language AcquisitionTheory Rationalist
ChomskyCognitive Statistical Learning
BehavioristSkinner
Language Aquisition
-Innate tendency to acquire language-Innate acquisition device
-statistical analysis of language-biological machinery for learning language
-association-imitation-reinforcement
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Thinking and Language
• Does language influence thinking? (Linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf)• Can we think without language? (Mental practice)
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Intelligence
• What’s the definition of intelligence?
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Definitions of Intelligence
• The ability to profit from experience• The ability to acquire knowledge or learn• The ability to think abstractly• The ability to act purposefully• The ability to adapt to changes in the
environment.
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Definitions of Intelligence
1-Psychometric ApproachIQ tests – focuses on how people perform on
standardized tests which are designed to measure skills and knowledge you have already learned.
2-Cognitive ApproachIntelligence comes in different ways and one
test can’t measure it all.
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Definitions of IntelligencePsychometric Approach
Alfred Binet Lewis Terman William Stern
David WechslerCharles Spearman
Goddard
Cognitive Approach
Howard GardnerRobert Sternberg
Emotional Intelligence
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Alfred Binet(1857-1911)
• Designed the 1st test that was developed later to be what we call now the “IQ test.”
• He wanted to measure the mental age as opposed to the chronological age.“The scale, properly speaking does not permit the
measure of intelligence, because intellectual qualities … cannot be measured as linear surfaces
are measured.” Binet and Simon, (1905)
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Lewis Terman(1877-1956)
• Revised the test.• Called the new test the Stanford-Binet.• Later German Psychologist William Stern
derived the famous intelligence quotient or IQ.
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William SternIQ Score=
Mental Age (MA)
divided by Chronological Age (CA)
multiplied by 100
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David WechslerIQ Tests
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills as well as a total score.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)A test for adults that provides separate measures of
verbal and performance skills as well as a total score.
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Charles Spearman(1863-1945)
General IntelligenceThe g Factor
There is a general factor that underlies the specific factors.
Those who score high on one factor, score higher than average on other factors.
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Bell Curve
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Variation in IQ ScoresRange of Scores % of Population Description
130 + 2% Very superior
120 - 129 7% Superior
110 -119 16% High average
90 - 109 50% Average
80 - 89 16% Low average
70 - 79 7% Borderline
70 & below 2% Deficient
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Evaluating IQ Tests
• Example 1: Focus on black-white differences
• Example 2: Goddard’s testing of the immigrants on Ellis Island
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What’s Wrong with Goddard’s Methodology?
• 1- The test was translated from French.• 2- The translation might not have been
accurate.• 3- The immigrants had just endured an
Atlantic crossing.• 4- The test was interpreted according to
the French norms.
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standardization reliabilityvalidity normal curvecontent validity aptitude testpredictive validity achievement test
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The Cognitive ApproachRobert Sternberg
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Robert Sternberg1- Componential Intelligence
Analytical intelligenceAcademic problem-solving intelligence
2- Experiential IntelligenceCreative intelligence
3- Contextual Intelligence Practical Intelligence
a. change situation (shaping)b. work on your emotions (adaptation)c. remove yourself from situation
(selection)
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The Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner (1995)
• Language 7 intelligences• Logical-mathematical + 2• Spatial relations Naturalistic• Bodily-kinesthetic Existential• Musical• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal
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Savant Syndrome
• A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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Emotional Intelligence
• 1-Interpersonal IntelligenceThe ability to understand other people
• 2-Intrapersonal IntelligenceThe ability to understand one’s
emotions
• 3-Delaying Gratification
Emotional Intelligence• EQ – or Emotional Quotient – helps a person to
acknowledge emotion in himself and others.• The emotionally intelligent person masters emotions for
personal benefit or for the greater good.• The emotionally intelligent person has the ability to reason
and distract oneself from emotional folly or obsession.• The emotionally intelligent person knows how to defer
gratification.• The emotionally intelligent person does not cuss and slam
doors while believing that he is not angry.• The emotionally intelligent person does not suppress or
run away from his painful emotions.
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Emotional Intelligence
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Components of Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
• Expertise• Imaginative Thinking Skills• A Venturesome Personality• Intrinsic Motivation• A creative Environment
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Facts about Heritability
• Heritability gives an estimate of the proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic variation in a group.
• The maximun value hiritability can have is 1.0.• To measure heritability, the populations tested
have to share the same environment.• Even highly heritable traits can be modified by
the environment.