Chemical Bonds By: Max, Bella, Izzy, and Angel

MaterialsTo start this experiment, you will need…

● Balance● Battery, 6-V lantern● Beaker, 50 or 100 mL● Wick less metal alcohol burner● Copper strip● cups,plastics (3)● cylinder, graduated, 50 mL● Epsom salts● Iron fillings● Light bulb and socket● Magnifying lens● Marker or wax pencil● Wooden match● Spoons, plastic (3)● Stopwatch● Sugar, table

● Test tubes (3)● Test tube clamp● Test tube rack● Water, Distilled● Wire leads with alligator clips (3)● Zinc Strip for each student● Gloves● Lab apron● safety goggles

How to Build a Conductivity Meter

First,we get our materials all ready. Second, we connected the wire leads with alligator clips to the battery. We placed one on each side on the battery and then placed the other end of one to the light bulb and one to the zinc strip. Then we took another clip and attached it to the other side of the light bulb and the second clip to the copper.

Conductivity Meter, Part 2We touched the zinc strip and copper strip and the light bulb light. We then set that aside to look at our materials. ( Sugar Epsom salt and Iron)

We tested their conductivity in solid and in water. These were our results.

Sugar (C12H22O11)Physical appearance: Crystal shape, clear

Crystal Shape: prism

Bond type: Covalent

Covalent CompoundA covalent compound has characteristics of low solubility in water,low melting and boiling points,and is a poor conductor of electricity. The covalent compound that we used was sugar. Sugar then would have all of the characteristics of a covalent compound. Most covalent compounds usually don’t easily dissolve in water.

Conductivity as SolidSince sugar is a covalent compound it is a poor conductor of electricity.To see if the solid is a good conductor you have to see if an electric current can pass through it.

What we did is connected alligator clips to a battery and they both connected to a light bulb with other alligator clips that connected to a strip of zinc and copper which lighted the bulb when touched.

When we tried the electricity did not pass through.

Conductivity in waterSince sugar is able to dissolve in water shouldn’t the electric current pass through It?

Well, to find out we have have to dissolve sugar in water and put the iron and zinc strips into the water to see if the light bulb turns on. If the light bulb turns on the dissolved sugar should be a good conductor of water.

When we tried the experiment the dissolved sugar did not pass the energy from the copper to the zinc.

Boiling point of sugarSince sugar is an ionic compound, it has a crystal lattice structure which means most ionic compounds have low melting and boiling points.

What we did is put sugar over a wick less metal alcohol burnet and sugar burned in less than 30 seconds!

Epsom Salt (MgSO4)Physical Appearance: crystal shape,clear, white

Crystal Shape: grain-looking, prism- shaped

Bond Type: Ionic

Ionic CompoundAn ionic compound or ionic bond is a force that brings oppositely charged ions together. An ion is a particle with a positive or negatively charged.An ionic compound neutral because the charges of the ions cancel each other The properties that most ionic compounds share are crystal lattice structure- which means it has a crystal shape that has a high melting points, electrical conductivity- poor conductors of electric current, but dissolved particles usually are good conductors, brittleness- They are more likely to break than bend, and solubility in water- means it can dissolve.

Conductivity as Solid Epsom Salt didn’t conduct electricity in its solid form, because of it being a ionic compound. Ionic compounds are poor conductors of electricity, but when dissolved in water most ionic compounds become the electricity is able to transfer.

The salt, just like most ionic compounds, was not a good conductor of electricity as a solid and did not light up the bulb.

Conductivity in WaterSince the salt is an ionic compound and was able to dissolve in water shouldn't it be a good conductor of electricity in water?

When we put the copper and zinc strips in the water the epsom salt did conduct electricity in water also because of its ionic compound, meaning that it has a crystal lattice structure,electrical conductivity, brittleness,and solubility in water, it can conduct electricity dissolved in water.

Boiling point of epsom saltEpsom salt is an ionic compound which usually have high melting and boiling points.

We put the epsom salt over the wick less metal alcohol burnet and waited for about two minutes. The salt did not melt which means it would take a lot longer to melt and would probably need a higher temperature. This means that epsom salt has high melting and boiling points.

Iron Filings (Fe)Physical Appearance: The appearance of the iron at first, was gray, fine sand.

Crystal shape: Irregular

Bond Type: Metallic

Metallic CompoundA metallic bond forms between metal atoms, like iron, when their outermost energy levels overlap. Metallic compounds are weaker than the others. It worked when NOT in water. The properties that most metallic compounds share are good electrical conductors- metallic compounds can transfer energy and are malleable and ductile- They are able to bend or be hammered into different shapes.

Conductivity of Solid Iron is a metallic bond. It can conduct electricity in solid form. We then tested the iron filings.

It light the light bulb when both Zinc and Copper were placed into the filings. This is because the electrons are free to move.

Conductivity In WaterIron fillings worked as a solid. Can it conduct electricity in water?The bulb did not light up because metallic compounds are poor conductors of water but in solids is strong.

When iron was mixed in water it did not dissolve. It is not a soluble compound. It did not dissolve in water. It did not conduct any electricity when submerged.

Boiling Point of iron Iron has a very high boiling point when we placed it over the fire, it did not boil. it was still a powder substance after it cooled down. While burning it appeared to darken in color.

THE END!!!