CHIJTP S4GeoElect Prelim P2 08

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Class Register Number Name

CHIJ SECONDARY (TOA PAYOH)PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008

SECONDARY FOUR (SPECIAL/EXPRESS)

COMBINED HUMANITIES 2192/ 02

Paper 2 Geography Elective 1 hour 30 minutes

25 AUGUST 2008

Additional materials: Answer paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your class, register number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use a soft pencil for any rough working.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section AAnswerone question.

Section BAnswerone question.

Write all answers on the separate answer paper provided.Candidates are encouraged to support their answers with the use of relevant examples.Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.The Insert contains Fig. 4B for Question 4.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of9 printed pages.
http://smb//Additional/http://smb//Additional/


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[Turn over]

Section A

Answerone question from this section.

1 (a) Study the 1:25 000 Map Extract provided which is part of the island of Dominica in theLesser Antilles (Carribbean).

(i) Using evidence from the map ONLY, describe the physical features of the coastlinein the part of the map indicated in Fig. 1 below. [5]

Fig. 1

(ii) With the use of clearly labelled diagrams ONLY, explain the formation of the coastallandforms found in the part of the map indicated in Fig.2 below. [6]

Fig. 2

chijsectp .4E. geogelective. prelim .20082

not to scale

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66 68

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not to scale

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(b) Study Photographs A and B which show two different river landforms.

Photograph A Photograph B

Explain the differences in the formation of the landforms shown in Photograph A andPhotograph B. [6]

(c) With reference to named example(s), assess the success of the use of dams as astrategy to reduce the effect of river floods. [8]

[Total: 25]



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2 (a) Using Figs. 2A and 2B, describe the ways tropical rainforests differ fromtropical monsoon forestsin their adaptation to rainfall and temperature. [7]

Temperature (C) and rainfall (mm) for a typical tropical rainforest location

Fig. 2A

Temperature (C) and rainfall (mm) for a typical tropical monsoon forest location

Fig. 2B

(b) Study Photograph C, which shows a part of the tropical rain forest that has been

cleared for human activities.

With the help of Photograph C:

(i) describe the causes of deforestation; [5]

(ii) explain the negative impacts of deforestation.[5]



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Photograph C

(c) With reference to a named example(s), assess the extent to which methods used to

conserve the rainforest have been successful. [8]

[Total: 25]

Section B

Answerone question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig.3A which shows the average food consumption of developed countriesand less developed countries over time.



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Fig. 3A

Fig. 3A

Compare the changes in average food consumption over the years betweenthe developed and less developed countries. [4]

(b) Fig.3B shows the rate of change of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capitafor the USA and China.

Fig. 3B

Supporting your answer with data, describe and explain the differences in the GDPper capita of USA and China over the years shown in Fig. 3B. [6]

(c) Using Fig. 3C, explain why educating women in developing countries should improvethe quality of life for the population. [7]



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Fig. 3C

(d) Using named examples, discuss the international efforts made to alleviate unevendevelopment in the world. [8]

[Total: 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 4A which shows the projected increase in total demand for different

food types between 1993 to 2020.


Womans personaldevelopment

Training in farmingand other economicactivities

Social and welfaredevelopment

Womens education Economicdevelopment

Quality of lifeimproves

Decreased infant andchild mortality

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Fig. 4A

(i) Compare the projected increase in demand for different food types betweendeveloping countries and developed countries. [4]

(ii) Explain the differences in the projected increase in demand for meats andcereals between developed countries and developing countries. [4]

(b) Study Fig. 4B (Insert) which shows major genetically modified (GM) crop productioncountries.

(i) Describe the distribution of the major GM crop production countries shown inFig. 4B. [4]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the difference in percentage of GM crops grown on

crop land found in Argentina and Australia. [5]

(c)Assess the extent to which developments in food production overcome theproblems of malnutrition. [8]

[Total: 25]

END OF PAPER



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Section A (Physical Geography)Answerone question from this section.

1 (a) Study the 1:25 000 Map Extract provided which is part of the island of Dominica inthe Lesser Antilles (Carribbean).

(i) Using evidence from the map ONLY, describe the physical features of the coastlinein the part of the map indicated in Fig. 1 below. [5]

Possible answers Marks

The coastline is scenic spot with steep cliffs overlooking thesea.

Point Guignard is a look-out point, where one can see riversentering The Soufriere Bay.

There are about 2 km of such rocky coastline.

South of the road at Soufriere (6783) the coastline takes a

concave shape of a bay until it ends in a spit-like curvedpeninsula, at Scotts Head.

Again it is a scenic spot, with rocky cliffs below a high point,where a TV relay station is suitably sited.

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(ii) With the use of clearly labelled diagrams ONLY, explain the formation of the coastallandforms found in the part of the map indicated in fig. 2 below.Formation of

Headlands/ Cliff

Bay

Beach

Any 2 landforms (3m each X 2 = 6m)

Students should annotate on the diagrams. More than 1 diagram is necessary foreach landform to illustrate FORMATION.

Refer to TB/ Marianne Chongs book for diagrams.



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(b)(Explain the differences in the formation of the landforms shown in Photograph A andPhotograph B. [6]


Waterfalls are found in the upper course of a river when the

gradient of a river bed is steep, while deltas are found atriver mouths on gentle gradient. This explains the differencein river energy found at the waterfall and at the delta. The

high energy level results in greater erosion at the waterfallwhile the lower energy level results in greater deposition. Waterfalls are formed in areas with alternating resistant and

non-resistant rocks but deltas are formed at the rivermouth where there is a drop in river energy as the riverenters a larger body of water sea.

The delta is formed when there is a large volume ofsediments in the river, while this is not necessary in theformation of the waterfall. That is why delta is formed at thelower course where much erosion of larger particles would

have been carried out earlier and the drop in river energyresults in the accumulation of the fine sediments. At the uppercourse of the river where waterfall is found, the river energy istoo high for such accumulation of sediments to take place.

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(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences between the features. [2]Possible answers Marks

Waterfall is an erosional feature while a delta is a depositionalfeature.

Waterfalls may be formed where there are different zones ofrock resistance and less resistant rocks are eroded fasterthan more resistant rocks whereas deltas are formed fromaccumulation of sediments over time.

There is a drop in river energy resulting in deposition in delta,whereas the steep gradient where waterfalls are foundencourages high river speed, thus increasing erosional rates.

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(c) With reference to named example(s), assess the success ofuse of damsas a strategy to reduce the effect of river floods . [8]

Concept Possible answers

Three Gorges Dam in China

Very effective as the reservoir built behind the dam can holdback and store flood waters.

It has additional advantages of irrigation purposes andproduction of HEP for industrial and domestic uses. It is alsoa tourist attraction, but causes land upstream to bepermanently lost/ destroyed.

It can stop flooding downstream but good farming land can bepermanently flooded behind the dam.

Another effective method of flood control is to constructcoordinated groups of dams and reservoirs on theheadwaters of the streams that lead into the main river . One



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good eg is the Hoover Damon the Colorado River. Duringtimes of high water, the dams operate to successfully slowdown the flow. The floodwaters are released to eachsucceeding dam and are finally emptied into the main river.

However on the Missouri River,flood control measuresfailed to contain the great flood in 1993.The ragingfloodwaters also inflicted major damage to the dams and

ruined an additional 12 million acres of cropland, and causedover $10 billion damage. The dams trap the sediments needed and fine sediment (clay

and silt) flows downstream .

Level 1 (0 -3 marks)Knowledge of use of dams to control floods is limited.Explanation is vague and incomplete and poorly linked to specific examples.Answer based on only one benefit/disadvantage.

Simple unsupported evaluation.No clear reference to any named example.

Level 2 (4- 6 marks)Enough knowledge about use of dams to control floods.Able to give at least one other eg.of use of dam to make a comparison.Judgements made are relevant to Singapore but lack depth and detail.

Level 3 (7- 8 marks)Able to compare use of dams and at least 2 flood control measures and sound explanation.

Describe at least three benefits and /or disadvantages with explanation /elaboration.Answer includes some reference to more than one advantage/disadvantage.Judgements made are relevant to and place specific examples are given.Both sides of the argument are considered each with valid support.

2 (a) Using Figs.2A and 2B, describe the ways tropical rainforests differ from tropicalmonsoon forestin their adaptation to rainfall and temperature. [7]

Concept Tropical Rainforest Tropical Monsoon Forest Marks

Varietyanddistributionof treespecies

The equatorial rainforest isfound in areas with a highannual rainfall, ranging from1,500 to 3,000mm,anduniformly high temperatures of25 to 30 c throughout the year.There are many species oftrees. It is common to find 300- 400 species in one hectareof land. The abundance ofsunlight and rain supports a

huge number of tree species.In addition, the high annualtemperature and rainfall

They have fewer species than therainforest due to the lower amountof rainfall received. There are 200species per hectare. 2



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Leaves

Roots

Bark

ensure that plant growth iscontinuous all year round.

The trees are evergreen, asthey do not shed all theirleaves over the same periodof time.

Most trees have shallowroots, because water andnutrients are found in the toplayer of the soil.

Smooth and thin bark asthere is no need to protecttrees from harsh climate

Accept other possibleanswers.

The trees are deciduous in naturebecause of the lack of water duringthe dry season. At this time, a largenumber of trees shed their leavesin order to prevent the loss of waterthrough transpiration.

Deep roots anchor the trees andtap into groundwater during drymonths.

Thick and rough barks to protecttrees against drought and fireswhich can break out in the hot dryseason

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(b) Study Fig C, which shows a part of the tropical rain forest that has been cleared forhuman activities.

(i) describe the causes of deforestation. [5]Concept Possible answers Marks

Settlements

RapidUrbanisation

Agriculture

The need to build settlements for the large population. Foreg. Brazil is trying to resettle people from denselypopulated cities such as Rio de Janeiro to less denselypopulated parts of the country. Similarly, a transmigrationpolicy in Indonesia resettles poor and landless Indonesiansfrom densely populated islands such as Java and Bali toless populated islands such as Kalimantan and Sulawesi.

Rapid urbanisation requires large tracts of land to beopened up for development of infrastructure such astransport system,e.g. the Transamazion highway acrossthe Amazon forest. Forested lands are cleared for buildingof housing, schools and many other facilities.

In Brazil, farming has resulted in large-scale damage to theAmazon forest. The collective actions of subsistence

farmers have also brought much damage to the forest.These farmers are poor and they could not keep up theproductivity of the land given to them by the government.

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Industries

Resources

Once the land is not fertile, they will go deeper into theforest to open up more land.

Land has been cleared to provide land for development ofindustries. As a country develops, industries expand andmore land is needed for the building of factories.

Deforestation takes place so that resources like timber andminerals like gold can be extracted. This brings in revenueto the country which may boost economic growth and thusdevelopment within the country.

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(ii) Explain the negative impacts of deforestation. [5]

Concept Possible answers Marks

Global

Warming

SoilDeterioration

Floods andWaterQuality

Air Pollution

Loss ofbiodiversity

Impact oninhabitants

As forests such as the Amazon forest helps to significantly

absorb carbondioxide and release oxygen into theatmosphere, the removal of trees can affect the atmosphericconditions. Deforestation can result in an increase of carbondioxide in the atmosphere as less is absorbed by plantswhich will lead to global warming.

Trees help to improve the soil fertility by absorbing nutrientsinto the roots before these nutrients are dissolved andremoved from the soil by water flowing downwards. Whenthe trees die, they decompose and the nutrients are releasedback into the soils. However, deforestation takes away thisstorage mechanism. Thus, the topsoil is no longer protected

and causes increased soil erosion to take place. When land is cleared, interception of rainfall by the trees is

reduced and surface runoff increases. This will lead toflooding in the lower areas. Furthermore, the topsoil togetherwith its decomposed materials washed off by the runoff isdeposited on the river beds.Thus affecting the quality of theriver water as these decomposed materials may decreasethe pH level and change cthe living environment of theaquatic life.

Forest fires have created haze and smoke clouds which havecaused airports to close and have affected many people withrespiratory illness. An example is the 1997 haze caused by

the forest fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra which affectedcountries like Singapore and Malaysia.

Deforestation has also led to the extinction of flora and fauna,many of which have yet to be discovered. Destruction andeventual extinction will cause a reduction in biodiversity in thelong run and lessen the chances of survival of the otherorganisms.

Deforestation also disrupts the culture and lifestyle of themany tribes that live in the jungle. As these groups are forcedto resettle in the cities, their culture, knowledge and way oflife will be lost.

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(c) With reference to a named example(s), assess the extent to which methods

used to conserve the rainforest have been successful. [8] chijsectp .4E. geogelective. prelim .200813


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Concept Possible answers

Selectivecutting

Establishmentof laws andpolicies

Agro-forestry

Conservation

This allows the cutting of only selected single or groups oftrees that have met a certain criteria. For eg. Only trees ofa certain minimum circumference can be cut and only acertain number of trees per hectare of forest can beharvested. However, this measure requires strict law

enforcement and often, it is difficult to carry out suchenforcement. Some governments have issued clearing permits and

established measures against illegal loggings. In 1988, theBrazilian government withdrew its financial support and taxincentives in order to limit the clearing of forest for newcattle ranches. However, illegal logging remains a problem,accounting for 80 per cent of logging activities because ofweak enforcement and corruption.

Agro-forestry is another measure to help reducedeforestation by growing trees in farms. For eg.in 2005,Brazilian cedar and mahogany were grown on almost 10

000 hectares of land near Manaus. However, such a projectrequires a lot of capital and can only be undertaken by bigcompanies and with government support. There is also along period of waiting for the trees to mature beforeharvesting.

Efforts have also been made to set aside lands as reserves.Currently, only four per cent of the Amazon rainforest isprotected as environmental reserves. Another 20 per centhas been set aside as tribal reserves. This is only effectiveif the tribal groups such as the Amazonian Indians do notsell off the land to commercial investors looking to exploitthe forest.

Candidates may include the following material:

Detailed schemes such as selective logging.

And methods restricting use of heavy machinery,

General management methods such as government policies,

Financial investment in forest reserves, National Parks,

Withdrawal of licences/issue to acceptable organisations,

Use of helicopters for heli-logging,

Community forest developments, eg. village forestry,

Ideas on sustainable forestry, eg. replanting/reafforestation, Ideas relating to ecotourism,

Role of international agencies and foreign governments,

Mention of specific areas/schemes/parks, eg. Taman Negara National Park.

Success may be expressed in general terms-more trees conserved, or related to eachmethod- heli-logging has limited success because of expense.

A full answer does not need to include all the above points.

Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:

Level 1 (0 3 marks)General answers with no detail of methods, eg. stop felling trees.No example/s.



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No indication of success or general statement of success.

Level 2 ( 4 6 marks)Statements naming method but no/little detail, eg selective logging.At least one example given may not be linked to specific method.Brief attempt at indication of success fewer trees cut down

Level 3 ( 7 8 marks)

More than one method with detail, eg.Foreign governments reduce loans or put conditions on further felling , at least oneexample given and linked to method (s)Success of method must be specific and related directly to the method,eg. heli- logginglimits the damage to other trees and wildlife but it is not cost effective.Clear statements of how measures used were successful in named area(s) and howmeasures used were less successful in named area(s).

Development

3 (a) (i) Compare the changes in food consumption over the years between the developedand less developed countries . [4]


DCs still consume more than the LDCs but the LDCs areclosing the gap. Between 1995 and 2000, the DCs consumed110 kg per capita wheras LDCs consumed 90 kg.per capita .

The rate of increase in food consumption is greater in LDCscompared to the DCs. LDCs have increased food consumptionby almost 100% from 40 to 80 kg per capita from 1070 to 2000.

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(b) Supporting your answer with data, describe and explain the differences in the Gross

Domestic Product GDP per capita of USA and China over the years shown in Fig. 3B.[6]


Describe

Explain

GDP per capita of China is lower (US$ 1000) than that ofUSA (US$ 15000) in 1985 and in 2005, the GDP per capita ofChina remains lower (US$ 9000) than that of USA (US$13000).

The gap between the GDP per capita of China and USAnarrows over the years. (1985: difference of US$ 14000;2005: difference of US$4000)

Increase in GDP per capita would be steeper in China with

great progress in development after it opened its market,while increase in GDP per capita would not be as steep in USas the country has already achieved much development inthe earlier years.

China has most of its workforce working in the primaryindustry unlike USA which has a larger proportion in thesecondary and the tertiary industry. Farmers in China makevery small income. Hence the GDP per capita in China islower than in US.

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(c)(i) Using Fig.3C,explain why educating women in developing countries should improvethe quality of life for the population. [7]

Concept Possible answers Marks

Impact oninfantmortality

Social andwelfare

Farming &othereconomicactivities

Economicactivities

Awareness of contraceptives and nutritional needs of bothmother and child. Health improves and hence cut infantmortality rate.

Evidence of surviving children dispel need to have morechildren and pop growth decreases.

Number of new born babies decrease, more money can bechannelled to develop community on social and welfareservices which includes better housing, greater availability ofdrinking water,health care services all these add up toimproving the quality of life.

Women are main workers in the fields. Education of women will

help them use better faring methods, use Green Revolutiontechnologies viz HYV and MVs; chemical fertilizers,pesticidesand herbicides in the appropriate amounts so as to ensuregood harvests, three instead of once a year.

Women can also work in small scale primary industries.

Employment of women will bring in extra income which can buybasic material needs to improve the familys standard of living.

With employment of women in newly created industries whichare generally dependent of labour viz as the traditionalgarment/textile industries or simple manufacturing of householditems, the nations unemployment rate falls, the economy

becomes healthy.

With an economy developing on secondary and tertiaryindustries,the country GDP will improve.

Most women in developing countries have no education andthey are not gainfully employed. So the education of womenliberates them not only for their personal development, but alsothe improvement of family welfare and the countrys economicgrowth.

Womens unaccounted time and work can be in productive andremunerative employment.

The cycle of poverty can then be transformed into a virtuouscycle.

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(c)(ii)Using named examples, discuss the international efforts made to alleviate unevendevelopment in the world. [8]

Candidates may include the following material:- international efforts made to alleviate uneven development in the world may be

in the form of international organizations and international agreements toencourage international co-operation

- international organizations may provide aid, in the form of financial or technicalassistance to help alleviate uneven development

- Egs of international organizations include World Bank, Asian Development Bank- World Bank provides aid to LDCs to help them develop economically and

socially. Members of the World Bank provide loans to LDCs at low or nochijsectp .4E. geogelective. prelim .200816


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interest. The loans can then be used to improve their level of developmentthrough projects to improve sanitation and water supply, or to financevaccination and immunization programmes

- However the effectiveness of aid is sometimes questioned as the realeffectiveness has not been established since some states in Africa which havereceived aid for years do not seem to enjoy a higher level of development yet

- Aid may be given with certain political motives and many conditions attachedwhich may not benefit the LDCs in the long run. Eg. LDCs may have to importgoods from the donor countries at a much reduced tax and the aid given to beused to buy the goods from them

- Eg. Myammar government is wary of aid from some donor countries as they fearthe political motives that drive those aid.

- International agreements are made when leaders of some countries meet todiscuss and make decisions to tackle world issues together.

- Egs of international agreements include UN Millennium Development Goals andUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

- The UN drew up an agreement to help LDCs to achieve greater developmentand addresses issues such as poverty, hunger.

- Individual countries opt to pledge their commitment to carry out the measures,

and the countries may have their own commitment and priority and politicalagenda. Effectiveness may also be hampered when leaders lack thatcommitment to carry out the measures.

Refer to Descriptors of Levels(Total 25 marks)

Food

4a (i) Compare the projected rate of increase in demand for different food types shown

in developed countries and developing countries. [4]- greatest percentage increase in demand for meats among all food types in

developing countries(120%)- generally, increase in demand for different food types in developing countries is

much higher than in developed countries.- Cereals: almost 3 times more in developing than in developed countries- Meats: almost 6 times more in developing than in developed countries

(ii) Explain the differences in the rate of increase in demand for meats and cerealsbetween developed countries and developing countries. [4]

- greater development within developing countries and therefore increase inmiddle class group with greater purchasing power and thus greater increase in

demand for meats within developing countries, whereas change in developedcountries is not as significant since demand for meats among people withindeveloped countries has always been present. [2]

- greater demand in cereals in developing countries may also be a result of thegreater increase in birth rates within developing countries than in developedcountries [2]

4b (i) Describe the distribution of the major GM crop production countries shown inFig. 1B. [4]

- the major GM crop production countries are found in North America, South America, Asia,Australia and South Africa- Highest number concentrated in South America-Highest amount of GM crops produced in USA, North America



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-Highest proportion of GM crops in relation to its crop land grown in Argentina, SouthAmerica-Major GM crop production countries in the other continents have an extremely smallproportion of GM crops in relation to their crop land- No major GM crop production countries in EuropeAny 4 points 1m each

(ii) Suggest reasons for the difference in percentage of GM crops grown on cropland found in Argentina and Australia. [5]- people in Australia more aware of the potential harm of GM crops to health,

while people in Argentina, a less developed country, may be less educated andaware of the possible harm- more organised opposition in developed countries like Australia where many

groups may protest on environmental grounds than in less developed countrieslike Argentina

- economic benefits of GM crops more attractive to less developed countries likeArgentina than to developed countries like Australia which can rely on otherindustries to boost its economy

- Argentina faces less conducive physical environment like climatic conditions forcrop cultivation and thus GM crops which can withstand harsh conditions mayallow the expansion of crop land within Argentina itself, whereas Australiagenerally has a more conducive physical environment for crop cultivation

without having to rely on use of GM seeds.- Attractive to less developed countries like Argentina because GM seeds

increase yields and can help solve food shortage whereas developed countrieswith higher GDP per capita have greater food security as they have theresources to import food if yields are not good

Any 5 points 1m each

(c) Assess the extent to which developments in food production overcome the problems ofmalnutrition. [8]

Candidates may include the following material:

Developments in food production include:

- Impact of Green Revolution and Blue Revolution leading to increase in yields- Use of high yielding varieties and technology increases yields and thus with

surplus, income can be generated as the surplus can be for sale- Genetically modified food also means food with greater nutritional value is being

made available to people- Increase in yields should also solve the problem of food shortage and fewer

people would thus face the problem of malnutrition- However, food prices have increased drastically despite the increase in yields- Great increase in food prices will lead to food insecurity especially in less

developed countries where food becomes unaffordable for the majority poor- Malnutrition is still a serious problem despite the global increase in yields



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- Malnutrition may be a result of poor nutrition, and thus increase in yields maynot address the nutritional value of the diet of poor people

- Dominance of agri-business means poor has actually little access to the food- Improvements in technology means greater accessibility and better transport

network to bring food to poor

Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics:

Descriptors of Levels

Level 1 (0-3m)Knowledge is either very thin or narrow. The bulk of expected knowledge is missing.Explanation is very limited, perhaps some simple points, but very big gaps.Evaluation is in over simple statements and lacking supporting evidence.Examples are very general, could be anywhere, or are inaccurate.

Level 2 (4-6m)Some knowledge is shown but lacking depth throughout or only good in places.Some points are explained, but one or more important steps missing.One or more evaluative statements have some valid support, but unbalanced orincomplete.Examples may be relevant but lack depth and detail.

Level 3 (7-8m)Good knowledge is shown, but may be thin in some places or have minor gaps.Most expected points are explained, only small steps in logic missing.Bothsides of the argument are considered, each with valid support.Examples show some place-specific details.

END OF PAPER


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CHIJTP S4GeoElect Prelim P2 08