CHROMOSOME & KARYOTYPE

Tanyaratana Dumkua Biology Department, Mahidolwittayanusorn School 1

http://petragaleria.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/2009-homem-corpo-humano-nu-dna-celula-cromossomo-nucleo-mitocondria-man-human-body-naked-dna-cell-chromosome-nucleus-mitochondria.jpg?w=625

How do cells control phenotype?

http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/cho/ergolgi.jpeg

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/images/rna-transcription.gif

Protein & Gene

Chromosome & DNA

https://elcaminogmi.dnadirect.com/img/content/common/cellsToDNA.gif

What is a chromosome?

Does every living have chromosome?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/viruses/images/virus_structure.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg/1258px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg.png http://carolguze.com/images/cellorganelles/chromosomes2.jpg

Chromosome & Genome

https://cdn-assets.answersingenesis.org/img/articles/am/v3/n2/dna-sources-large.jpg https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgHRWn27TB16PA8OJsgkxdSOvj9hddWbDrHOeva67_qYYyRLKL

http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap01/chrom_struct.html

Bacterial chromosome

Nucleoid

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-18/18_06.jpg

Mesosome

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/15/1650/F2.large.jpg

Eukaryotic Nuclear chromosome

Histone protein

DNA

What is a chromosome?

What is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome?

http://www.nmpdr.org/FIG/wiki/pub/FIG/Contig/ChromosomesInEuksAndProks.png

http://images.slideplayer.us/2/736921/slides/slide_28.jpg

http://static.diffen.com/uploadz/f/fd/eukaryote-prokaryote-DNA.png

Cytogenetics is a study of chromosome.

o Number o Structure o Function o Behavior in relation to gene inheritance o Organization and expression

http://www.elu.sgul.ac.uk/rehash/guest/scorm/53/package/content/images/metaphase_structure.jpg

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/chromatin.html

From chromatin to Chromosome

o DNA (2 nm) o Histone o Nucleosomes (11nm) o Solenoid (30 nm) o Scaffold (120-300 nm) o Chromatid (700 nm)

http://beyondthedish.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/chromatin1.jpg

http://www.genetics.sdu.edu.cn/jpkc/bnzkj/chapter2.pdf

http://iws.inha.ac.kr/~biology/lab9/genetics/figure/chromosome1.jpg

DNA & Histone

How do they bind together?

http://bio.m2osw.com/gcartable/imagesbio/imag%20polytech/lysinarg.gif http://blog.deanandadie.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/phosphate.jpg

Negative charge Positive charge

Phosphate group

@pH 7

Histones

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/histone-DNA.jpg http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/136/2/131/F1.large.jpg

Octamer

(H1), (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) x2

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-18/18_22.jpg http://www.biologydiscussion.com/chromosomes/types-chromosomes/chromosomes-types-top-5-types-of-chromosomes-with-diagram/16273

Chromosome morphology

http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869N/CHEM869NLinks/www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/images/chromol.gif

o P arm = short arm o Q arm = long arm o Centromere o Stalk o Satellite

http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~frist/PLNT3140/l18/nomenclature.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wKefwmQBduY/UEMls4PTSZI/AAAAAAAAA14/oyfkwBYuR9w/s400/chromosome+ultra+structure+1.jpg

http://www.biologydiscussion.com/chromosomes/types-chromosomes/chromosomes-types-top-5-types-of-chromosomes-with-diagram/16273

http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/39090/fimmu-03-00371-HTML/image_m/fimmu-03-00371-g002.jpg

Chromatin o Euchromatin

o Heterochromatin

o Lightly stained o Loose structure o Genetically active o Unmethylated DNA

o Deeply stained o Compact structure o Genetically silent o Methylated DNA

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/chromosomes/readchromosomes/images/matching.png

http://img2.tfd.com/mk/K/X2604-K-01.png

KARYOTYPE and IDEOGRAM

http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/44714/media/image5.jpeg

https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Human_Karyotype.html

http://kenpitts.net/bio/genetics/human_karyotype.gif

Denver System (1960s) Paris Banding (1970s)

http://www.fertilitycenter.com/fertility_cares_blog/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

http://www.bjui.org/cases/85.7/bju637.f1.gif

Karyotype -> Ideogram

Chromosomal abnormality

Shape

http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Educ/Images/5AnStructEng.GIF

Structure

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/873/flashcards/810873/png/screen_shot_2012-02-03_at_11.47.55_pm1328334503791.png

Number

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/down's.gif

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นักเรียนแบ่งเป็น 8 กลุ่ม ท ากิจกรรม Karyotype

ครั้งหน้า 1. น าเสนอผลการท า karyotype และอธิบายหลักเกณฑ์ การจัดโครโมโซมออกเป็นกลุ่ม ๆ ว่าใช้หลักเกณฑ์ใดบ้าง? 2. Karyotype ที่ได้บ่งชี้ข้อมูลว่าอะไร 2.1 บอกเพศได้หรือไม่? 2.2 บอกความผิดปกติที่พบได้หรือไม่?