-N TP THI TT NGHIP THPT 2009 -2010

Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

CHUYN 1: DY IN HO DY KIM LOI

I. Dy in ho kim loi :

K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Cr2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Cr3+

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Cr Fe Cr2+ -2,93 -2,87 -2,71 -2,37 -1,66 -1,19 -0,91 -0,76 -0,74 -0,44 -0,41

Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ 2H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Hg Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+

Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Fe2+ Hg Ag Hg Pt Au

-0,26 -0,14 -0,13 0,00 +0,34 +0,771 +0,792 +0,8 +0,85 +1,2 +1,51. Nhn xt :

(1) Tnh kh kim loi t tri sang phi gim

Mg > Al > Fe.

(2) Tnh oxy ho ion kim loi tri sang phi tng

Mg2+ < Al3+ < Fe2+

2. Lu :

Fe + 2FeCl3 ( 3FeCl2

Fe + Fe2(SO4)3 ( 3FeSO4

Fe + 2Fe (NO3)3 ( 3 Fe(NO3)2

Fe + FeCl2

( phi ng khng xy ra

Fe + FeSO4( phi ng khng xy ra

Fe + Fe (NO3)2 ( phi ng khng xy ra

Cu + 2FeCl3( 2FeCl2 + CuCl2

Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ( 2FeSO4 + CuSO4

Cu + 2Fe (NO3)3 ( 2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu(NO3)2.Cu + FeCl2 ( phi ng khng xy ra

Cu + FeSO4( phi ng khng xy ra

Cu + Fe (NO3)2 ( phi ng khng xy ra II Dy hot ng kim loi:

K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Li Ba

5 kim loi khng tc dng HCl HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4,RCOOH5 kim loi + H2O ( Baz + H2 Kim loi + HCl ( HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4 ) ( Mui + H2

Tr Au,Pt tt c KL cn li u tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c cho sp kh khng gii phng H2, vi Fe th cho ha tr 3(mui st 3)1. C 5 Kim loi tc dng H2O to baz + H2

K, Na, Ca, Ba.Li

K + H2O ( KOH + 1/2H2

Na + H2O ( NaOH + 1/2 H2

Ca + 2H2O ( Ca(OH)2 + H2

Ba + 2H2O ( Ba(OH)2 + H2

2. - C 5 kim loi ( Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au ) khng tc dng vi dd HCl, HBr, H2SO4 long, H3PO4.

- Kim loi trc H2 tc dng vi axit to mui v H2

3. Kim loi trc y kim loi sau ra khi dd mui ( cc KL phi t Mg tr v sau)III. Cc cht tan v kt ta lu :1.Kim loi, oxyt, baz : Tan

TTKim loiOxytBazGhi ch

1

2

3

4K

Na

Ca

BaK2O

Na2O

CaO

BaOKOH

NaOH

Ca(OH)2Ba(OH)2Tt c u tan

5

6

7

8Li

Rb

Cs

SrLi2O

Rb2O

CS2O

SrOLiOH

RbOH

CsOH

Sr(OH)2

2. Baz, mui clorua, Sunfat, cacboat, photphat

TTBaz

OH-Mui clorua

Cl-Sunfat

SO

Cacbonat

CO

PhotphtPO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9Mg(OH)2(TrngZn(OH)2( TrngFe(OH)2( T Xanh Cu(OH)2( Xanh Cr(OH)2(Pb(OH)2( TrngAl(OH)3( TrngFe(OH)3( nu Cr(OH)3(lc xmAgCl(PbCl2(BaSO4(PbSO4(BaCO3(PbCO3(CaCO3(MgCO3((trng)Ba3(PO4)2(Pb3(PO4)2(Ca3(PO4)2(Mg3(PO4)2(Ag3PO4(( vng

a. Crom (Cr) : Trng bc

CrO en Cr2O3 : xanh thm

CrCl2

CrCl3

Cr(OH)2: mu vng Cr(OH)3 : Lc xm

CrO3 : Rn , thm , tan trong nc

Na2CrO4 Vng chanh

Na2Cr2O7 : Cam

b. St (Fe) xmFe(OH)2 ( trng xanh d ho nu

FeCl2

FeSO4 xanh rt nht ( khng mu) Fe(NO3)2

Fe(OH)3 ( : nu

FeCl3Fe2(SO4)3 dd nu Fe(NO3)3

c. ng (Cu) * Cu(OH)2 ( : Xanh

CuCl2, CuSO4, Cu(NO3) : dd xanh

CuSO4 : khan (trng)

CHUYN 2: IU CH KIM LOII. S iu ch kim loiLi K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

-Nhit luyn

-Thu luyn -Thu luyn -in phn n/c -in phn n/c -in phn dung dch

1. Kim loi (K,Li,Ba,Ca,Na,Mg ) Phng php in phn nng chy

2. Kim loi Al : Thu luyn , in phn nng chy Al2O33. Kim loi t Mn sau: phng php thu luyn, nhit luyn, in phn dd II. Cc phng php:

1. Phng php thu luyn:

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi dd mui ca chng tr :

K, Na, Ca, Ba,Li

V d:

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

2. Phng php nhit luyn Kh cc oxt kim loi v kim loi dng cc cht kh C, CO, H2, Al.

( phng php ny iu ch nhng kim loi sau nhm)

CuO + CO ( Cu + CO2

FeO + H2 ( Fe + H2O

ZnO + H2 ( Zn + H2O

Fe2O3 + 2Al ( Al2O3 + 2Fe

3. Phng php in phn:

a. Kim loi Al v nhng kim loi ng trc Al in phn nng chy

MgCl2 Mg + Cl2

2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2b. Kim loi sau nhm

+ in phn dung dch mui clorua ( H2O khng tham gia)

CuCl2 Cu + Cl2

+ in phn dd mui sunfat, mui nitrat ( H2O tham gia )

CuSO4 + H2O Cu + 1/2O2 + H2SO4

Cu(NO3)2 + H2O Cu + 1/2O2 + 2HNO3CHUYN 3: CU HNH ELECTRON

I.Cu hnh electron:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

II. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t:

1. Nhm IA- Kim loi kim: C 1 electron lp ngoi cng ns1 M 1e ( M+

Li (Z=3): 1s2 2s1

Li+ :1s2 Na (Z=11): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Na+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 K (Z=19): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1.K+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

2. Nhm IIA- Kim loi kim th : C 2 electron lp ngoi cng ns2 M 2e ( M2+

Be ( Z=4) : 1s2 2s2 Mg ( Z=12):1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Mg2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 Ca ( Z=20) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Ca2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3. Nhm III A- C 3 electron lp ngoi cng ns2 np1 M 3e ( M3+B ( Z=5) : 1s2 2s2 2p1Al ( Z= 13): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1.

Al3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 4. Nhm VIII A- Kh tr, him ns2 np6He ( Z= 2): 1s2 2s2 .

Ne ( Z= 10):1s2 2s2 2p6 .

Ar ( Z= 18): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6.

5. Nguyn t khc

Cr ( Z=24) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1Cr2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4

Cr3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3

Fe( Z=26) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6

Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5Cu ( Z=29) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1Cu+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

Cu2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9Zn ( Z= 30) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2

Zn2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 CHUYN 4: LNG TNH

TTHo cht+ Axit+ KimLng tnh

1Al

Al2O3Al(OH)3xX

xxxXKhng

xx

2Zn

ZnO

Zn(OH)2xxxxxxKhng

xx

3Cr

Cr2O3Cr(OH)3xxxKhngxxKhng xx

4HCO

KHCO3NaHCO3Ca(HCO3)2Ba(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

5(NH4)2CO3xxx

6Aminoaxit

NH2-CH2-COOHxxx

CHUYN 5 - AXITI HCl, H2SO4 long , HBr, H3PO4

1. Kim loi + Axit ( Mui + H2

( Trc H)

2. C 5 kim loi khng tc dng axit Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au

Fe + 2HCl ( FeCl2 + H2

Cu + HCl ( Khng xy raII. HNO3

1. Tc dng tt c kim loi tr Au, Pt

2. HNO3 khng tc dng Al, Fe, Cr c nguiKim loi + ( Mui + + H2O

( ho tr cao I)

A C th l: NH3, N2O, N2, NO, NO2, NH4NO3

3. Cc cht c tnh kh u b oxy ho bi HNO3.III. H2SO4 c

1. Tc dng tt c kim loi tr Au, Pt

2. H2SO4 ngui khng tc dng Al, Fe, CrKim loi + H2SO4 ( Mui + SO2 + H2O

( ho tr cao) ( S hoc H2S)

CHUYN 6HIN TNG HO HC- PHN BIT CHT RNI L thuyt 1. C 5 kim loi ( K, Na, Ca, Ba,Li) tc dng trong nc cho baz + H2

Cht rn t t tan ra, c kh bay ra

Na + H2O ( NaOH + H22. C 5 oxyt baz (Li2O K 2O, Na2O, CaO, BaO) tc dng H2O to baz

Cht rn t t tan ra :

Na2O + H2O( 2 NaOH3. C 5 baz tan trong nc (LiOH, KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2)

Cht rn tan t t trong nc

4. Al Tc dng dung dch KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2),LiOH

Al + NaOH + H2O ( NaAlO2 + 3/2H2

Nhm t t tan ra v si bt

5. Al2O3 , Al(OH)3 tc dng dd KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 ,LiOH

Al2O3 + 2NaOH ( NaAlO2 + H2O

Al(OH)3 + NaOH ( NaAlO2 +H2O

Cht rn t t tan ra

6. Kim loi trc H2+ HCl, H2SO4 to mui v si bt kh H2

Fe + 2HCl ( FeCl2 + H2

* Cht rn t t tan v si bt

7. Oxyt v hydroxyt tc dng HCl, H2SO4 long

Fe2O3 + HCl

Fe2O3 + H2SO4

* Cht rn t t tan ra

8. Phn bit cht rn

* H2O Tan hoc khng tan

* dd Kim lng tnh hoc khng lng tnh

* HCl qu tm

CHUYN 7TCH HN HP- TNH KH- OXYT HO- NHIT PHN MUI

I Tch hn hp

1. Tch hn hp Cu, Fe

2. Tch hn hp Ag, Mg.

3. Tch hn hp Zn, Cu.

4. Tch hn hp Al, Ag

5. Tch hn hp Cu, Cr

II. Tnh kh, tnh oxy ho

1. Cht kh: S oxy ho tng( B oxy ho)

2. Cht oxy ho : S oxy ho gim ( B kh)

3. Tnh oxy ho - kh cc cht

Tnh khTnh kh - tnh oxy hoTnh oxy ho

Kim loiK, Mg, Al, Cu

FeFeO, Fe(OH)2, FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe3O4Fe2O3 mui Fe3+ : Fe2(SO4)3,..

CrNaCrO2, CrCl2CrO3 Na2CrO4 ;Na2Cr2O7

III. Phn ng nhit phn:

1. Ch c mui cacbonat kim loi kim th ( kim loi IIA)

b nhit phn to oxyt v CO2 Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim ( nhm IA) khng b nhit phn

MCO3 MO + CO2

M l : Ca,Mg,Ba

R2CO3 khng xy ra phn ng

R: l K,Na,Li2. Mui Hydro cacbonat b nhit phn

2RHCO3

R2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

R: l K,Na,LiM(HCO3)2

MCO3 + CO2 + H2O

M l Ca,BaMg(HCO3)2

MgO + CO2 + H2O

MCO3 MO + CO23. Hydroxyt (Baz)

* Baz tan khng b nhit phn : KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 , LiOH

* Baz khng tan b nhit phn to oxyt + H2O

Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O

Ch : Nu nhit phn Fe(OH)2 ngoi khng kh

4Fe(OH)4 + O2 + 2H2O ( 4Fe(OH)4

Trng xanh Nu

2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O

IV Nc cng:

Nc cngPhn loiGcCch lm mm nc

un nngCa(OH)2Na2CO3K2CO3Na3PO4K3PO4

Ca2+Mg2+nhiu Tm thi

HCO

x

x

x

x

Vnh cuCl-SO

x

x

Ton phn

HCO

Cl-SO

x

x

PHN 2: NI DUNG HU CH THNG CHNG 1 ESTE LIPITI. Gi tn esteTTChcCng thcTn thay th (QT)Thng

1AxitHCOOH

CH3COOH

C2H5COOHAxit metanoic

Axit etanoic

Axit propanoicAxit fomic

Axit axetic

Axit propyonic

2RuCH3OH

C2H5OH

CH3CH2CH2OH Metanol

Etanol

PropanolAncol metylic

Ancol etylic

Ancol propylic

3EsteHCOO-

HCOOCH3

HCOOC2H5CH3COOCH3CH3COOC2H5HCOOCH2CH2CH3HCOOCH(CH3)CH3C2H5COOCH3metanoat

Metyl metanoatEtyl metanoat

Metyl etanoat

Etyl etanoat

Propyl metanoat

IsopropylmetanoatMetyl propanoatfomat

Metyl fomat

Etyl fomatMetyl axetatEtyl axetat

Propyl fomatIso propyl fomatMetyl propionat

II Ho tnh

* este: CH3COOC2H5

* Cht bo : (RCOO)3C3H5

Cht bo l tri este ca glixerol vi cc axit boThu phn trong mi trng axitThu phn trong mi trng bazPhn ng hydro ho

c imP thun nghchP x phng ho(ko nghch)Du ( m

Estexx

Cht bo (lipit)xxx

* Ging nhau ca este, cht bo

- Thu phn trong mi trng axit ( phn ng thun nghch)

- Thu phn trong mi trng baz ( phn ng x phng ho)

* Khc nhau:Phn ng hydro ho chuyn du thnh m

H THNG CHNG 2

I H thng:

TTCTPTc im cu to Ho tnhPhn ng c trngPhn ng thu phnSaccarit

1C6H12O6Glucoz(M=180)C 5 OH

-t/d NaKhng mono

-t/d dd Cu(OH)2 xanh lam

-t/d dd Cu(OH)2 xanh lam

-t/dAxit to este

1 nhm

-CH=Ot/d AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta trngt/d AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta trng

- t/d Cu(OH)2 /NaOH to ( gch - t/d Cu(OH)2 /NaOH to ( gch

-Mt mu dd brom-Mt mu dd brom

- ln men ru

2C6H12O6Fructoz(M=180)C 5 OH

V 1 nhm C=Ont-Ging glucoz

-Khng lm mt mu dd bromKhngMono

3C12H22O11Saccaroz(M=342)-C nhiu OH

- t/d Cu(OH)2 to dd xanh lam- t/d Cu(OH)2 to dd xanh lamto:Glucoz + fructozi

Khng c CHO

- thu phn

4(C6H10O5)nTinh bt(M=162n)- glucoz

lin kt nhau- I2 to dd xanh

- I2 to dd xanh

to: glucoz Poli

- thu phn

5(C6H10O5)nXenluloz(M=162n)- glucoz

Lin kt nhau- t/d HNO3

to: glucoz Poli

- thu phn

II. Phng trnh

1. Saccarit phn ng thu phn

* Glucoz, fructoz: mono saccarit khng b thu phn

* Saccaroz : i saccarit khi thu phn to 2 mono saccarit

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Saccaroz fructoz + glucoz

* Mantoz

C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6 glucoz

* Tnh bt +xenluloz:polisaccarit thu phn to phn t mono saccarit

(C6H10O5)n + H2O n C6H12O6

Tinh bt glucoz

Xenluloz

2. Cc phng trnh phn ng

a. Phn ng Cu(OH)2 + NaOH nhit ca glucoz CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH

CH2OH(CHOH)4COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O

b. Phn ng trng gng ca glucoz

CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O

CH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3

c. Phn ng to Sobitol ca glucoz, fructozo : C6H12O6 + H2 ( C6H14O6 CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + H2 CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH

glucoz Sobitold. Glucoz ln men ru C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2e. iu ch glucoz : thu phn saccaroz, tinh bt, xenluloz.

H THNG CHNG 3

AMIN AMINO AXIT PROTEINTTChtCTCTTrng thiTan trong H2OQu tm mHo tnhphn ng c trng

1Amin h R-NH2

R-NH-RR- N-R

R

a s kh X

XanhTan trong nc to dd baz lm qi tm hoxanh- t/d dd axitQi tm m sang xanh

2Amin thm AnilinC6H5NH2Lng- khng tan- t/d dd baz

- t/d dd Br2 kt ta trngt/d Br2 to kt ta trng

3Amino axitNH2RCOOH

(NH2)2-RCOOH

NH2R(COOH)2RnX

X

-khng i mu

-Xanh

--Tnh lng tnh

- t/d ru

- trng ngng

- t/d kim loi trc H2, oxyt baz..- Qu tm khng i mu

- QT ho

- QT ho xanh

4Peptit(NH2-CH-CO)n R12 (50 - amino axitTan trong nc to dd keo v ng t c nhit Thu phn trong mi trng axit, baz to - amino axit- p mu buire-t/d Cu(OH)2 mu tm

5ProteinPoli peptit cao phn tnt-t/d Cu(OH)2 mu tm

H THNG CHNG 4

I CNG V POLIME

I.Phng php iu ch polime:TTPhn ngKhi nimiu kinV d

1Trng hpQT lin kt nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t lnC lin kt i hoc vng km bnnCH2=CH2 (-CH2-CH2-)n

2Trung ngngQT lin kt nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t ln+ H2O C t nht 2 nhm chc c kh nng phn ngnNH2

II.Vt liu polime:

TTVt liu polimeKhi nimiu kinCc polime

1Cht doVt liu polime c tnh do* Polime dng lm cht do

-PE-PVC

- Thu tinh

- PPF

2TVt liu polime c dng hnh si di v mnh c b nht nh* T thin nhin

* T ho hc

- T tng hp

- T bn tng hp ( t nhn to)- Bng len t tm- t poli amt ( nilon, capron)

- T visco, t xenluloz, t axetat

* Mt s t thng gp

a. T nilon 6,6:

b. T nitron

3Cao suL loi polime c tnh n hi* Cao su thin nhin* Cao su tng hp

C hai loi t : t thin nhin (c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm,len , bng...) v t ha hc (ch bin bng phng php ha hc).

T ha hc c chia thnh hai nhm : t nhn to v t tng hp.

T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.Th d : t Xenluloz ch to ra t visco,t axetat,t ng -amoniac.

T tng hp c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp .Th d : t poliamit(T nilon, T capron) ,t polieste(T lapsan).

c im cu to ca t l gm nhng phn t polime mch thng (khng phn nhnh) sp xp song song dc theo mt trc chung,xon li vi nhau,to thnh nhng si di,mnh v mm mi.III Phn ng trng hp:

1. PE Poli etylen- Mch C bo ho. V d polietilen.nCH2=CH2 (-CH2-CH2-)n2. PVC poli vinyl cloruaCng hirohalogenua ( 120oC - 180oC vi HgCl2 xc tc) v cc axit (HCl, HCN, CH3COOH,)

Vinyl clorua c dng trng hp thnh nha P.V.C:

3. PP poli propylen

nCH2=CH(CH3) [CH2-CH(CH3)]n

4. Thu tinh hu c ( poli metyl meta crylat)

- L cht lng khng mu, tan c trong nc, ru, ete.

- Este ca n vi ru metylic c trng hp ch to thu tinh hu c (plexiglat).

5. T nitron

6. Cao su buna

- Polivinyl axetat (P.V.A)iu ch bng cch : cho ri trng hp.

IV. Trng ngng: + T capron: l sn phm trng hp ca caprolactam

+ T nilon ( hay nilon ): l sn phm trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyliamin

v axit aipic

:

Cc cht phn ng trng ngng : nilon-6(capron),nilon-7(enang), nilon-6,6; tdacron

Cc cht phn ng ng trng ngng : nilon-6,6; t dacron(T lapsan)

Cc cht phn ng trng hp : PE,PVC,PS,PMA,cao su clopren, PP,PVA,PMM,cao su Buna, cao su isopren, T capron, T nitron,teflon,

Cc cht phn ng ng trng hp : cao su Buna-S, cao su Buna-N,CHUYN 1: GI TN V NG PHN

I. Tn ankan v gc Ankan CnH2n+2

Anken CnH2n

CTCTTnCTCTTn

CH4CH3-CH3CH3-CH2-CH3CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3CH3CH(CH3)CH3Mtan

Etan

Propan

Butan

Iso butanCH3-

CH3-CH2-

CH3-CH2-CH2-

CH3CH(CH3)-

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3CH3 CH2 CH(CH3)-CH3 CH(CH3)CH2-

(CH3)3C- Metyl

Etyl

Propyl

Iso propyl

Butyl

Secbutyl

Iso butyl

Tert butyl

II. Tn Ru- Axit Este

1. Ru

a. Thay th : Ankan + vi tr nhm, -OH + ol

- Chn mch Cacbon di nht c nhm OH, nh s u tin C c OH

b. Tn thng : Ancol + Ankyl + ic

2. Axit

a. Thay th: Axit + ankan + Oic

Chn mch Cacbon di nht cha COOH

nh s u tin nhm chc

b. Thng: Axit + 1c: fomic

+ 2C axetic, propyonic, butyric, Valeric.

3. Este RCOOR

Gi R+ gc axit RCOO-LoiCng thcTn thay th Tn thng

RuCH3OH

C2H5OH

CH3CH2CH2OH

CH3CH(OH)CH3Metanol

Etanol

Propan-1-ol

Propan-2-olAncol metylic

Ancol etylic

Ancol propylic

Ancol iso propylic

AxitHCOOHCH3COOH

CH3CH2COOH

CH3CH2CH2COOH

CH3CH(CH3)COOHAxit metanoicAxit etanoic

Axit propanoic

Axit butanoic

Axit -2-metyl propanoicAxit fomicAxit axetic

Axit propyonic

Axit butyric

Axit osi butylric

Este*HCOOHHCOO-HCOOCH3HCOOC2H5HCOOCH2CH2CH3HCOOCH(CH3)2*CH3COOH

CH3COO-CH3COOCH3CH3COOC2H5CH3COOCH2CH2CH3*CH3CH2COOH

CH3CH2COO-CH3CH2COO-CH3CH3CH2COO-C2H5Axit Metanoic Metanoat

Metyl metanoat

Etyl metanoat

Propyl metanoat

Iso propylmetanoat

Axit etanoic

Etanoat

Metyl etanoat

Etyl etanoat

Propyl etanoat

Axit propanoic

propanoat

Metyl propanoat

Etyl propanoat

Axit fomic Fomat

Metyl fomat

Etyl fomat

Propyl fomat

Iso propyl fomat

Axit axetic

axetat

Metyl axetat

Etyl axetat

Propyl axetat

Axit propyonic

PropyonatMetyl propyonat

Etyl propyonat.

III. Tn Amin:

R-NH2

R-NH-R Ankyl + amin

RN(R)R

Cng thcTnBc

CH3NH2CH3CH2NH2

CH3-CH2-CH2-

CH3CH(CH3)-

CH3NH-CH3C2H5-NH-C2H5CH3-NH-C2H5CH3N(CH3)CH3C2H5N(CH3)CH3Metyl amin

Etyl amin

Propyl amin

Iso propyl amin

i metyl amin

i etyl amin

Etyl metyl amin

Tri metyl amin

Etyl i metyl amin1

1

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

IV. Amino axit

Nhom amino + tn axit ( thng)

Cng thcTn

NH2-CH2COOH

CH3CH(NH2)COOH

NH2CH2CH2COOH

CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH

CH3CH(NH2)CH2COOH

NH2CH2CH2CH2COOHAxit amino axeticAxit amino propyonic

Axit amino propyonic

Axit amino butyric

Axit amino butyric

Axit amino butyric

1.Este v axitCTPTC2H4O2C3H6O2C4H8O2C5H10O2

p Este1249

p Axit1124

p Tp chc (andehit,ancol,xeton,ete)1411

p cu to mch h 34+311+6

a. C2H4O2

HCOOCH3

Metyl fomiat.

b. C3H6O2.

HCOOC2H5

Etyl fomiat.

CH3COOCH3

Metyl axetat.

c. C4H8O2.

HCOOCH2CH2CH3.Propyl fomiat.

HCOOCH(CH3)CH3Iso propyl fomiat.

CH3COOCH2CH3Etyl axetat.

CH3CH2COOCH3.Metyl propyonat. 2.Amin

TTCTPTS ng phnBc

bc1bc 2bc 3

1C2H7N211

2C3H9N4211

3C4H11N8431

4C6H7N1

5C7H9N5

3. Amino axit :TTCTPTS ng phn

1C2H7NO21

2C3H7NO22

3C4H9NO25

a.Amin* C2H7N

CH3CH2NH2 Etyl amin

CH3-NH-CH3 i metyl amin.

*C4H11N

CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2Butyl amin.

CH3CH2(CH3)CH-NH2Sec butyl amin.

CH3(CH3)CH-CH2-NH2Iso butyl amin.

(CH3)3C-NH2

Tert butyl amin.

CH3CH2CH2-NH-CH3metyl propyl amin.

CH3(CH3)CH-NH-CH3metyl iso propyl amin.

CH3CH2-NH-CH2CH3i etyl amin.

CH3CH2(CH3)N-CH3Etyl i metyl amin.

* C3H7N

CH3CH2CH2-NH2Propyl amin.

CH3(CH3)CH-NH2Iso propyl amin

CH3CH2-NH-CH3Etyl metyl amin.

CH3(CH3)N-CH3.Tri metyl amin.

*C6H7NC6H5-NH2

Phenyl amin (Anilin).*C7H9NNH2-C6H4-CH3

b. mino axit

*C2H5O2N

NH2-CH2-COOH

Axit - amino axetic.

*C3H7O2N

NH2-CH2CH2COOHAxit - amino propynic.

CH3(NH2)CH-COOH.Axit - amino propyonic.

*C4H9O2N

CH3CH2CH2(NH2)COOH Axit - amino butyric.

CH3CH(NH2)-CH2COOHAxit - amino butyric.

NH2CH2CH2CH2-COOH

Axit amino butylric

CH3CH(NH2)(CH3)-COOH.Axit - amino iso butylric.

NH2CH2-CH(CH3)-COOHAxit - amino isobutylric.

CHUYN 3

LNG TNH - THU PHN SACCAROZ

I.Cht lng tnh

Amino axit: NH2-R- COOH

Va tc dng axit, va tc dng baz, Qu tm khng i mu

II.Cc cht b thu phn

1.Este b thu phn trong mi trng axit- baz

a.Thu phn trong mi trng axit

Este + H2O Axit + RuCH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH

Este + H2O Axit + andehitCH3COOCH=CH2 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CHO

Este + H2O Axit + phenolCH3COOC6H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C6H5OH

b.Thu phn trong mi trng baz ( X phng ho)

Este +NaOH Mui + RuCH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

Este + NaOH Mui + andehitCH3COOCH=CH2 + NaOH CH3COONa + CH3CHO

Este+NaOH Mui + phenolatCH3COOC6H5 + 2NaOH CH3COONa + C6H5ONa+H2O

2.Cht bo

a.Thu phn trong mi trng axit (thun nghch)

(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3

Lipit + H2O Cc axit bo + glixerolb.Thu phn trong mi trng baz (x phng ho )

(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3

Lipit + H2O Mui ca axit bo + glixerol

3.Saccaroz, mantoz

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Saccaroz

Glucoz Fructoz

1 mol saccaroz

C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6

Mantoz

Glucoz

1 mol mantoz 4.Tinh b, xenluloz

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O 2C6H12O6

Tinh bt

glucoz

Xenluloz

5.Peptit v protein :

(-NH-CH(R)-CO-)n Peptit : n= 2-50, phi l (-amino axit

Protein : n >50

Thu phn peptit v protein to ra (- amino axit

(-NH-CH(R)-CO-)n + nH2O nNH2-CH(R)-COOH6. Cacbohidrat: a. Monosaccarit : Glucoz v fructoz ( C6H12O6) M=180b. isaccarit : Saccaroz v mantoz ( C12H22O11) M=342c. Poli saccarit: Tinh bt v xenluloz ( C6H10O5)n M=162nBNG THUC TH NHN BIT CC HP CHT V C Ho chtC ionThuc thDu hiu phn ng

Mui clorua, HCl

Mui bromua, HBr

Mui iotua, HICl(Br(I-dd AgNO3AgCl ( trng

AgBr ( vng nht

AgI ( vng

Mui photphat tan

(hoc H3PO4)PO43(dd AgNO3Ag3PO4 ( vng, tan trong axit mnh

Mui sunfat (tan),

axit H2SO4SO42(ion Ba2+

(BaCl2, Ba(OH)2)BaSO4 ( trng, khng tan trong cc axit

sunfit, hirosunfit,

cacbonat,

hirocacbonatSO32(HSO3(CO32(,

HCO3(ion H+ (dd HCl, dd H2SO4, dd HNO3)si bt kh SO2 hoc CO2

Dd mui sunfua,

dd H2SS2(dd c Pb2+, Ag+, Cu2+ :Pb(NO3)2.PbS ( en, CuS ( en

(hoc Ag2S ( en)

Mui nitrat

(hoc HNO3)NO3(H2SO4 c,Cu,toNO( khng mu sau ho nu (NO2) , dd sau phn ng mu xanh lam

Mui canxi (tan)

Mui bari (tan)Ca2+

Ba2+Dd c SO32( hoc CO32(, SO42(,CrO42-

(dd Na2CO3)CaSO4 (t tan), CaCO3(trng

BaSO4,BaCO3 ( trng, BaCrO4( vng

Mui bari (tan)Sr2+ , Ca2+

SO42(, C2O42-SrSO4, SrC2O4( trng, CaC2O4( trng

Mui magi (tan)Mg2+dd baz kim: OH Mg(OH)2 ( trng

Mui st (II) (tan)Fe2+NaOH, KOH.

(hoc dd NH3)Fe(OH)2 ( lc nht (hoc trng xanh), ho nu trong khng kh Fe(OH)3

Mui st (III) (tan)Fe3+NaOH, KOH.

(hoc dd NH3)Fe(OH)3 ( nu

Mui ng (tan)

(dd mu xanh lam)Cu2+dd baz kim

NaOH, KOH.

(hoc dd NH3)Cu(OH)2 ( xanh lam

(tan trong dd NH3 d)

Mui nhmAl3+dd baz kim

NaOH, KOH.

(hoc dd NH3)Al(OH)3( keo trng tan trong kim d.

(Khng tan trong dd NH3 d)

Dd AgNO3Ag+OH, Cl( nu en(Ag2O),( trng(AgCl)

Dd mui caimiCd2+OH2, OHCdS ( vng, Cd(OH)2( trng

Dd mui chPb2+S2 , OH dPbS ( en,( trng ( tan ra khi OH- d

Dd mui chPb2+Cl, IPbCl2 ( trng, PbI2 ( vng

Dd mui Hg22+Hg22+ClHg2Cl2( trng

Dd mui Ni2+Ni2+OH( Ni(OH)2 mu xanh nht

Dd mui Co2+Co2+OH(Co(OH)2mu hng(Co(OH)3 ( mu nu trong khng kh

Dd mui BeriBe2+OH d( trng Be(OH)2 ( tan ra

Mui amoniNH4+dd baz kim

NaOH, KOH, toNH3( mi khai, lm xanh giy qu m.

Mui kali, natriK+, Na+ngn la n cn.K: Ngn la mu tm hng.

Na: Ngn la mu vng.

Dd mui nitritNO2-Dd KMnO4Mt mu dd thuc tm

Dd mui silicatSiO32-Dd AgNO3, H+Ag2SiO3, H2SiO3 ( keo trng

Dd mui kmZn2+Dd NH3 hoc OH( trng ( tan ra (nu d tt)

Dd mui Cr2+, Cr3+Cr2+, Cr3+Dd NH3 hoc OHCr(OH)2 ( vng, Cr(OH)3 ( xm xanh tan trong OH- d

Dd mui Mn2+Mn2+Dd NH3 hoc OH( trng Mn(OH)2

SO3 (cht lng)Dd c Ba2+( trng BaSO4

SO2 (mi sc)Dd nc Br2

Dd Ca(OH)2Mt mu dd nc Br2

( trng ( tan ra(nu d SO2)

CO2Dd Ca(OH)2( trng ( tan ra(nu d CO2)

Cl2 kh vng nhtQu tm mQu tm m chuyn mu hng

I2 cht rn, tm en Tinh btTnh bt ( xanh m

O2Tn mTn m chy sng

H2t chyNgn la xanh, c H2O ngng t

H2S mi trng thiGiy tm dd Pb(NO3)2Giy ho en do to ra PbS ( en

NH3 kh mi khaiQu tm mQu tm m ( mu xanh

Kh Cl2Giy tm h tinh btLm xanh giy tm h tinh bt

COCuO (en)Chuyn CuO (en) thnh .

Kh HCl- Qu tm m t

- AgNO3- Qu tm m t ho

- To kt ta trng

Kh N2Que dim Que dim tt

Mt s qung

I. Qung st:1. Hematit : Fe2O3 khan

2. Hematit nu (limonit): Fe2O3.nH2O

3. Manhetit: Fe3O44. Xiderit: FeCO35. Pirit: FeS2 (khng dng qng ny iu ch Fe v cha nhiu lu hunh, dng iu ch H2SO4).6. Xementit : Fe3C.

7. Pirolosit : MnO2.

8. Inmenit : FeTiO3.

II. Qung kali, natri:1. Mui n : NaCl ;

2. Sivinit: KCl.NaCl

3. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

4. X a : Na2CO3

5. Dim tiu: NaNO36. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

(Da vo tan khc nhau ca cc mui clorua i vi nhit tch ring KCl).

III. Qung canxi, magie: 1. vi, phn. CaCO32. Thch cao : CaSO4.2H2O

3. Photphorit :Ca3(PO4)2

4. Apatit: Ca5F(PO4)3 hay 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF25. olomit CaCO3.MgCO3 ( bch vn).

6. Florit: CaF2.

7. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

8. Manhezit : MgCO3 ,

9. Cainit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O

VI. Qung nhm:1. Boxit: Al2O3.nH2O (thng ln SiO2, Fe2O3 v mt s tp cht khc).

2. Cryolit: Na3AlF6 hay AlF3.3NaF

3. Cao lanh: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O

4. Mica: K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O

5. Berin :Al2O3.3BeO.6SiO26. Anotit : CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2.

7. t st : Al2O3.SiO2.2.H2O.

8. phn chua K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 24H2O9. phn amoni Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4.24H2O

V. Qung ng

1. Chancozit : Cu2S

2. Cancoporit : CuS.FeS ( CuFeS2)

3. Malakit : CuCO3.Cu(OH)2

4. Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 5. Cuprit : Cu2O

Mu ca mt s oxit

Cr(OH)2 vngCr(OH)3 xanh xm

CrO enCr2O3 xanh thm

CrO3 thmFe3O4:xanh en.

Fe2O3:FeO: en.

FeSO4.7H2O: xanh lc.Fe(OH)3: nu.

FeCl2: dung dch lc nhtFeCl3:vng nu.

MnCl2 :dung dch: xanh lc; tinh th: nht.KMnO4:tinh th mu tm.

K2MnO4:xanh lc.MnO2 :kt ta mu en.

K2CrO4: vng cam.K2Cr2O7: da cam.

ZnCl2 :bt trngCrCl2 :lc sm.

Al2O3:trngAu2O3:nu en.

AgCl:trng.( Ha en Ngoi nh Sng).Al2(SO4)3:mu trng.

AgI: vng m.AlCl3( tinh th lc phng) mu trng, thng ng mu vng nht v cha FeCl3.

AgBr : Vng NhtNaCl: khng mu, nhng mui n c mu trng l do c lnMgCl2vCaCl2.

CuS,FeS,Fe2S3,Ag2S,PbS,HgS: en.MnS,SbS: Hng.

SnS: Nu.ZnS:Trng.

CdS : Vng.ZnS: trng.

PbI2: vng ti, tan nhiu trong nc nng.Hg2I2; vng lc.

Ag2CrO4: gch.BaCrO4: vng.

PbCrO4 :vng.Hg2CrO4: .

BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4: trngCaC2O4: trng.

As2S3, As2S5: vng.Fe(SCN)3dd mu mu.

In(OH)3: kt ta nhy, mu trng.Tl(OH)3,TlOOH: kt ta nhy, mu hung

Fe(OH)2: kt ta trng xanh hay lc nht. Mn(OH)2:nu

Cu(OH)2:Keo Xanh. Al(OH)3 : Keo Trng.

CuCl2 :tinh th mu nu, dd xanh l cy.CuSO4:dd xanh lam.

Cu2O: gch.GaI3vInI3: mu vng.

TlI3: mu en.Tl2O: bt mu en.

TlOH: tinh th mu vng.Zn3P2:tinh th nu xm

H2SiO3: kt ta keo .SrSO4 trng, HgI2 ,...

Li-mu trng bc.

Na-mu trng bc.Mg-mu trng bc.

K-c mu trng bc khi b mt sch.Ca-mu xm bc.

B-C hai dng th hnh ca bo; bo v nh hnh l cht bt mu nu, nhng bo kim loi th c mu en.N-l mt cht kh dng phn t khng mu.

O-kh dng phn t khng mu.F-kh mu vng lc nht.

Al-mu trng bc.Si-mu xm sm nh xanh.

P-tn ti di ba dng th hnh c bn c mu: trng, v en.S-vng chanh.

Cl-kh mu vng lc nht.Cr-mu trng bc.

Mn-kim loi mu trng bc.Fe-kim loi mu xm nh nh kim.

Cu-kim loi c mu vng nh .Zn-kim loi mu xm nht nh lam.

Ba-c mu trng bcHg-Trng bc.

Pb-trng xm.Br : nu .

I : Tinh th mu tm en .Mn2+:vng nht.

Zn2+:trng.Al3+:trng.

Ca2+th chy vi ngn la mu cam.Na+th ngn la mu vng.

K+ngn la mu tm.Cu2+c mu xanh lam.

Cu1+c mu gch.Fe3+mu nu.

Fe2+mu trng xanh.Ni2+lc nht.

Cr3+mu lc.Co2+mu hng.

MnO4-mu tm.CrO4 2-mu vng.

Li+ mu ta .nhngPtvoLi,Ba(cc cht cn nhn bit) ri em un nng trn ngn la ko mu.

Lic mu ta,Bac mu lc vng.NO2 : Nu

H2S : khng mu , mi trng thi .SO2 : mi sc .

NO: ha nu trong khng kh.NH3 : lm qu tm m ha xanh.

ng i kh, khng kh v ngn sng cch ni m kh v lng ngi ngi ni e sng !

Nhng li ha m ging bo s d b lng qun khi lc p tri !

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

+H2O

H2(

+H2O

PAGE H 2013

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