Cities and Biodiversity Outlook

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City of Cape Town, South Africa ( Y Chen19

CiTieS ANdBiodiverSiTY

oUTLooK A Global Assessment of theLinks between Urbanization,Biodiversity and Ecosystems

Proposal, October 2011


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C B D

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i n g a p o r e

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The Convention on BiologicalDiversity is the first multilat-eral environmental agreementto adopt decisions and a Planof Action to take the campaignfor life on Earth to all levels of government. The way we livein cities increasingly defineshow many species and ecosys-

tems will survive in 20 years and how e ectively we canreduce our global footprint on biodiversityand more of us will live in cities over the same period. The consulta-tive process of the production of the CBO-1 will engagescientists, public o cers and practitioners in the urbancontext to nd solutions in cities and in urbanization,instead of problems. I invite all, experts as well as citizens,to contribute to that process and to send their messagesto COP 11 in Hyderabad, in October 2012.

Dr. Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary of the Conventionon Biological Diversity

Singapore is pleased to havecontributed the Singapore Indexon Cities Biodiversity or the CityBiodiversity Index as a usefulplanning and monitoring toolto the broad initiative to imple-ment the 2011 2020 StrategicPlan of the Convention at thesub-national and local levels.

The use of the Index allows cities and other local author-ities to support the e orts of Parties and engage their residents in setting benchmarks and evaluating progressacross the range of the Aichi Targets. We are proud thatresults from more than 100 cities will be featured in the

rst edition of the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook.

Mr. Poon Hong Yuen, Chief Executive Officer of theSingapore National Parks Board

Overview

The rst edition of the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook(CBO-1) will consist of a global assessment of the linksbetween urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystemservices. Combining science and policy, scientists fromaround the world will analyze how urbanization and urbangrowth impact biodiversity and ecosystems, deliveringkey messages on the conservation and the sustainableuse of natural resources to decision-makers. Cities, localauthorities and subnational governments will have theopportunity to showcase their practices on sustainabilityand biodiversity and learn from existing experiences howto incorporate those topics in their agendas and policies.

The current proposal outlines the planning, production,and dissemination of the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook(CBO-1), called for through paragraph six of Decision X/22of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties(COP 10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),as well as its objectives, lead authors, composition of the Advisory Committee and the Inter-Agency Task-Force,and dra content outline. The Outlook is proposed in two

complementary forms:1) CBO-1 Synthesis a summary for policy- and decision-

makers of the Convention;

2) CBO-1 Scienti c Foundation a wider publication of its scienti c basis, each with its speci c messages,production, and launch/dissemination strategy butsharing the same basic goals and content.

Messages

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The charge

The basis for the publication stems from the Plan of Actionon Sub-National Governments, Cities and Other LocalAuthorities for Biodiversity (2011 2020) as endorsed byCOP 10 in agoya, Japan, 18 29 October 2010.

Paragraph six of the decision as adopted:

Requests the Executive Secretary, subject to theavailability of resources, to prepare an assessment

of the links and opportunities between urbanizationand biodiversity for the eleventh meeting of theConference of the Parties, based on the third editionof the Global Biodiversity Outlook

The Urban challenge

By 2050, almost 3 billion additional people will inhabitthe worlds cities, and the world will have undergone thelargest and fastest period of urban expansion in all of human history. A recent estimate reveals that the area

directly impacted by new urban infrastructure within thenext 40 years would roughly cover an area the size of Mongolia, with obvious impacts on natural habitat andthe wildlife that depends on it. Consequently, urban growthwill impact the provision of many ecosystem services andthe bene ts humans derive from nature, and the demandsof cities will reshape most rural landscapes in the comingdecades. Without adequate consideration by policy-makersof the implications of the coming urbanization, many of the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity, as wellas the Millennium Development Goals for providing clean

water for consumption and sanitation and the UNFCC goalsfor mitigating and adapting to climate change, are unlikelyto be met. A sustainable urbanization will be necessaryfor achieving goals of a more sustainable planet.

The Mission

Serve as the rst and seminal global analysis of howurbanization and urban growth impact biodiversityand ecosystem dynamics in terrestrial, freshwater,and marine systems.

Provide an overview, analysis, and response toknowledge gaps in our understanding of urbanizationprocesses and urban social-ecological systems.

Address how urban biodiversity and ecosystems couldbe used, restored, and created in innovative ways toreduce vulnerability and enhance resilience, and howcities could move from being just consumers to alsogenerate ecosystem services and reduce footprints(rede ning the function of cities).

Serve as reference for decision- and policy-makers of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Partieson the complementary roles of national, sub-national,and local authorities for the implementation of theStrategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 2020 throughdecision X/22 of COP 10.

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Community gardens, London, UK ( McTumshie, on Flickr)

As above, CBO-1 will consist of two publications:CBO-1 Synthesis and CBO-1 Scienti c Foundation. The

Synthesis aims at providing knowledge and guidanceto policy makers on urbanization and biodiversity andat reinforcing the role of sub-national governments andlocal authorities in the implementation of the Convention.It will be an edited collaborative publication under theoverall coordination of the Convention Secretariat, with Dr.Ahmed Djoghlaf as main editor. The Scienti c Foundationwill underpin CBO-1 Synthesis and synthesize relevantstudies on links between urbanization and biodiversity,and the impacts of urbanization on ecosystem services,and will be edited by Dr. Thomas Elmqvist, from the

Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm Universityand Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, United Statesof America.

Both publications will have close correlations in contentand messages and Dr. Thomas Elmqvist will also act aslead scienti c editor for the CBO-1 Synthesis, collaboratingwith Ms. Elizabeth Pierson, a managing editor, who willbe responsible for text production, editing, and publica-tion design. The Secretariat of CBD will call on IC EI and

others to provide additional case studies (for instance,on the relevance or urban parks in large cities).

The CBO-1 Synthesis will be presented at Rio+20 andsubmitted to the World Cities Summit in Singapore, in June2012, and o cially launched at the second City BiodiversitySummit parallel to the eleventh meeting of the Conferenceof the Parties (COP 11) to the CBD, in October 2012. TheCBO-1 Scienti c Foundation will include in-depth analysesand undergo a careful peer-review process. Preliminaryversions will be distributed at COP 11, with the nal editionprinted and published in 2013.

To support content development, accuracy and global

scope, CBO-1 relies on a network of scientists, scienti cinstitutions, United Nations agencies and other interna-tional organizations, specialists and decision-makers.ICLEI alone represents more than 1,200 local govern-ments and local government organizations worldwide.To ensure synergy among the experts and the organiza-tions within the network, the CBO-1 will be assi sted byan Inter-Agency Task-force and an Advisory Committee, aswell as the Global Partnership on Local and Sub-NationalAction for Biodiversity.

The Strategy

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Barigui ParkCuritiba, Brazil ( whl.travel, on Fl ickr)

Green wall, Bonn, Germany ( samdessordi, on Flickr)

To support the production and to assure the global dissem-ination of the rst edition of the Cities and BiodiversityOutlook, the Executive Secretary of CBD, Dr. AhmedDjoghlaf has established the Inter-Agency Task-Force,which is composed of nine international organizations,in addition to the CBD.

MeMbers

CBD Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary

UNEP-WCMC Damon Stanwell-Smith, Senior ProgrammeO cer, Ecosystem Assessment

ICLEI obie Brand, Global Coordinator for Biodiversity

UNESCO Gretchen alonji , Assistant Director General for atural Sciences

UN-HABITAT afael Tuts, Chief of the rban Environment andPlanning Branch

IUCN Hans Friederich, egional Director for Europe

UNU-ISP Srikantha Herath, Senior Academic ProgrammeO cer

UN-DESAMohan Peck, Senior Sustainable DevelopmentO cer and eneti Faulalo, Interregional Adviser on SIDS

FAO Julien Custot, Facilitator

SatoyamaInitiative Mrs. Anne McDonald, Director, Operating nitIshikawa/ anazawa, -IAS

The preparation of the CBO-1 will be guided by an AdvisoryCommittee. The Stockholm Resilience Centre and theSecretariat of CBD have invited scientists and experts fromvarious groups and organizations, based on their uniqueexperience on issues related to biodiversity, urbanization,ecosystem services and/or environmental policy.

The role of the committee is to contribute to the produc-tion plan and content development of CBO-1, reviewingthe annotated outlines in order to ensure scienti c andtechnical aspects of the texts, as well as the global scopeof the assessment.

MeMbers

Ahmed Djoghlaf Executive Secretary, CBD

Brbel Dieckmann President of the Honorary SupervisoryBoard, Welthungerhilfe

Carlos Alberto Richa Governor of the State of Paran, Brazil

Haripriya Gundimeda Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Jean-Pierre Revret Professor, QAM

Kazuhiko Takeuchi ice ector, -ISP

Lena Chan Deputy Director, Singaporeational Parks Board

Norbert Mller President, BIO

Robert Mcinnes amsar ST P

Stephen Granger Manager of Environmental esources,City of Cape Town, South Africa

Ted Trzyna President, InterEnvironment Institute

Thomas Elmqvist Theme leader, Stockholmesilience Centre

The Inter-Agency Task-Force

The Advisory Committee

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Comparative Outline of CBO-1CBO-1 Synthesis CBO-1 Scientifc Foundation

Scope Solutions and toolsorganizedaround 10 key messages, focus ontools for implementation of CBD, roleof biodiversity for human well-beingand innovative uses of ecosystems for addressing urban challenges

Scientif ic analyses and assessmentsconditions and trends of urbanization,urban ecosystem services, scenarios,typologies of urbanization, governancechallenges, urban landscapes as social-ecological systems

Content and language eviews and synthesis of existinginformation for policy and practice

eviews and synthesis of existinginformation, as well as presentation of new original analyses and data

Organization no. o pages ~10 key messages organized in 5 sectionswith ~5 pages each ~50 60 pages total

4 sections and 9 10 chapters, ~200 300pages total

Text produced by Coordinating lead authors, AdvisoryCommittee members, SCBD sta , other individual authors (ca. 10 in total)

Coordinating lead authors, lead authors,and contributing authors (ca. 40 in total)

Case studies, examples 1015 short cases with rich illustrationsfocusing on practical solutions

56 long case studies, focusing onin-depth understanding of urban

biodiversity and links to ecosystemservices and governance of urban social-ecological systems

Re iew process Internal (Advisory Committee and Inter-Agency Task-Force) and external (GlobalPartnership, parties to the CBD andinternational organizations)

Internal (Coordinating ead Authors) andexternal (wider scienti c peer review)

Timeline Final hard copy printed: August, 2012 Published online: October 2012; nal hardcopy published: 2013

Main Editor Dr. Ahmed Djoghlaf Prof. Thomas Elmqvist

Technical Editor Ms. Elizabeth Pierson

Supportillustrations,graphics, etc.

SCBD and S C SCBD and S C

Published by CBD Publisher

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CBO-1 Synthesis OutlineForeword

Acknowledgements

Executi e Summary

Introduction

The Urban Challengea global outlook at urbanization, biodiversity and ecosys-tems, challenges and opportunities.

Urbanization and land use, biodiversity and ecosystem services and design,urbanization and water, ecosystem appropriation by cities.

rban landscapes as social-ecological systems.

rbanization, resilience, and global sustainability.

How could further urbanization and urban transformation be redirected so thatcities can be harnessed as generators of innovation and solutions to issuesof global sustainability?

Section I

Conditions and Trends

I.I Current trends in global urbanization and urban transitions in developed and developing countries during the last century

What is the level of biodiversity within cities? Do di erent types of urban forma ect biodiversity within cities? Urbanization in global hotspot areas, invasiveand exotic species. What land-use policies most a ect conditions and trendsof biodiversity within cities? How have non-land-use policies a ected biodi-versity within cities?

What are the experiences in the developed and developing world? Biodiversityand slums. What are urban ecosystem services, how are they generated andwhere? Urban biodiversity and links to ecosy stem services. What are the

bene ts? Monetary and non-monetary valuation. Urban ecological restorationand ecosystem services, impacts on health and human well-being. Municipalwatershed and ecosystem services governance.

I.II Examples and analyses at the urban landscape scale

The 120 cities analysis of land-use and ecosystem change(www.urbanplanetatlas.org/gue/).

I Key messages

01 Urbanization is oneof the most importantdrivers behindbiodiversity loss andecosystem change.

02 Cities are o en rich inbiodiversity.

03 Urban biodiversityand ecosystemsgenerate multiplebene ts essential tohuman well-being.

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Rocinha Slum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ( anjci, on Fl ickr)

CBO-1 Synthesis Outline(continued)Section II

Scenarios

Scenarios of future urbanization and likely impacts on biodiversity andecosystem services.

Meta-analysis of global patterns of urbanization, global urban expansionscenarios through 2030. How will the spatial pattern, rate, and magnitude of urbanization change in the next 30 to 50 years? What are the implications of future urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services?

Biodiversity and slum development. How can urbanization save land for nature elsewhere?

Restoration of urban ecosystems. Urbanization, food and water, food flows,world food prices, urban poverty, urban food production and biodiversity,water availability.

Section III

Policy options and responses

What can we do to enhance human well-being through sustainably managingand restoring urban biodiversity and ecosystem services, particularly in devel-oping countries?

Formal and informal institutions, property rights, urban planning, buildingadaptive capacity through urban commons, protected areas.

Monitoring and evaluation: testing the City Biodiversity Index.

Solutions for sustainable cities.

II Key messages

04 Cities can generateecosystem services andat the same time reducetheir consumptionof ecosystem basedresources.

05 Urban design withinnovative uses of ecosystems has acritical role in reducing

carbon emissions andadapting to climatechange.

06 The economic andnon-economic values of urban ecosystems areenormously high.

07 Feeding an urbanizedworld will depend onurban and peri-urbanagriculture.

III Key messages

08 Cities are hubs of nancial, social and

human capital witha large potential togenerate innovationsand governance toolsfor sustainable urbandevelopment.

09 Urban landscapes o erunique opportunities for

learning and educationabout sustainabledevelopment.

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Edmonton, Canada ( Matthew P Sharp, on Flickr)

Section IV

Implementation of the Aichi Targets at the local level

Support to the Plan of Action on Sub-National Governments, Cities and Other ocal Authorities for Biodiversity (2011 2020) to the CBD.

Initiatives: CBDfrom global plan of action to local implementation

Sub-National and Local BSAPS, the Global Partnership on Sub-NationalGovernments, Cities and Other Local Authorities for Biodiversity, ICLEI CitiesBiodiversity Center, the City Biodiversity Index, URBIS, TEEB, UN-HABITAT, the

Satoyama Initiative, cooperation with amsar Convention on Wetlands.Stakeholders: local authorities, business, GOs, children and youth

Awareness-raising tools: UN Decade on Biodiversity, International Day for Biological Diversity, 1000 days for the Planet, The Green Wave campaign.

Section V

Synthesis and recommendations

Interacti e isualization o the assessment on the web

Appendixes

Re erences and Bibliography

IV Key messages

10 Sustainableurbanization isnecessary for asustainable planet.

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SCBD archives

CBO-1 Synthesis Proposed Case StudieslisT of TheMe boxes

Theme City, Country

arge parksin/near cities

ew ork, SA (Central Park)Montreal, Canada (Mont oyal)

ondon, (Hyde Park)Paris, France (Boise de Boulogne)

ancouver, Canada (Stanley Park)Dublin, Ireland (Phoenix Park)Brussels, Belgium (Jardin oyal)

Singapore, Singapore(The Botanical Gardens)So Paulo, BrazilMelbourne, Australia

ome, ItalyESCO World Heritage Parks

Erfurt, Germany

Cities with highbiodiversity

Cape Town, South Africaio de Janeiro, Brazil

Berlin, GermanyStockholm, Sweden

ienna, AustriaGreen spacesand health, andsustainable greenspace design

Curitiba, Brazilictoria, Australia (Parks ictoria)

Bavaria, Germany (Bavaria Green spaces)Christchurch, ew ZealandPortland, Oregon, SA

rban ecologicalrestoration

Chicago, SA

Biodiversity andslums

io de Janeiro, BrazilBangalore, India

Cape Town, South Africarban agriculture Havana, Cuba

Bogota, ColombiaMontreal, Canada

ancouver, Canada(more than 200 community gardens)

rbanization,biodiversity and water

ictoria, Seychelles ( amsar)

Green policies andurban planning

Jerusalem, Israel

List of Boxes on tooLs an d in it iat ives

IC EI

City Biodiversity Index

TEEB

BIS

BIO

Sub- ational and ocal BiodiversityStrategies and Action Plans (BSAPs)

Plan of Action on Sub- ationalGovernments, Cities and Other ocalAuthorities on Biodiversity (2011 2020)

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 2020and Aichi Targets

nited ations on Decade on Biodiversity

International Day for Biological Diversity

Global Partnership on ocal andSub- ational Action for Biodiversity

Advisory Committee on Cities andBiodiversity

Advisory Committee on Sub- ationalGovernments

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Mont-Royal Park, Montreal, Canada ( abdallahh, on Flickr)

Comparative Message Content of CBO-1

Key Messages o CBO-1 SynthesisChapter in CBO-1Scientifc Foundation

rbanization is one of the most important drivers behind biodiversity loss andecosystem change.

1, 2, 3

Cities are o en rich in biodiversity. 3, 5, 6

rban biodiversity and ecosystems generate multiple bene ts essential to humanwell-being.

4, 7

Cities can generate ecosystem services and at the same time reduce their

consumption of ecosystem-based resources.

8, 9

rban design with innovative uses of ecosystems has a critical role in reducingcarbon emissions and adapting to climate change.

7, 8, 9

The economic and non-economic values of urban ecosystems are enormously high. 4, 10

Feeding an urbanized world will depend on urban and peri-urban agriculture. 8, 9

Cities are hubs of nancial, social and human capital with a large potential togenerate innovations and governance tools for sustainable urban development.

10

rban landscapes o er unique opportunities for learning and education aboutsustainable development.

12

Sustainable urbanization is necessary for a sustainable planet. 8, 9, 10, 11

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E. de Charles de Gaule - Montpellier, France ( Chez Julius Livre 1, on Flickr)

Section I

Urbanizationa global perspective

Chapter 1: A global outlook on urbanizationand resilience, challenges andopportunities

Section II

Conditions and Trends

Chapter 2: rbanization and trends in biodiversity,ecosystems and ecosystem functions(global perspective)

Chapter 3: Patterns and trends in urbanbiodiversity (within city)

Chapter 4: rban ecosystem servicesChapter 5: The 120 cities projectchanges in

growth, land use, biodiversity, andecosystem services

Chapter 6: Shrinking cities

Chapter 7: rban ecological restoration

CBO-1 Scienti c Foundation Outline

inTrodUcTion

While there is growing awareness that cities a ect almostevery ecosystem on earth, signi cantly contribute to theloss of biodiversity, and are increasingly vulnerable toenvironmental change, there has so far not been anyglobal assessment of urbanizations environmental impact.While many studies have examined particular cities or aparticular facet of the environment, there has been littleattempt to asse ss the prospects for ecosystem services

on an urbanized planet.

The aim of this assessment is to:

Serve as the rst comprehensive global analysis of how urbanization and urban growth impact biodiver-sity and ecosystem dynamics in terrestrial, freshwater,and marine systems;

Provide an overview, analysis, and response toknowledge gaps in our understanding of urbaniza-tion processes and urban social-ecological systems;

Address how urban biodiversity and ecosystems couldbe used, restored, and created in innovative ways toreduce vulnerability and enhance resilience, and howcities could move from being just consumers to alsogenerate ecosystem services and reduce footprints(rede ning the function of cities).

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Urban Fauna, Curitiba, Brazil ( Chantal Wagner, on Flickr)

Section III

Scenarios and future opportunities

Chapter 8: Typologies of urbanization, e ects onland use, biodiversity and ecosystemservices

Chapter 9: Food and water in a future urbanizedworld

Chapter 10: Integrating monetary and non-monetaryvalues of urban ecosystems in futureurban development

Section IV

Responses: Governance, institutions and learning

Chapter 11: rban governance of biodiversity andecosystems

Chapter 12: rban landscapes as learning arenasfor su stainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Chapter 13: rban ecosystem services and equity

Section V

Applications

Chapter 14: Indicators for management of biodiver-sity and ecosystem services a scienti cevaluation of City Biodiversity Index

In depth social-ecological analyses of urban landscapes:

Bangalore, IndiaStockholm, SwedenCape Town, South AfricaMelbourne, Australia

io de Janeiro, Brazilrban Satoyama andscapes, Japan

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CBO-1 Synthesis Consultation Plan

11v 11 11

1st Dra o

CBO-1

nd Dra o

CBO-1

rd Dra o

CBO-1

FinalCBO-1

Printing

period i

period ii

period iii

period iv

CBO-1Dissemi-

nation

CBO-1Distri-

bution

j1 1 1

1

1

j1

j1

1 1 1

11 October1st Consultation: (internal

& external)I. A. Task-Force, AdvisoryCommittee and Global

Partnership

111 October3rd Workshop

on SISingapore

ConsultationPeriod o CBO-1

Rele ant E entsor CBO-1

1 JanuaryMediterranean

BSAP WorkshopFrance

1 MarchMeeting of

the AdvisoryCommittee on

Cities Japan

Juneio+20

Brazil

JulyWorld City

SummitSingapore

1 OctoberCOP11

1 1 October2nd City

BiodiversitySummitIndia

11MayCBD-WG I

Canada

TBDCBO-1

ConsultationWorkshop

South Africa

TBDCBO-1

ConsultationWorkshop

India

MayCBO-1 Consultation

Workshoprban atureWorkshop May June

IC EI World Congress2012Brazil

11 March2nd Consultation:

(web-based) GlobalPartnership, Parties to

the CBD and InternationalOrganizations

Compilation of text, case studies and review

Editing, graphics and layout

Proo ng

Printing

11 May3rd Consultation:

(internal) I.A.Task-Force

and AdvisoryCommittee

11 July4 th Consultation:

(peer review)SCBD

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Roof garden, Singapore City, Singapore ( Purple_man, on Flickr)

CBO-1 Scienti c Foundation Production Plan

Period I: 1 August 11 to 1 March 1

Compilation of text, case studies, internal review, etc.

Detailed annotated production plan; Contacting authors; O cial announcement of CBO-1 project at Global

Partnership meeting in Bonn; Develop a web tool to assist in the production; Send proposal to publisher; Hire a postdoc to help with analyses; eceive contributions from individual authors;

review and edit for content; 1st dra sent to be reviewed by Advisory Committee.

Period II: April to July 1

Revisions, illustrations

evision of texts, amendments, etc; Finalize text of author contributions;

Suggest how many and what types of illustrations

should be included; A second dra version for submission to publisher

and external review.

Period III: July to October 1

Proo ng

Proof PDF documents; Deliver PDF to be displayed online; External review

through publisher.

Period IV: No ember 1 to July 1

Production

evision and nalizing of text a er external review; Proo ng, layout, printing.

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By 2050, almost 3 billion additional people will inhabit the worlds cities, and the worldwill have undergone the largest and fastest period of urban expansion in all of humanhistory. It has become more and more clear that a sustainable urbanization will benecessary for achieving goals of a more sustainable planet. Despite this, there has sofar not been any global assessment of urbanizations environmental impact. While manystudies have examined particular cities or a particular facet of the environment, therehas been little attempt to assess the prospects for ecosystem services on an urban-ized planet. The aim of this assessment is to serve as the rst comprehensive globalanalysis of how urbanization and urban growth impact biodiversity and ecosystemdynamics and how cities may use innovative ways to reduce vulnerability and enhanceresilience. CBO-1 will also illustrate how cities can move from being just consumers toalso generate ecosystem services and reduce footprints. Please join us in this endeavor!

Dr. Thomas Elmqvist, SU-SRC, Theme Leader

Secretariat o the Con ention on Biological Di ersityUnited Nations Environment Programme

413 Saint-Jacques Street, Suite 800Montreal, QC H2 1 9 Canada

secretariat@c bd.int

Tel: +1 514 288 2220Fax: +1 514 288 6588

www.cbd.int

Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm University

r riket 2B, StockholmSweden

info@stockholmresilienc e.su.se

Tel : +46 8 674 70 70Fax: +46 070 526 48 06

www.stockholmresilience.org

2011 by Secretariat of the Convention on Biological DiversityAll rights reserved. Published 2011Printed in CanadaISB : 92-9225-391-3

conTribUTorsEditor: Ahmed Djoghlaf Production: Elizabeth Pierson,Fabiana Spinelli, Oliver Hilleland Thomas Elmqvist

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Cities and Biodiversity Outlook