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The Civil War
Two SidesU.S.(Union/North/Blue)Capital:
Washington D.C.President: Abraham
Lincoln
Generals: George McClellanUlysses S. Grant
Confederacy(South, Gray)Capital: Richmond,
VAPresident:
Jefferson DavisGenerals:Robert E. Lee
Lincoln Davis
Army Size
U.S.187,000(Yankees)
Confederacy112,000(Rebels)
Border States• All have strategic locations• Missouri controls parts of
Mississippi River• Kentucky controlled Ohio River• Maryland surrounds D.C.
Lincoln’s Controversial Move
• Worried about Maryland• Arrested those who supported
secession• Suspends Habeas Corpus (told
what you’re being accused of)
Union-North• Advantages
– Larger Population– More Industry– Banking System– Navy– Efficient Railroad– Lincoln
• Disadvantages– Has to invade
South (large area)– Has to defeat the
South – cannot settle for a tie
Confederacy-South• Advantages
– Fighting on Home Turf
– Slaves can cover work
– Military Leadership– In a position to
defend, only have to avoid defeat
• Disadvantages– Smaller Population– Few Factories– Limited Railroad
System– State’s Rights
Backfire
War Aims & Strategies• North
– Aim: Bring the Southern States Back
– Blockade Southern Ports
– Control Mississippi (Anaconda Plan)
– Capture Richmond
• South– Aim: Win
recognition of Independence
– Play Defense– Get European Help– Follow example of
Revolutionary War
Outset of War• False Hope: Most
Americans thought war would be short.
• Soldiers signed up for service based on this thinking (90 day enlistments)
1st Battle of Bull Run• 1st Major Battle of Civil War• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson rises to
fame• South develops a “Rebel Yell”• Inexperience: Troops and Civilians
stampede back to D.C.• Confederate Victory (call it Battle of
Manassas Junction)
North’s Reaction to Loss
• Complete Shock• 1 Benefit - become
more realistic about War - realize it will be a long and bloody war
• Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan to head Army of the Potomac
War at Sea• Monitor vs. Merrimack• 2 Ironclads (wooden ship covered
with thick iron plates)• Virtually unsinkable - cannons
bounce off them• Completely changes warfare at Sea
Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson• Grant’s rise to fame - captures
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers - calls for Unconditional Surrender (leads to nickname)
• Important Because:• Kick Confederates out of Kentucky• Opened path to Tennessee,
Mississippi and Alabama
Battle of Shiloh• Ulysses Grant marches army to
Mississippi• Confederates try surprise attack• 2 days - 20,000 casualties (Dead
and Wounded) - Conf. General Johnston among the dead
• More deaths in 1 battle than any other previous war
• Union Victory - continues advance towards Mississippi
Capture of New Orleans• David Farragut
uses Navy to capture largest city in the South
• Confederacy can no longer use Mississippi River to transport goods
7 Day’s Battle
7 Day’s Battle• McClellan tries to capture Richmond• Meets Robert E. Lee’s defenses• McClellan is cautious, Lee is risky• J.E.B. Stuarts goes on daring
Cavalry ride - gathers intelligence• Union Defeat (Major Turning Point) -
Lee becomes famous
Battle of Antietam• Lee responds by marching Army
into Maryland (near Sharpsburg)• McClellan finds copy of Lee’s Battle
plans - waited 4 days to attack• Bloodiest Day of Entire War (23,000
Casualties)• Slight Union Victory - McClellan
does not pursue - Lincoln fires him
Emancipation• Lincoln Hesitates to Emancipate
(free) the Confederate Slaves Because:
• Union’s Main Goal is to preserve Union, Not end slavery
• Worried about Border States• Also waiting for American Victory
so it doesn’t look like last ditch effort
Emancipation• Lincoln Reasons for
issuing Emancipation:• Wants to Damage
South - If they lose slaves, more men must return home to work on farm (can’t fight in war)
• Keep Europe Out
Emancipation Proclamation• Lincoln issues in 1863• Freed only the Slaves in the
Confederacy• Encouraged Slaves to run away• Usually only became free if Union
Army was near• Therefore: Who should get credit?
Lincoln - Army - or slaves themselves?
13th Amendment
• Congress responds by issuing Amendment in 1864
• Ratified in 1865• Officialy put an
end to slavery
African American Contributions• South: Ag, hospital work, cooked for
soldiers– Misconception: Did not fight for South
• North: Navy work, 1862 - can serve in Army - by end of war 200,000 serve (10% of army), 37,000 lost their lives for the country
54th Massachusetts• One of the most famous
all Black regiments• Led by Robert Gould
Shaw• Led a heroic attack on a
fortified Charleston fort - 50% casualties
• Killed immediately if captured
Camp Life• Pleasant Moments: Songs, Friends,
Letters, Games• Dull Moments: Drills, Marches, Guard
Duty• Bad Moments: Food, Disease, Bugs,
Weather• Southerners lacked food and supplies
(Shoes)• One in ten deserted (ran away)• Biggest Killer: Dysentery, Diarrhea
Life at Home• Fighting and Blockade disrupt
many families• Huge loss of crops and livestock• Shortage of Meat, Clothing,
Medicine• If Army comes through - land
trampled, fences used for firewood, crops eaten, well drunk dry
Tougher Life in South• 9,000% inflation• Farmland overrun and Rail lines
destroyed• Impressment = take horses, mules• 1,000s become homeless - many
chose prison, population doesn’t return until 1930
• Blockade leads to food riots• High Desertion Rate among soldiers
Tougher Life in South• 1/2 of Southern
Livestock Killed• 1/3 of Farm
Machinery destroyed
• 1/4 of Confederate Soldiers are dead
Women’s Role• Picked up Men’s work: became
teachers, office workers, clerks• Managed farms, government jobs,
factory work• Aided Soldiers - Women enter
Nursing Profession (thanks to Clara Barton) thought to be male work
• Spy legend is exaggerated
Women’s Role
• Sanitary Commission cut in half sickness of U.S. Soldiers
• Impact: Women keep war alive
Declining Enlistment• North and South need soldiers -
institute a draft (require men to serve in army)
• Can avoid draft by hiring a substitute ($600) or pay commutation ($300) - exempt from 1 draft call (4 in war) - most subs are immigrants
1862-1863• Robert E.
Lee and Army of Northern Virginia seem invincible
Battle of Chancellorsville• Union Army is rebuilt – Lee strikes
before North can launch a major campaign
• Virginia Wilderness – Lee’s big risk pays off – divides Army twice in front of enemy
• Stonewall Jackson is injured (dies from wounds)
• Major Confederate Victory
Battle of Gettysburg• Lee feels confident with Army –
decides to invade the North• George Meade is ordered to find and
attack Lee• Accidentally meet near Gettysburg
Pennsylvania (Confederates looking for shoes)
• 3 Days – Bloodiest Battle of the War: 50,000 Casualties
Battle of Gettysburg• Day 1: Union forced South of Town• Day 2: Union holds Cemetery Ridge
against attack (form an upside down “U” Shape), Ends of the U save the Union
• Day 3: Union repels major assault, Pickett’s Charge – 14,000 Conf. soldiers charge in open territory, ½ die
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Little Round Top Today
Culp’s Hill: Ireland led defense against 2,000 Confederates (Little Round Top only fighting against 300)
Battle of Gettysburg• Outcome:
– Major Confederate Defeat, Pushed out of the North
– Ended on July 4th – date was very significant to all involved
– A Turning Point to the War, Not THE– Lincoln disappointed: Meade did not
pursue Lee during retreat
Battle of Vicksburg• Grant trying to secure Mississippi• Army crosses river, attacks Vicksburg
from the back• Lays siege to town for several months• Surrender on July 4th: Major Victory for
U.S.• Allows U.S. to control Mississippi River
and splits Confederacy in half
Gettysburg Address• Lincoln’s speech
commemorating deaths at Gettysburg
• 2 minute speech, followed 2 hour keynote speaker
• Gave the Civil War meaning
Gettysburg Address• Attempted to win the
Ideological Battle of the War• Changes meaning of
Constitution – gov’t of equality– not a gov’t of slavery
• Puts an end to States Rights Argument, Gov’t of the People, not the States– (Before)The United States Are – (After) The United States Is
Grant’s Promotion• Lincoln promotes Grant to oversee
War in East – knows that he will pursue and attack Lee
• Grant’s Strategy:– Attack Confederacy on all fronts– Army of Potomac will crush Lee in
Virginia– Sherman will attack South
Election of 1864• Virginia clashes ending in ties,
100,000 men are dead, Confederates are pushed to Petersburg
• North is war weary, Democrats want to negotiate peace
• Summer of 1864 – Lincoln is sure he will lose election
Election of 1864• However: Sherman accomplishes
breakthrough in September and captures Atlanta
• October, Sheridan amassed many victories in Shenandoah of Virginia
• Allows Lincoln to win• If Lincoln would’ve lost: McClellan and
Democrats would’ve negotiated for peace, Confederacy would be recognized as a country
Election of 1864
Election of 1864
Sherman’s March• After capture of Atlanta, Sherman
marched Army to the Sea• Unleashed total war: Army destroyed
anything in its path• Continued up through South Carolina• Meant to turn Southern Civilians
against War, only made them more bitter and steadfast in cause
William Tecumseh Sherman
War in Virginia• Grant lays siege to Lee’s Army in
Petersburg for several months• Battle of Crater – Low Point• Grant forces Lee to extend lines until
they break• Richmond falls on same day (April 2nd)
Deserters set fire to most of town on their way out
Appomattox• April 9th 1865: Lee is surrounded, asks
for meeting with Grant in Appomattox Court House, Virginia
• Lee surrenders to Grant in McLean House
• Grant allows soldiers to go home, keep horses, gives them 3 days worth of food
• Civil War Ends
Results of the War• 600,000 soldiers die• Damage=$Billions• Bitter feelings created between sides
(Lincoln’s Assassination)• Union is saved – Federal government
established as more powerful than states
• Millions of slaves are free
Winners and Losers Winners:• 4 Million Free
Slaves• Anyone interested
in Union
Losers:• Democrats• Confederates
What Happened To:• Lincoln:• Assassinated in
Ford’s Theatre by John Wilkes Booth on April 14th
What Happened To:
What Happened To:
• Ulysses S. Grant:
• Becomes 18th President of the United States
What Happened To:
• Robert E. Lee:• Loses Plantation
for Cemetery• Ran Washington
and Lee College until his death
What Happened To:
• Jefferson Davis:• Caught and
Arrested• Served 3 years in
prison• Worked for rest
of his life
Memory of the War: Lost Cause
Memory of the War: Lost Cause
Memory of the War: Lost Cause
Remember: Confederacy
would’ve never entered war if they
didn’t think they were going win