Combining methods for wastewater treatment and … lectures/Mathias.pdf · Combining methods for wastewater treatment and proper re -use ... PWW Permeate. Water treatment ... Cu,

Combining methods for wastewater

treatment and proper re-use

www.safir4eu.org

proper re-use by water saving

irrigation

Mathias N AndersenDepartment of AgroecologyUniversity of Aarhus

Contents:

1. The SAFIR Project

2. Water Treatment Methods in SAFIR

3. Irrigation Methods in SAFIR

4. Field Scale Models

www.safir4eu.org

5. Impact Studies and Risk Assessment

6. Results on water saving irrigation

7. Conclusions so far

8. Acknowledgement

The SAFIR project :PNo. Participant name Participant

short name1 Danish Institute of

Agricultural SciencesDIAS

2 Consorzio di Bonifica di Secondo Grado per il Canale Emiliano Romagnolo

CER

3 Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University

KVL

4 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

NERC, CEH

5 Bureau de Researches Geologique et Minieres

BRGM

6 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

LSHTM

7 Danish Research Institute of Food Economics

FOI

8 DHI Water and Environment

DHI

9 National Agricultural NAGREF

NEW IRRIGATION

TECHNOLOGIES

www.safir4eu.org

9 National Agricultural Research Foundation

NAGREF

10 Swiss Federal Institute of Food Economics

EAWAG

11 Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences

IPP-PAS

12 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade

UB

13 China Agricultural University

CAU

14 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

CAAS

15 Netafim, Drip Irrigation Technology

Netafim

16 Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari

SSICA

17 Grundfos Management A/S Grundfos

IMPACT ON FOOD AND

ENVIRONMENT

APPLICATION

FEASIBILITY

Water treatment methods:Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) treating primary treated wastewater near Bologna:

www.safir4eu.org

Water treatment methods:Results of Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) treatment:

COD

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

PWW

Permeate

Average production: 8.4 m3/d

www.safir4eu.org

0

50

19/3 8/4 28/4 18/5 7/6 27/6 17/7 6/8 26/8 NO3

0

5

10

15

20

25

19-3 8-4 28-4 18-5 7-6 27-6 17-7 6-8 26-8

PWWPermeate

Water treatment methods:

Field Treatment System (FTS) used at 5 field sites for less polluted water:

Heavy Metals Dosing Pump

NETAFIM Gravel Filter

Gravel Filter Backflush

Heavy Metal Removal Device

150 mesh Screen Filter

UV disinfection

Fertigation Dosing Pump

All Sites Crete, CAAS, CAU

All Sites

All Sites

www.safir4eu.org

INLET Proportional Like Device (Integrated Sampling Point)

Proportional Like Device (PE/PVC Storage tank)

OUTLET Proportional Like Device

(Integrated Sampling Point)

Proportional Like Device (PE/PVC Storage tank)

Crete, Serbia,

CAAS, CAUAll Sites

All Sites

All Sites

All Sites

Irrigation methods:

PTWW/MBR

SPRINKLER

SDI

Full Irrigated

Full Irrigated

PRD

PRD

TAP WATER

SPRINKLER

SDI

Full Irrigated

Full Irrigated

PRD

PRD

Dosing

Impossible d'afficher l'image. Votre ordinateur manque peut-être de mémoire pour ouvrir l'image ou l'image est endommagée. Redémarrez l'ordinateur, puis ouvrez à nouveau le fichier. Si le x rouge est toujours affiché, vous devrez peut-être supprimer l'image avant de la réinsérer.

www.safir4eu.org

Partner 2 CER ItalyPotato + Processing Tomato

Tot 9 treatments - 27 plots per crop

STWW/FTS

SPRINKLER

SDI

Full Irrigated

Full Irrigated

PRD

PRD

PRDDosing

Dosing

75 cm

33,3

cm

75 cm

33,3

cm

75 cm

30.0 cm

Experimental Partial Root-zone Drying (PRD) drip system and its placement with respect to potato plants

Irrigation methods

www.safir4eu.org

16,0 m

15,0 m

Irrigation methods:

SECONDARY

WASTE

WATER

PRIMARY

WASTE

WATER

TAP

WATER

POTATO + TOMATO

WATER SAVING IRR.

STRATEGIES

SPRINKLER

IRRIGATION

www.safir4eu.org

FTS

FINISSAGGIO IN

CAMPO

FTS

FIELD TREATMENT

SYSTEM

MBR

HIGH EFFICIENCY

TREATMENT

POTATO + TOMATO POTATO + TOMATO

WATER SAVING IRR.

STRATEGIES

WATER SAVING IRR.

STRATEGIES

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

RDI

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

PRD

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

RDI

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

PRD

SPRINKLER

IRRIGATION

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

RDI

SUBSURFACE DRIP

IRRIGATION

PRD

Field scale models

Two dynamic crop-soil-water-atmosphere simulation models:

-SALTMED

-Daisy

Strong features of the two models will be shared and extended with: (salt)

8 meristem

www.safir4eu.org

-2D-simulation of soil processes

-Abscisic acid in plants as a function of PRD soil drying

-Stomatal regulation as a function of abscisic acid

-Transpiration as a function of stomatal opening (Penman-Monteith)

ABA root

ABA soil

ABA root

ABA soil

drying soilpHsaltcompaction

irrigated soilpHsaltcompaction

Impact studies and risk assessment

Safety of Food and Environment – Pathogens and Heavy Metals

Thermotolerantcoliforms

”Presumptive” indicators of pollution

E. coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter

Helminth eggs

www.safir4eu.org

Total coliforms95% is E. coli

Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Arizona, Hafnia and Klebsiella

Unpolluted soils and waters

May be of non-faecal origin and multiply in the environment

Helminth eggs

Cryptosporidiumand Giardia


Safety of Food and Environment – Pathogens and Heavy Metals

Concentration of E. coli in STWW, STWW with sand filtration, PTWW and PTWW with MBR

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

CF

U/m

l

www.safir4eu.org

1.E-01

1.E+00

14-17 May2007

4-7 June 2007 18-21 June2007

16-19 July2007

6-9 August2007

Secondary treated waste water before SAFIR treatment Secondary treated waste water after SAFIR treatment

Primary treated waste water before SAFIR treatment Primary treated waste water after SAFIR treatment

Bologna, Italy: Sand filtration has no effect on E. coli. MBR reduces number of E. coli (-3-log). Soil from surface of potatoes all negative for E. coli whereas some soil samples (tomatoes) positive for E. coli. Potatoes and tomatoes all negative.


Quality of ±Processed Food

Evaluation of fresh matter food quality

Physical and chemical characteristics assessment

Industrial processing of the harvested vegetables into stabilizes commercial products (tomato puree and potato flakes)

Physical-Chemical analyses done in food samples:

www.safir4eu.org

Physical-Chemical analyses done in food samples:

Analyses of Minerals

(Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Cu, As, Ni, Zn, Hg,

Sn, P, Mg, K, Na, Na, K, P, B )

Analysis of microelements

(Se, Li, B)

Analysis of quality markers

(Total Solids, pH, Hunter Colour, Sugars,

Tot.Acidity, Consistency, NO3- N tot)

Impact studies and risk assessmentPollution of the Environment - Inorganic compounds

LOQ

I2-in

teg-

Tap

Wat

er

I2-in

teg-

I°Bef

ore

I2-in

teg-

I°Afte

r

I2-in

teg-

II°B

efor

e

I2-in

teg-

II°A

fter

I2-W

W-T

ap

I2-W

W-I

°-Bef

ore

I2-W

W-I

I°-B

efor

e

I2-W

W-I

I°-A

fter

I2-in

teg-

Tap

wat

er

I2-in

teg-

II°B

efor

e

I2-in

teg-

II°A

fter

02/0

8/06

02/0

8/06

02/0

8/06

02/0

8/06

02/0

8/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

19/0

9/06

COT 0,5 1,2 15,7 12,2 4,9 4,6 1,1 44,8 5,9 1,9 0,8 5,6 6,2Ca 0,5 36,8 89,5 70,2 96,7 88,1 115,4 147,2 111,6 116,1 115,4 109,2 109,3Mg 0,5 23,5 27,7 18,6 21,6 23,5 22,2 30,7 25 22,7 24,8 24,3 24,4Na 0,5 29,1 138,3 72,5 109,2 118,8 31,8 281,8 38,6 31,8 30,8 133,1 115,7K 0,5 14,1 7 16,5 17,7 2,7 15,9 7,8 2,9 2,8 15,4 13,7HCO3 5 354 595 466 367

No or uncertain effect

www.safir4eu.org

HCO3 5 354 595 466 367Cl 0,5 19,4 203 95 132,2 136,3 28,4 491,7 25,7 25,6 25,6 154,1 134SO4 0,5 78,5 93,3 50 89,4 93,7 98,8 111,6 54 93 134,2 120,1 168,7PO4 0,1 < LQ 8,2 12 35,2 32,1 < LQ 9,8 12 0,8 < LQ 9,7 8,5F 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2As 1 < LQ 3,7 2,2 3,5 3,9 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ 3,2 3B 10 134 338 189 393 422 131 240 139 127 145 518 492Cu 1 < LQ 5 < LQ 12 8 12 4 < LQ 46 16 20 16Li 1 15 21 13 16 16 16 21 15 15 17 19 20Mn 5 < LQ 26 95 < LQ < LQ 11 89 150 17 < LQ 18 16SiO2 0,5 16,9 18,7 18,3 20,3 22,1 14,5 16,7 25,3 15,4 15,6 17,4 16,4Sr 10 823 898 650 740 692 882 1157 1025 880 998 923 937Zn 5 < LQ 11 < LQ 10 9 546 30 < LQ 690 58 377 269RSEC 0,1COD 0,5 1,1 27,2 2,6 1,2

NH4 0,1 < LQ 69,3 1,5 < LQ CO3 5 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ NO3 0,5 15,2 < LQ < LQ 12,3NO2 0,01 < LQ 0,17 < LQ < LQ Al 10 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ 17 < LQ < LQ 15 49 19Cd 0,5 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ Co 1 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ Cr 5 5,6 10,8 9,4 7,5 7,4 0,7 1,9 0,7 0,6 < LQ < LQ < LQ Fe 0,02 < LQ < LQ < LQ 0,04 < LQ < LQ 0,03 < LQ < LQ < LQ 0,07 0,05Ni 1 < LQ 3,1 4,5 4 4,6 74,2 3,8 3,5 61,4 5,5 4,8 7,5Pb 1 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ Se 1 < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ < LQ

Most values < LOQItaly 2006-season

Impact studies and risk assessmentRisk assessment according to WHO, 2006The revised guidelines do no longer only focus on wastewater treatment and croprestriction but offer a wider range of risk reduction measures such as localised (drip)irrigation techniques, food preparation measures like washing or peeling of produce

and also takes natural die-off of pathogens on produce into consideration.

www.safir4eu.org

Impact studies and risk assessmentRisk assessment according to WHO, 2006

www.safir4eu.org

The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) indicator adds years of life expectancy lost dueto premature death and duration of illness A widely used limit of tolerable risk, is 10-5

lifetime risk, or 1 excess case of cancer over a lifetime per 100,000 of the populationingesting water with a given chemical. In terms of DALYs rounded to a simple figure thisdisease burden is equivalent to 1 x 10-6DALY per person per year (pppy) (WHO, 2003)


Involuntary ingestion of soil, subsurface irrigated by MBR treated primary wastewater

Soil quality: 360 E. coli per 100 gram of soil

SAFE

www.safir4eu.org

Soil quality: 360 E. coli per 100 gram of soilMechanised agriculture: 1-10 mg of soil per day ingestedWorking Days: 100 days

Risk (DALY per person per year)Rota Virus Mean 7.0 * 10-4, SD 0.0006Campylobacter Mean 3.0 * 10-5, SD 0.00003Cryptosporodium Mean 0.000, SD 0.00000

SAFE


Consumption of tomatoes, surface irrigated by MBR t reated primary wastewater

Produce quality: 2,000 E. coli per 100 gram of tomatoes

UNSAFE

www.safir4eu.org

Produce quality: 2,000 E. coli per 100 gram of tomatoes Consumption pattern: 100 grams every three days

Risk (DALY per person per year)Rota Virus Mean 2.0 * 10-2, SD 0.03 Campylobacter Mean 1.0 *10-3, SD 0.001 Cryptosporodium Mean 0.0001, SD 0.0002

UNSAFE

Results on water saving irrigation

Semifield-facility, where all components in the water balance: irrigation/precipitation – drainage – soil water content – evapotranspiration, can be controlled or measured

I ET

ET =

I - ∆θgain - D

www.safir4eu.org

Coarse sand

Coarse sand

Sand loamLoam

D

∆θgain =WCe-WCs


Experimental Design:

3 soil types

+

Irrigation treatments:

•FI: Drip irrigated daily to

www.safir4eu.org

•FI: Drip irrigated daily to 25% deficit

•PRD1: PRD 70% in phase 1

•PRD2: PRD 70% in phase 2


15

20

25Middel af Water

Right drip

Plant (middle)

2006-season Soil water content in PRD2:Automatic horizontal TDR (sand loam in ridge z:0.08)

www.safir4eu.org

0

5

10

03/0

6/20

0604

/06/

2006

05/0

6/20

0606

/06/

2006

07/0

6/20

0608

/06/

2006

09/0

6/20

0610

/06/

2006

11/0

6/20

0612

/06/

2006

13/0

6/20

0614

/06/

2006

15/0

6/20

0616

/06/

2006

17/0

6/20

0618

/06/

2006

19/0

6/20

0620

/06/

2006

21/0

6/20

0622

/06/

2006

23/0

6/20

0624

/06/

2006

25/0

6/20

0626

/06/

2006

27/0

6/20

0628

/06/

2006

29/0

6/20

0630

/06/

2006

01/0

7/20

0602

/07/

2006

03/0

7/20

0604

/07/

2006

05/0

7/20

0606

/07/

2006

07/0

7/20

0608

/07/

2006

09/0

7/20

0610

/07/

2006

11/0

7/20

0612

/07/

2006

13/0

7/20

0614

/07/

2006

15/0

7/20

0616

/07/

2006

17/0

7/20

0618

/07/

2006

19/0

7/20

0620

/07/

2006

21/0

7/20

0622

/07/

2006

23/0

7/20

0624

/07/

2006

25/0

7/20

0626

/07/

2006

27/0

7/20

0628

/07/

2006

29/0

7/20

0630

/07/

2006

31/0

7/20

0601

/08/

2006

02/0

8/20

0603

/08/

2006

04/0

8/20

0605

/08/

2006

06/0

8/20

0607

/08/

2006

08/0

8/20

0609

/08/

2006

10/0

8/20

0611

/08/

2006

12/0

8/20

0613

/08/

2006

14/0

8/20

0615

/08/

2006

Left drip


Soil Treatment Irrigation

(mm)

∆Soil water

(mm)

Drainage

(mm)

Total evapotranspiration

(mm)FI 285 13 36±8.0 262PRD1 245 0 40±5.6 205

Coarse sand

PRD2 243 24 37±6.5 230

Water balance 2006:

www.safir4eu.org

PRD2 243 24 37±6.5 230FI 217 25 1±0.2 241PRD1 209 30 2±0.1 237

Sand loam

PRD2 172 35 2±0.2 205FI 253 25 26±0.3 252PRD1 213 35 4±1.3 244

Loam

PRD2 208 40 3±1.0 245

Results on water saving irrigationSize-grading of tubers:

www.safir4eu.org

40

50

60

70T

otal

yie

ld (t

/ha)

6

9

12

15

Yie

ld d

iffer

ence

(t/h

a)

PRD

FI

PRD-FI

A

+L

Meta-analysis

Yield 2005-2006 sand: PRD2 v. FI

2

www.safir4eu.org

0

10

20

30

Tot

al y

ield

(t/h

a)

-6

-3

0

3

Yie

ld d

iffer

ence

(t/h

a)

+L

-L

2005 2006 Both years

30

40

50

60

Mar

keta

ble

yiel

d (t/

ha)

6

8

10

12

Yie

ld d

iffer

ence

(t/h

a)

****

B

Marketable yield 2005-2006: PRD2 v. FI

PRD FI PRD-FI

2

www.safir4eu.org

0

10

20

30

Mar

keta

ble

yiel

d (t/

ha)

0

2

4

6

Yie

ld d

iffer

ence

(t/h

a)


200

250

300

350

IrrW

UE

(kg/

ha m

m)

40

50

60

70

IrrW

UE

diff

. (kg

/ha

mm

)

* ******C

Irr.WUE 2005-2006: PRD2 v. FI

PRD FI PRD-FI

2

www.safir4eu.org

0

50

100

150


IrrW

UE

(kg/

ha m

m)

0

10

20

30

IrrW

UE

diff

. (kg

/ha

mm

)

Jyndevad, Foulum and Rønhave Soils

10

12

14

16

18

20

Sca

b in

dex

and

pct.

mal

shap

ed tu

bers

Scab

Deform


Tuber quality 2006:

www.safir4eu.org

0

2

4

6

8

J J J F F F R R R

S2M1 S3M3 S3M4 S2M1 S3M3 S3M4 S2M1 S3M3 S3M4

Sca

b in

dex

and

pct.

mal

shap

ed tu

bers

Deform

FI PRD1 PRD2 FI PRD1 PRD2 FI PRD1 PRD2

Sand Sand loam Loam

After 2 years of SAFIR experiments:

� The treatment systems combined with subsurface drip irrigation have worked well, i.e. the water quality produced is suitable for SDI.

� PRD 70% during the tuber filling stage produced yield and quality equivalent to a fully irrigated treatment and had 20% higher irrigation water use efficiency and a marketable yield that was 15% higher than FI. Management models for PRD

Conclusions so far:

www.safir4eu.org

that was 15% higher than FI. Management models for PRD irrigation will be developed for tomato and potato.

� The first lesson of SAFIR is that low quality water can be used. European and Chinese field experiments with potatoes and tomatoes grown on treated wastewater (vs. drinking water) indicate that contaminants and pathogens are very low in both the irrigation water delivered to the crops and the final product, and that food quality is good.

� The SAFIR project will in addition provide data for risk assessment in general of various irrigation practices. This will help in setting standards and be used in defining good agricultural practice for re-use of water when developing product certification schemes.

Conclusions so far:

www.safir4eu.org

Sven-Erik Jacobsen2, Seyed Hamid Ahmadi1, Finn Plauborg1, Fulai Liu2, Adriano Battilani3, Martin Andersen4, Michele Steiner5, Georgios Psarras6, Radmila Stikic7, Guitong Li8, Xuebin Qi9, Anita Forslund2, Wolfram Klopmann10, Luca Sandei11, Jeroen Ensink12

1Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Århus, Denmark 2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 3Consorzio di Bonifica di secondo grado per il Canale Emilliano Romagnolo, Bologna,

Acknowledgement

www.safir4eu.org

Bonifica di secondo grado per il Canale Emilliano Romagnolo, Bologna, Italy, 4Grundfos BioBooster A/S, Bjerringbro, Denmark, 5Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zürich, Switzerland, 6National Agricultural Research Foundation, Chania, Crete, Greece, 7Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University, Serbia, 8College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, 9Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China, 10Bureau de Researches Geologique et Minieres, Orleans, France, 11Stazione Sperimentale Industria Conserve Alimentari, Parma, Italy, 12London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom

Documents

Combining methods for wastewater treatment and … lectures/Mathias.pdf · Combining methods for wastewater treatment and proper re -use ... PWW Permeate. Water treatment ... Cu,