Competitive Futures STEEP Report: Infrastructure - Building for Tomorrow's Competition

8/6/2019 Competitive Futures STEEP Report: Infrastructure - Building for Tomorrow's Competition

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INFRASTRUCTURE:Building for Tomorrow¶s Competition



THIS MONTH S ISSUEWhy We chose

INFRASTRUCTURE

ROME HAD ROADS AND AQUEDUCTS WELL AHEAD OF ANY OF IT·S RIVALS.

ITS EMPIRE TOWERED ABOVE THE WORLD FOR CENTURIES.

The dark ages were ushered in when disorganized peoples from Northern Europe let that infrastructure fall intodisrepair. What followed was centuries of ill health, isolation, ignorance and death.

The fate of our collective industry is about more than the bureaucratic policies of the Department of Public Works,but of our future prosperity.



THIS MONTH S ISSUEWhy We chose

INFRASTRUCTURE

A s you know from prior STEEP Reports, there are several strategicchanges that await us: from a global talent crunch to urbanization,from immigration to ´cleanµ industries.

While many pieces are in play, one will greatly control how ² andwhere ² the rest of the chips fall. We·re talking aboutinfrastructure . The physical capital of bridges, roads, ports, rail, andelectrical grids doesn·t just provide the basic necessities of today, but

actually functions as the roots of future economic productivity.

A s such, to understand what will provide the underpinnings of all theother decisions you will be making, this issue of the CompetitiveFutures STEEP Report, studies the major trends in infrastructurearound the world.



A personal note onWhy We chose

INFRASTRUCTURE

O n July 30, 2007, Competitive Futures president Eric Garland wasattending the international congress of the World Future Society, heldin Minneapolis, Minnesota, US A .

Enjoying the beautiful Midwestern summer nights, he went joggingevery evening over the Hennepin bridge, located next to Interstate 35,which connects St. Paul and Minneapolis.

The following evening during rush hour, for no apparentreason, the Interstate 35W bridge collapsed, killing 13commuters.

A world-class infrastructure has been one of the hallmarksof the United States· economy. If this infrastructure is

threatened in the future, its impact will be broad reachingand instructive for businesses around the world.



The long-term future success of your company may likely dependon the infrastructural decisions made today.

1. Inform yourself about the state of the infrastructure onwhich you depend.

2.Communicate with your government about the need forinfrastructure. It·s the future of their tax base, too.

Today·s success was built on yesterday·s investments.

Tomorrow·s success will depend on what you build T O DAY .



Infrastructure: The Global View

The world economy will require

$30 trillion in infrastructure over the next 20 years ² repaired bridges, new roads, water treatment, airports, ports, and much more

Competitive Futures Rules for Managing the Future #5:Whenever people are going to write checks for

BILLIONS or TRILLIONS, pay attention



1.1 billion people around the world lack access to clean water

2.6 billion people around the world lack the basic necessity of atoilet

1.6 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity

Billions of dollars are lost worldwide in fuel waste and lostproductivity by traffic congestion

Thousands of bridges waiting to be replaced

Billions of dollars of trade could be unleashed by roads, bridges,and ports in emerging economies

Tho s trilli on s o f o ll rs ill b sp n t b s :



The Trends



AT A GLANCE: Today·s infrastructure olicies around the world

Latin A merica ² overwhelmed;expanding throughprivatization

Middle East ² Investing petro-profits in next-gen cleantechinfrastructure

Europe ² Increasing connectivity amongE.U. countries, modernizing Eastern

member states

SubsaharanA frica ² relying oncrumblingcolonialinfrastructure;receiving helpfrom China

U.S - No strategy

for infrastructuredevelopment;coasting from oldinvestments

A ustralia ² coasting

China ² Worldtop investor ininfrastructure



Which countries areinvesting for tomorrow?



CHINA:Planning to compete through infrastructure

China invested $400 billion intransportation projects scheduled to becompleted by 2010. Some examples:

6 high-speed passenger railways , including aroute from Beijing to Shanghai

14 expressways , including a road from HongKong to Beijing

Dredging the Yangtze and Pearl rivers and

expanding road and rail systems to connectto major ports

Exp ansions of 10 airports , including constructionof the world's largest terminal building in Beijing.

China is investing a full9%

of its GDP in infrastructureNo other country is close.

The Three Gorges Dam:Sometimes, you need dictatorshi

to get¡

ig rojects done



Consider Shanghai ² the infrastructure of the future

M ag-lev train fro the airport to the city center

Ten ring roads, dozens of superhighways

Bullet train connecting Shanghai to Beijing

World¶s highest capacity deep-water port

While the United States watches bridges colla p se at random , China is engaging in world-classmega p rojects aimed at increasing its com p etitiveness.

Chief among these is SHANGHAI , which is building:



Consider just China·s roadways«

China went from only 169 miles (271 km) of highways in 1989, to approximately 25,000miles (40,000 km) of highways today.

A s it expands manufacturing and commercial growth, the country plans to expand itshighways to a total of 51,250 miles (82,000 km), reaching out into the rural areas as well asthe already-vibrant Pacific coast.



EUROPE:Growing closer through shared infrastructure

Europe is focused on increasing the connectivity between EU member states:

EU countries connecting trans p ort , telecommunications , andenergy networks to p romote mobility and economic synergy.

Planners building and e xp anding various north±south , east± west road and rail corridors , connecting to sea p orts , air p orts , and major cities.

The Millau Bridge, France



EUROPE:Growing closer through shared infrastructure

In SPA IN, a15-year, $375 billion plan to add 5,625 iles (9,000 k ) of high-speed rail(up fro 625 iles [1,000 k ]) and 3,750 iles (6,000 k ) of new highways (expandingfro 5,625 iles [9,000 k ]). By 2020, 95% of the population within 18.75 iles (30 k )of a highway and 90 percent within 31 iles (50 k ) of a high-speed rail station

GER MA NY looking to add a new high-speed rail line linking Cologne and Munich,aintain its rail and trucking infrastructure to continue econo ic growth

UK - The govern ent seeks to double rail ridership by 2030 and considers expandinghigh-speed rail north of London, linking Manchester and Scotland

FR A NCE - A new freight canal into Belgiu is to be built, along with the highest-speedrail line in the world

RU SS IA - A new $2.5 billion state invest ent fund targets financing transport projects,though uch will be anaged by private investors



Infrastructure in Euro e:Im roving a variety of social ro lems.

Think roadly a out the definition of infrastructure ² it·s not just for driving on!

We find it interesting that investments in infrastructure can be used to improve a number of social orcommercials problems. Consider Germany:

With a birthrate of 1.4 per couple and 33% of its women refusing to have children, Germany is facing afuture where the social security system could go bankrupt by 2030, and where the total population of ethnic Germans could reach only 10 million eo le of German descent y 2050, down from 80million today .

For Chancellor A ngela Merkel, the answer to infertility is infrastructure . The German government isinvesting in child care, nursery schools, and tax credits for young people willing to have babies.



The Middle East: Converting etro-dollars intoCleantech Infrastructure

Just ecause they are sitting on all the etroleum doesn·t mean that the Gulf States are ignoring tomorrow·s needs.

A bu Dhabi, once known for petroleum and pearls, will be host to what is planned as theworld·s first zero carbon, zero waste city. In addition to investing aggressively in cleantechventures, the city will rely entirely on solar and other renewable energy sources. The city isbeing constructed 17 kilometers (11 mi) east-south-east of the city of A bu Dhabi, next to itsairport.



Africa:Crum ling infrastructure kee s eo le in overty

We know that A frica remains impoverished, butpoor transportation infrastructure is a majorreason why.

For example, people living in cities benefit fromcheaper goods, while people in thecountryside must pay more. Meanwhile, thevegetables sell for the least in their ownvillages, but getting them into the cities is veryexpensive with the poor infrastructure.

Prices remain high, profits remain low, keepingthe A frican countryside in desperate time.



Africa:Small im rovements go a long way

The UN·s Fund for A gricultural Developmentestimates that A frican villages with betterinfrastructure:

Produce 1/3 more crops per hectare than thosewith poor infrastructure

Earn wages 12% higher

Pay 14% less for fertilizer



Africa:Relying on deteriorated colonial infrastructure

As a result, the African Develo ment Bank (AfDB) has announced that 60ercent of its funds for low-income countries will go to su ort infrastructure

such as roads, dams, and ridges through 2011.

Transport costs for Africa's 16 landlocked

countries are on the average 50% higher than for coastal counties.

A World Bank official esti ates that the cost of doing business is twice as high in Africa as it isin East Asia and 30% higher than any other region.

The colonial infrastructure was built inA

fricato extract natural resources, notrovide economic and cultural

connections between nations.



Infrastructure in A frica:A questionable past forces a new debate on the future of international development

Recommending investment in Africa can get complicated. F ordecades , the p olicies of the World Bank and International Monetary F und were to recommend that African nations borrow vast sums to create a WorldOne infrastructure.

The only p roblem was , in African military kle p tocracies , the ty p ical scenario went as such:

1. Borrow millions from World Bank , ostensibly for bridges , roads , electrical grid , etc.

2. Take 50% of loan. De posit in Swiss numbered bank account.3. Take 25% of loan. Buy German lu xury cars , new wea pons for

personal defense forces.4. Take remaining 25% of loan. Half-construct shoddy road , bridge ,

p ip eline , or other.

5. Do not com p lete p rojects.6. Do not re p ay loans. D oom country to both substandardinfrastructure and crushing debt.

7. F lee to London when o pp osition forces seize ca p ital.8. Get Bono from U2 to suggest the World Bank forgive loans in name

of world p eace.

Is this an exaggeration?Not by much.



S o, who will invest in A frica¶s infrastructure? China.

The Chinese are making a ig im act in

Africa, uilding much-neededinfrastructure.

In 2006, China pledged $10 billion towardsbuildingA frica's infrastructure. China plans tobuild roads, railways, power stations and

bridges at costs that experts believe are 25-30% below their Western counterparts'.

They may be the direct economic benificiaryof this new infrastructure since, China hasnegotiated 2500 se arate deals for su ly

raw materials from Africa.

Note: The Chinese are using their own labor forces forthis infrastructure, which does not benefit the localA frican economies. This is causing residual tensionbetween the locals and the foreign construction firms.



Latin America: overwhelmed y needs of growing o ulations

58 illion Latin A ericans lack access to potable water

137 illion don¶t have adequate sanitation

Less than half of Mexico¶s 213,000- ile road syste is paved

O nly 12 percent of Brazil¶s 1 illion ile road syste is paved



Latin America: uilding asic infrastructure

Trash collection and

aintenance

Water and sewage treat ent

Basic latrines for rural areas

Extending electricity

Expanding road syste ,paving ³connector´ roads



Latin America today: A few take ste s to modernize

In

Mexico -

New five-year, $250 billion progra targetsodernizing 12,400 iles (19,840 k ) of highways and

rural roads to international standards, expanding railsby 930 iles (1,488 k ), and developing suburban rail,particularly around the Mexico City gateway.

Brazil - $237 billion in public and private invest entsbetween 2007 and 2010, ost co ing fro state-owned co panies. About $56 billion targets newhousing projects and $21 billion covers sanitation andsewage treat ent in slu s.

PAN AMA - The country widens its nearly 100-year-oldcanal to ensure a Central A erican passage for the

new generation of supersized freighters and tankers.The $5 billion expansion is scheduled for co pletion by2014.



China versus Latin America:W hy not manufacture in our own backyard?

Question:Why did North A merican companies choose to manufacture in China instead

of Latin A merica?

Think of it. If chea p labor was the im p etus behind develo p ing a low-cost manufacturing sector , why did the West make deals with a Communist country across the Pacific instead with itsneighbors to the south?

E l Salvador , Mexico , Peru and others are much closer than China , have both educated work forcesand ine xp ensive low-skill labor , and s peak romance languages that are far easier to translate(linguistically and culturally.) So why go all the way to China?

?



China versus Latin America:Infrastructure was the deciding factor

Answer:A n average of 4 3 days is needed to ship goods out of El Salvador, including the exportdocumentation, port & terminal handling, customs and inspection, and

pre-arrival documentation.

This is why CAFTA is reinvesting heavily in commercial infrastructure toassure the future success of the region - $300 Million in the Port of MonkeyPoint (Nicaragua), US$200 Million in the Port of La Union (El Salvador), andUS$300 Million in the Port of Cortés (Honduras).



The United States : coasting on old investments

The levees at LakePontchartrain, New O rleans

I-35W Bridge, Minneapolis

For a $13 trillion economy that drove the 20 th Century, it is difficultto find evidence of a cohesive infrastructure lan on which the

United States will uild its 21 st Century success.

New York City water system,leaking 20% of its capacity



O nce upon a time, the United S tates undertook massive projects in theconstruction of a world-class infrastructure



S ince the construction highway system in the 1960s,the U S has had NO national infrastructure agenda



Today, the A merica Society of Civil Engineers (which built the Interstate Highway System)recommends $1.6 trillion in reinvestment in national infrastructure in the next fiveyears, including ² but not limited to ² the following projects:

Circle Interchange, Chicago

Brooklyn Bridge

Canal Lock, N ew O rleans

tlanta water system

laskan Way Viaduct

Lake O kechobee, Florida

Dover Bridge, Idaho

Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky



A pp ro ximately 24% of major roads in theU.S. are in ³ poor to mediocrecondition .´

25.4 percent of bridges in the U.S. arestructurally deficient or obsolete

Americans s pend 4.2 billion hours stuck in traffic per year

Traffic congestion wastes $3 billion of gas a year

The use of public trans portation hasincreased 32% since 1995 ± investmenthas not ke p t u p that pace

Back in the 19

60s, the United States was unified y the national effort toconnect its cities y the construction of the Interstate Highway System, whichserved for decades as an exam le to the world.

Today, slow trains,clogged highways.

The Washington DC Beltway ² Don·t get us started

Congestion in both road and rail is costing the U. S . billions



US infrastructure: suffering from clogged arteries



Key Challenges



Key Challenges

FundingHow to fund these massive investments? Government funding?

Private? User fees?

S trategic planning for futureQuantity vs. quality. S mart, strategic, well-planned development needed.

Political obstaclesHow to push through political barriers? China¶s competitive advantage.

P ublic perceptionHow to regain public trust in developing countries after massive infrastructure failures/private corruption?

Corruption/ kickbacksKickbacks are common with infrastructure projects in many countries.

How to limit them to improve efficiency/ public benefit?



Why You Should Care



S trategic implications ±why you should care

$30 trillion is aLOT of

¢

usinesso £ £ ortunity

The global need for infrastructure investment over the ne xt 20 yearsp resents a major business o pp ortunity. Materials , engineering , architecture , design , chemicals , automotive , logistics , IT ± all theseindustries are im p licated , and p ositioned to make major revenuefrom these p rojects.

Talent crunchmeets massive

infrastructure needs

The need for massive infrastructure investment worldwide comes atthe same time as the world faces a talent crunch. There likely won¶t be enough civil engineers and crane o p erators to go around.

Infrastructure is thefuture of

com ¤ etition

If your com p etition can¶t get its p roducts out of the p orts and warehouses to meet customer demand , they can¶t very well com p ete. Available infrastructure is the determinant of the future winners andlosers in tomorrow¶s markets.



S trategic implications ±why you should care

The rich/ ¥ oor ga ¥ threatens to widen

As the West and Asia Pacific move to more so p histicated , higher-out p ut infrastructure , the economic p osition of the global Southcould fall even further by com p arison. Governments and NGOs must be aware of future economic develo p ment challenges.

Traffic will go fromannoying to

economically fatal

Sitting in traffic is fun for nobody. But in a world of e xp ensivep etroleum , this annoyance will become e xp ensive enough to p uttrans p ort com p anies and many manufacturers in jeo pardy.

Cleantech will¦

edecided ¦ yinfrastructure

Peo p le talk all the time about the ³green revolution´ or acommitment to clean industries. It is p ractically im p ossible to create

a zero-carbon industry on 19 th or 20 th century infrastructure.Therefore , trillions in infrastructure must redesigned. This isn¶t a bad thing ± in fact it re p resents trillions in o pp ortunity , and the realp ossibility for a better world tomorrow.



What To Do Today



Recommended options:What can you do today?

Assesscom

§

etitors·futures

¨

y their infrastructural

investments

Infrastructure ± it¶s not just for countries. When taking the long-range view assessing com p etitor strengths and weaknesses , examine wheretheir long-range dollars are going: facilities , human ca p ital , R&Dp rograms , leadershi p . If they haven¶t got the ca p ital assets , theiradvantage will weaken.

Lo © © y your national

government totake the long viewon infrastructure

Deficient investment in infrastructure cannot be borne by individualcom p anies or industries ± these are valuable goods that belong to all

p eop le of a nation , and as such can only be financed through thegovernment. Policymakers must be advised that their future ta x base will

be assured only through rather e xp ensive p rojects.

Look at your glo © al o erations ² now and in the

future ² anddetermine whatyou require for infrastructure

To better e xamine your own strategy , and to hel p government officials todecide what is required for tomorrow¶s economy ± make an inventory of

your own needs ± now and in the future ± in terms of industry. Do youneed rail for shi pp ing , trolleys to bring your em p loyees to work , p orts forglobal logistics?



A ddendum:Infrastructure- By the Numbers

Figure Source

The U.S. has reduced its spending on infrastructure fro3.0% in 1960 to 2.4% of GDP today, while the Chineseare investing $150 billion annually, or 9% of its GDP.

"Infrastructure 2008: A Co petitive Advantage." UrbanLand Institute.

By the end 2007, China had built 53,600 k of toll roads.It ai s to have built 70,000 k of expressways by 2020.

"Rushing on by road, rail and air." The Econo ist.http://www.econo ist.co /world/asia/displaystory.cf ?story_id=10697210

An esti ated $30 TR ILLIO N invest ent in infrastructureis projected worldwide over the next 20 years to buildand aintain roads, bridges, water syste s, and oil andgas pipelines.

"The N ew Trend: Infrastructure." Bob Frick. January 11,2008.http://www.kiplinger.co /colu ns/picks/archive/2008/pick0111.ht

China-Africa trade, at al ost $40 billion last year according to Chinese figures, quadrupled since 2000 andis expected to reach $100 billion in the next 5-10 years.

David White. "The China Factor: A Spectacular Resurgence." The Financial Ti es.

In the past 20 years, co unities across the U.S. havespent approxi ately $ 1 trillion on drinking water treat ent and supply and wastewater treat ent anddisposal.

³Sustaining O ur N ation¶s Water Infrastructure.´ U.S.Environ ental Protection Agency.

It takes an average of 43 days to ship goods out of ElSalvador, including the export docu entation, port &ter inal handling, custo s and inspection, and pre-arrival docu entation.

³The State of Latin A erican Infrastructure andLogistics.́ Latin A erican Logistics.http://www.latina ericanlogistics.org/articles/the-state-of-latin-a erican-infrastructure-and-logistics.ht




Figure Source

Since 1995, A ericans' use of public transportation hasincreased by 32%. In 2007, the U.S. public ade orethan 10.3 billion trips on public transportation - thehighest nu ber in 50 years.

H.R. 6052, The Saving Energy Through PublicTransportation Act of 2008.http://transportation.house.gov/Media/File/Full%20Co

ittee/HR6052/HR6052%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf

Approxi ately 24% of ajor roads in the U.S. are in poor to ediocre condition. 25.4% of bridges in the U.S. arestructurally deficient or obsolete.


China is investing heavily in African infrastructure,building roads, railways, power stations and bridges atcosts that experts believe are 25-30% below their Western counterparts'.

David White. "The China Factor: A Spectacular Resurgence." The Financial Ti es.

A ericans are stuck in traffic 4.2 billion hours per year.Traffic congestion forces A ericans to waste $3 billion of gasoline a year.

³O pportunity ¶08: Transportation and the Econo y.´Brookings Institution.http://www.brookings.edu/~/ edia/Files/events/2008/0428_transportation/20080428_transportation.pdf

Spain¶s 15-year $375 billion expansion will place 95 % of the population within 18.75 ile (30 k ) of a highwayand 90% within 31 iles (50 k ) of a high-speed railstation by 2020.


2.6 billion people around the world lack the basicnecessity of a toilet.

"International Year of Sanitation 2008." United N ations.http://es.un.org/iys




Figure Source

The U N ¶s Fund for Agricultural Develop ent esti atesthat African villages with better infrastructure: produce1/3 ore crops per hectare than those with poor infrastructure; earn wages 12% higher, and pay 14% lessfor fertilizer.

³The Road to Hell Is Unpaved.́ The Econo ist.http://www.econo ist.co /displayStory.cf ?Story_ ID=1487583

According to a World Bank official, the cost of doing

business is twice as high in Africa as it is in East Asiaand 30% higher than any other region. Transport costsfor Africa's 16 landlocked countries are on the average50% higher than for coastal counties.

David White. "A Change to Bridge the Gap." The

Financial Ti es.http://www.ft.co /c s/s/0/34e64922-73dd-11db-8dd7-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=1f2588a0-765d-11db-8284-0000779e2340.ht l?nclick_check=1

Less than half of Mexico¶s 213,000- ile road syste andonly 12 percent of Brazil¶s 1 illion ile road syste ispaved.


With birthrates of 1.4 per couple and 33% of the wo enrefusing to have children, Ger any faces a future whereby 2050 the population of ethnic Ger ans could fall to10 illion (fro 80 illion today).

"2030: le Big Bang De ographique," ARTE Televisionand Groupe Futuribles.http://www.artevod.co /progra Details.do?e ission Id=2138



Find out more: Books

Rischard, J.F. H igh Noon: Twenty Global Problems, Twenty Years to SolveThem. (2002)http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0465070094/sr=8-20/qid=1211983152/ref=olp_product_details?ie=UTF8&me=&qid=1211983152&sr=8-20&seller

Levy, Sidney M. Build, Operate , Transfer: Paving the Way for Tomorrow·sInfrastructure. (1996)

http://www.amazon.com/Build- O perate-Transfer-Tomorrows-Infrastructure/dp/047111992X/ref=sr_1_40?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211983539&sr=8-40

Makansi, Jason. Lights Out: The Electricity Crisis, the Global Economy, and What It Means To You. (2007)http://www.amazon.com/ Lights-O ut-Electricity-Crisis-Economy/dp/0470109181/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211982592&sr=8-11



Find out more: Books

Grigg, Neil S. Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Infrastructure

Management . (2003)http://www.amazon.com/Water-Wastewater-Stormwater-Infrastructure-Management/dp/1566705738/ref=sr_1_37?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211982106&sr=8-37

Goodman,A

lvin S. and Hastak, Makarand. Infrastructure Planning H

andbook.(2006)http://www.amazon.com/Infrastructure-Planning-Handbook- A lvin-Goodman/dp/0071474943/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product



Find out more: Articles

"A Change to Bridge the Gap." David White. The Financial Times .http://www.ft.co /c s/s/0/34e64922-73dd-11db-8dd7-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=1f2588a0-765d-11db-8284-0000779e2340.ht l?nclick_check=1

³A erica¶s Infrastructure: Ra ping Up or Crashing Down.´ Brookings Institution.http://www.brookings.edu/~/ edia/Files/rc/papers/2008/01_infrastructure_katz_puentes/01_infrastructure_katz_puentes.pdf

³China, U.S., and India Driving Water Infrastructure Spending.´ Joshua Levine.http://seekingalpha.co /article/45274-china-u-s-and-india-driving-water-infrastructure-spending

³Clogged Arteries.´ Bruce Katz and Robert Puentes. The Atlantic .http://www.theatlantic.co /doc/200803/road-rail-air-networks

³Current and Future Invest ent in Infrastructure.´ Testi ony of Peter R. O rszag, Director of the Congressional BudgetO ffice before the House Co ittee on the Budget and Co ittee on Transportation and Infrastructure. May 8, 2008.http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/91xx/doc9136/05-07- Infrastructure_Testi ony.pdf

"Freight Rail Transportation: Long-Ter Issues." A CB O Paper. January 2006.http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/70xx/doc7021/01-17-Rail.pdf

³Increasing the Capacity of Freight Transportation.´ By: David S. O rtiz, Brian Weatherford, Henry H. Willis,Myles Collins, N aveen Mandava, Chris O rdowich. The RA N D Corporation.http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF228/



Find out more: Articles

"Infrastructure 2008: A Co petitive Advantage." Urban Land Institute.http://www.uli.org/AM/Te plate.cf ?Section=Ho e&C O N TEN TFILEID=41493&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cf

³Infrastructure in Latin A erica and the Caribbean: Recent Develop ents and Key Challenges.́ Marianne Fay and MaryMorrison. The World Bank.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ IN TLAC/Resources/LAC_ Infrastructure_co plete.pdf

"International Year of Sanitation 2008." United N ations. http://es.un.org/iys

³N ational Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Invest ent Study.´ Ca bridge Syste atics Inc. Septe ber 2007.http://www.aar.org/PubCo on/Docu ents/natl_freight_capacity_study.pdf

³O pportunity µO 8: Transportation and the Econo y.´ Brookings Institution. April 28, 2008.http://www.brookings.edu/~/ edia/Files/events/2008/0428_transportation/20080428_transportation.pdf

³Rushing on by road, rail and air.´ The Economist . February 14, 2008.http://www.econo ist.co /world/asia/displaystory.cf ?story_id=10697210

³Status Report on the Water-Wastewater Infrastructure Progra for the US-Mexico Borderlands.´ U.S.

Environ ental Protection Agency.http://www.epa.gov/ow / ab/ exican/us exrpt/index.ht

³Sustaining O ur N ation¶s Water Infrastructure.´ U.S. Environ ental Protection Agency.http://www.epa.gov/waterinfrastructure/pdfs/brochure_si_sustainingournationswaters.pdf



ContactF or more information or to discuss what

this means for you , contact:

stee p re port@com petitivefutures.com(202) 508-1496

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Competitive Futures STEEP Report: Infrastructure - Building for Tomorrow's Competition