Comprehensive Plan Of

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2012 REPORT

BY

By Deepika Shetty

COMP RE HE NS IVE P LA N OF COA S T A L RE GULA T ION ZONE INUDUP I DIS T RICT -P A RT 1

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

This comprehensive development plan is for CRZ of Udupi District in accordance with provisions of CRZ notification 2011 inconsultation with traditional coastal communities including fisher folk.


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CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5BRIEF PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

1.1. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

2. CRZ REGULATION ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

4. CONCERNS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13

4.1. COASTAL VULNERABILITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

4.2. EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

4.2.1. PREPAREDNESS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22

4.3. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22

4.3.1. EROSION OF NATURAL FORESTS: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

4.3.2. SEA EROSION: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

4.3.3. HEAVY RAINFALL, FLOOD AND WATER SCARCITY: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.3.4. ENERGY CONSUMPTION: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.3.5. SOUND POLLUTION: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.3.6. USE OF CHEMICALS: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.3.7. SOLID WASTE: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24

4.3.8. BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24

4.3.8.1. ACTION PLAN RECOMMENDED FOR SAFEGUARDING OF BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................... 25

4.4. ASSETS OF THE COAST: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

4.4.1. MANGROVES: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27

4.4.2. SAND DUNES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

4.4.3. BIOSHIELD ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

4.4.4. WETLANDS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

4.4.5. GROUND WATER TABLE AND SALINITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

5. SOCIAL COCERNS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

5.1. DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36

5.1.1. DENSITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

5.2. ECONOMY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

5.2.1. AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41

5.2.2. INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

5.2.3. TOURISM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

5.2.4. QUALITY OF LIFE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42

5.2.5. FISHERIES ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 435.2.5.1. FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN UDUPI TALUK ............................................................................................................................................................. 46

5.3. INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48

5.4. WATER SUPPLY.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48

6. GENERAL GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50

6.1. WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

6.1.1. SOLID WASTE EXISTING SCENARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

6.1.2. RECYCLABLE WASTE .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50

6.1.3. SOLUTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

6.1.3.1. VERMICOMPOSTING. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53

6.1.4. NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 55

6.1.5. E-WASTE: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

6.1.6. INDUSTRIAL WASTE: .......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ..... 57

6.1.7. CHICKEN WASTES AND OTHER MEAT WASTES ............................................................................................................................................................................. 57

6.1.8. SEWAGE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60


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6.2. GUIDELINES FOR DIASTER MITIGATION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 61

6.3. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61

6.3.1. DENSITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62

6.3.2. GUIDELINES REGARDING BUILT FORMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 63

6.3.3. GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM AND INDUSTRIES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 64

6.3.4. TYPOLOGY OF STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ......................................................................................................................................... 67

6.3.4.1. GUIDELINES FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CONSTRUCTION IN RENOVATION OF STRUCTURES IN CRZ AREAS ................................................................ 68

6.3.4.1.1. PROTECTION OF RIVER BANKS .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 686.3.4.1.2. DESIGN ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR FLOOD ...................................................................................................................................................................... 69

6.3.4.1.3. PLINTH PROTECTION FROM EROSION: .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 70

6.3.4.2. EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

7. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75

8. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4-1: Drainage Pattern Of Udupi District Figure 4-2: Geological Pattern Of Udupi District ......................................................... 14

Figure 4-3: Geomorphology Of Udupi District Figure 4-4 Tanks And Rivers Of Udupi Distict ............................................................ 14

Figure 4-5: Land Use And Landcover Of Udupi District.................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 4-6: A Typical Beach Profile Showing Beach Width, Foreshore And Backshore ................................................................................................................. 17

Figure 4-7: Vulnerability Map Of Udupi Coast ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 4-8: Shoreline Assessment: ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 4-9: Zoning Of Risk Assessment Figure 4-10: Map Of Udupi District With Population Density And Prominent Fault Lines ............................................. 21

Figure 4-11: Recorded Earthquakes Their Magnitude Figure 4-12: Physiography And Transport Network Superimposed On Fault Lines .................. 21Figure 4-13: Active Fault Lines Mapped ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4-15: Hotspot Of Hope And Hotspots In Despair In Karnataka From Biodiversity Sector .................................................................................................. 25

Figure 4-16: Wetland Map Of Karnataka As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010 ......................................................................................................... 30

Figure 4-17: Map Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010 ............................................................................................... 32

Figure 4-18: Map Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010 ............................................................................................... 33

Figure 5-1: Density Of Population In Udupi District In 2001 .......................................................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 5-2: Settlement Order 1991 And Settlement Order 2001 .................................................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 5-3growth Rates For Various Population Ranges ............................................................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 5-4: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Growth Of Population In The District (1981-2001).......................................................................................................... 38

Figure 5-5: Map Showing Settlements With >20% Sc/St Population ............................................................................................................................................. 39

Figure 5-6: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Change Of Literacy Rate In The District (1981-2001)...................................................................................................... 40

Figure 5-7: Landuse Of Udupi District 2001 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 5-8: Map Showing Infrastructurein Udupi District 2001 ..................................................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 6-1: Color Coded Bins For Separation At Source ................................................................................................................................................................ 55

Figure 6-2 End Poducts Of Organic Decay ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 57Figure 7-1Risk Assessment For Udupi District From Htl To 200m Along Sea Coast And 100m From River Htl ........................................................................... 79

Figure 7-2Risk Assessment For Udupi Taluk ................................................................................................................................................................................. 79

Figure 7-3Risk Assessment For Kundapur Taluk ........................................................................................................................................................................... 79

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1: Data Required To Provide Solutions For Various Coastal Problems. ............................................................................................................................ 16

Table 4-2: Factors Influencing The Choice Of Shoreline Protection System Alternatives ............................................................................................................. 16

Table 4-3: Criteria Fro Selecting Shoreline Protection Measures. ................................................................................................................................................. 16

Table 4-4: Spits Located In The West Coast Of Karnataka ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

Table 4-5: Environment Issues Hotspots Referred From Environment Report Of 2003 By Karnataka State Government........................................................... 25

Table 4-6: Wetland Classification And Coding As Per National Wetland Atlas-Karnataka By Isro, Ahmedabad, Aug 2010. ........................................................ 29

Table 4-7: Area Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Atlas Of Wetland-Karnataka By Isro, Aug2010 ............................................................................ 31Table 5-1: Average Settlements Size, Settlement Density Average Growth Rate And The Number Of Settlements According To Zones. .................................. 37

Table 5-2: Settlement Density, Number And Average Size In Udupi ............................................................................................................................................. 38

Table 5-3: Taluk Wise Classification Of Decadal Urban Population (1981- 2001) ......................................................................................................................... 38

Table 5-4:Zone Wise Classification Of Population, Density, Sex Ratio, Literacy Rate And Wfpr ................................................................................................... 39

Table 5-5: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Sex-Wise 0-6 Population In The District........................................................................................................................... 39

Table 5-6: Classification Of Educational Status Of District Population .......................................................................................................................................... 40

Table 5-7: Classification Of Population Belonging To Different Income Categories In The District............................................................................................... 43

Table 5-8: Urban Ocuppationsl Structure ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

Table 5-9: Rural Occupational Structure ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 43

Table 5-10: Monthly Fish Catch At Different Fish Landing Centres ............................................................................................................................................... 45

Table 5-11: Graph Showing Fish Catch Quantity And Value At Malpe Port................................................................................................................................ 45

Table 5-12: Statistics Of Inland Fishing In Udupi District ............................................................................................................................................................... 45

Table 5-13: Taluk Wise Statistics Of Inland Fishing In Udupi District............................................................................................................................................. 46

Table 5-14: Fish Land Centre Wise Workforce Engaged In Fisheries Sector ................................................................................................................................. 46

Table 5-15: Fishing Infrastructure Details In Udupi Taluk .............................................................................................................................................................. 46Table 5-16: Fishing Infrastructure Details In Kundapur Taluk ....................................................................................................................................................... 46

Table 5-17: Taluk Wise Fishing Infrastructure Details ................................................................................................................................................................... 46

Table 5-18 Taluk Wise Fishing Infrastructure According To Ownership: Public/Private ............................................................................................................... 47

Table 5-19: Total Land For Brackish Water Aquaculture In District............................................................................................................................................... 47

Table 5-20 Year Wise Production Of Shrimp In The District .......................................................................................................................................................... 47

Table 5-21 Graph Showing Year Wise Production Of Shrimp In The District ................................................................................................................................ 47

Table 5-22 Village Wise Ground Water Levels For 4 Months ........................................................................................................................................................ 49

Table 6-1: The Solution For Various Waste Managemnt In The Area Of Concern ........................................................................................................................ 59

Table 7-1: The Final Area Assessed And Divided Into Three Zones Is As Follows: ......................................................................................................................... 77

Table 7-2: Total Areas In Three Zones In Udupi District: ............................................................................................................................................................... 79


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FOREWORD

Udupi District is having a coastline of more than 100km. Around fourteen big and small rivers originating from the mighty

Western Ghats join this coastline criss crossing the length of the district forming a number of estuaries and backwaters. Other than

this there are a number of small islands, locally known as kudrus. All this makes a unique eco system along one side of the district.

With the heavy rains of southwest Monsoon and the continuation of the tropical rain forests of Western Ghats the Udupi district is

environmentally important and Ecologically sensitive. The population dependent on the sea is undergoing a transformation. Their

number, economic backwardness and new technologies of fishing available to them etc become factors for the churning. The

traditional agriculture is on a low key note because of the labor issues and new agricultural methods are not catching the attention ofotherwise enterprising people of Udupi district because of the fragmented lands and absentee landlordism. Enlightened environmental

concerns make the region less attractive for big traditional industries too. Thus fishing remains the primary sector of economic activity

in coastal Udupi. Hence law effecting the coast and nearby water bodies becomes very important critical & controversial.

CRZ notification 1991 was issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the aim to provide comprehensive

measures for the protection and conservation of coastal environment. The CRZ notification even though promulgamated in 1991, took

many years to be applied in the field. It took around 12 years to start a district office for the implementation. Meanwhile a number of

developmental activities were happening in this fragile area. It becomes very important not only for the population living along the

coast, but for the entire region that the developmental activities to continue as the linkages between the economical and ecological

activities happening in the CRZ areas and rest of the district are high. CRZ notification 2011 was published with certain changes with

the objectives of ensuring livelihood security to the fishing communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas,

conserving and protecting coastal stretches and promoting development in a sustainable manner based on scientific principles, taking

into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas and sea level rise due to global warming. To meet the demands of

dwelling units of traditional coastal communities especially fisher-folk, in CRZ-III areas where 0-200 metres was a No Development

Zone(NDZ) : now the same has been reduced to 100 metres. Hence, dwelling units of such communities can be constructed in 100-200

metres from High Tide Line along the seafront with the approval of a comprehensive plan prepared by the State Government and

approved by MoEF. This comprehensive study is mainly aimed at this. This is a kind of technical planning of the area placing the facts

with increased awareness of fragilities of ecology, concerns of possible disasters and issues of sanitation and all kinds of waste

disposals, scientifically and methodically.

I congratulate Ms Deepika Shetty and her team for concerted efforts for collecting, compiling and analyzing the data and putting up

comprehensive plan in a very scientific manner and suggesting the ways further ahead. The index of development for different Grama

Panchayath is critical and quite interesting. I also congratulate the Regional Director of department of Environment Mr. T. Balachandra

and his team for supporting the systematic study of this region. I hope this will help to achieve the primary objective CRZ notification

2011 that is ensuring livelihood security of coastal communities.

Dr. R.REJU

Deputy Commissioner of Udupi Districtand Chairman District Coastal Zone

Management Committee


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude to Government of Karnataka for giving me this opportunity of doing this comprehensive development plan, the

Secretary, Ministry Of Environment And Forest, for approving the making of such a report which is an initiative taken for the first time.

I am extremely grateful to the Dr. M. T. Reju, Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate, Udupi, for giving me this opportunity to

prepare this plan and his full support for the help necessary.

I thank Shri T. Balachandra, Deputy Conservator of Forests and Regional Director (Environment) Udupi, for his input in this plan.

I thank Shri Ganesh A, Shri Ashok Bhatt and other staff of Regional office of Forest and Environment, Udupi District, for their help and

support in the preparation of this plan, and Mr. R. Vikram,Project Associate, District NRDMSCenter, for the information he could

provide.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. H N Udaya Shankar, Professor at Manipal Institute of Technology for his adviceand technical support regarding the geological analysis and overall assessment of the area.

I am extremely indebted to Deepika K M, Shreeja Jaykumar, Satyaprakash, Swastika Parijat, Anupa Rai for their timely help to put

together some of the maps and studies for this report in time.

I would like to thank Dibyajivan Pati and Nelson for accompanying me during the site visits.

Last but not the least I thank my mother and father Chandrakala Shetty and Sarvothama Shetty, my husband Jeevan Kumar Shetty, my

children Sharada and Shambavi who managed home front and gave me full support during the busy schedule of this report.

BRIEF PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR

Deepika Shetty, born on 11thDecember 1975 is an architect graduated from Kamala Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute ofArchitecture and Environmental Studies, Mumbai University in April 1998 and Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Design fromCentre of Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad in April 2001. She is currently pursuing her Doctrate in ManipalUniversity on Morphological Analysis of Small towns in Udupi District. She has been teaching in Manipal University since Sept1998 and is presently Associate Professor in Manipal School of Architecture and Planning. She has presented many papersregarding sustainable development in Udupi District in national and international conferences. She was a consultant as part ofCEPT team to review the town planning measures for Bhuj town immediately after earthquake April 2001 and forComprehensive Development Plan of Udupi for the Udupi Development Authority 2005.She also gave talk as a resource personon, Site Planning Aspects and Design, for National Program for Capacity Building of Architects In Earthquake Risk ManagementUnder Ministry of Home Affairs Conducted By National Resource Centre, Faculty of Architecture, MIT, Manipal, 2005-2006.


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1. INTRODUCTION

Government of India has issued the CRZ notification on 6-1-2011 vide ref (1). As indicated in the notification, construction/

reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities especially fisher folk is permitted between 100 and 200 meters from

high tide line along the seafront in CRZ-III in accordance with a comprehensive Plan prepared by the State Government in consultation

with the traditional coastal communities especially fisher folk and incorporating the necessary disaster management provision,

sanitation and recommended by the concerned State Coastal Zone Management Authority to National Coastal Zone Management

Authority for approval by Ministry of Environment and Forest as per Para 8(III) (CRZ-III) A(ii) of the CRZ Notification, 2011.

This comprehensive development plan was initiated by the District Commissioner and District Magistrate Dr. M.T.Reju, for CRZ of Udupi

District in accordance with provisions of CRZ notification 2011 in consultation with traditional coastal communities including fisher

folk, so as to facilitate the new development guidelines along the coast with due regard for coastal vulnerabitlity and environmental

aspects.

The methodology adopted to do this plan is as follows:-


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1.1.METHODOLOGY

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification,2011

Existing Maps Of 1906 With MarkingOf CRZ Areas

GUIDELINES FORSANITATION

GUIDELINES FORDIASTER

MITIGATION

RISK ASSESSMENTMAPS

Site Visits andInteraction with

People andPanchayat Officials

Generation ofMaps for Village-wise Assessment

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SEWAGE

DRINKING WATER

RELIEF GROUND

ACCESIBILITY

BUILT FORM

KEY ISSUES

DENSITY ZONES

TYPOLOGY


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2. CRZ REGULATION

The key points of the notification are stated herewith:

The Central Government hereby declares the following areas as CRZ and imposes with effect from the date of the notification the

following restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes and the like in the CRZ,-

(i) The land area from High Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the HTL) to 500mts on the landward side along the sea front.

(ii) CRZ shall apply to the land area between HTL to 100 mts or width of the creek whichever is less on the landward side along the tidal

influenced water bodies that are connected to the sea and the distance up to which development along such tidal influenced water

bodies is to be regulated shall be governed by the distance upto which the tidal effects are experienced which shall be determined based

on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt) measured during the driest period of the year and distance upto which tidal

effects are experienced shall be clearly identified and demarcated accordingly in the Coastal Zone Management Plans (hereinafter

referred to as the CZMPs).

Explanation - For the purposes of this sub-paragraph the expression tidal influenced water bodies means the water bodies influenced by

tidal effects from sea, in the bays, estuaries, rivers, creeks, backwaters, lagoons, ponds connected to the sea or creeks and the like.

(iii) The land area falling between the hazard line and 500mts from HTL on the landward side, in case of seafront and between the

hazard line and 100mts line in case of tidal influenced water body the word hazard line denotes the line demarcated by Ministry of

Environment and Forests (hereinafter referred to as the MoEF) through the Survey of India (hereinafter referred to as the SoI) taking

into account tides, waves, sea level rise and shoreline changes.

(iv)Land area between HTL and Low Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the LTL) which will be termed as the intertidal zone.

(v) The water and the bed area between the LTL to the territorial water limit (12 Nm) in case of sea and the water and the bed area

between LTL at the bank to the LTL on the opposite side of the bank, of tidal influenced water bodies.

For the purposes of this notification, the HTL means the line on the land upto which the highest water line reaches during the spring tide

and shall be demarcated uniformly in all parts of the country by the demarcating authority(s) so authorized by the MoEF in accordance

with the general guidelines issued at Annexure-I. HTL shall be demarcated within one year from the date of issue of this notification.

Prohibited activities within CRZ,-

The following are declared as prohibited activities within the CRZ,-

(i) Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries except,-

(a) Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities;

Explanation: The expression foreshore facilities means those activities permissible under this notification and they require

waterfront for their operations such as ports and harbours, jetties, quays, wharves, erosion control measures, breakwaters,

pipelines, lighthouses, navigational safety facilities, coastal police stations and the like.;

(b) Projects of Department of Atomic Energy;

(e) Reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities including fishers in accordance with local town and country

planning regulations.

(ii) Manufacture or handling oil storage or disposal of hazardous substance as specified in the notification of Ministry of Environment

and Forests, No. S.O.594 (E), dated the 28th July 1989, S.O.No.966 (E), dated the 27th November, 1989 and GSR 1037 (E), dated the 5th

December, 1989 except,-

(a) Transfer of hazardous substances from ships to ports, terminals and refineries and vice versa;

(b) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II appended to this

notification and facilities for regasification of Liquefied Natural Gas (hereinafter referred to as the LNG) in the areas not classified as

CRZ- I(i) subject to implementation of safety regulations including guidelines issued by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate in the

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and guidelines issued by MoEF and subject to further terms and conditions for

implementation of ameliorative and restorative measures in relation to environment as may be stipulated by in MoEF.

Provided that facilities for receipt and storage of fertilizers and raw materials required for manufacture of fertilizers like ammonia,

phosphoric acid, sulphur, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and the like, shall be permitted within the said zone in the areas not classified as

CRZ-I (i).

(iii) Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing except hatchery and natural fish drying in permitted areas:

(iv) Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater except those,-

(a) Required for setting up, construction or modernization or expansion of foreshore facilities like ports, harbours, jetties, wharves,

quays, slipways, bridges, sealink, road on stilts, and such as meant for defence and security purpose and for other facilities that are

essential for activities permissible under the notification;

(b) Measures for control of erosion, based on scientific including Environmental Impact

Assessment (hereinafter referred to as the EIA) studies

(c) Maintenance or clearing of waterways, channels and ports, based on EIA studies;

(d) Measures to prevent sand bars, installation of tidal regulators, laying of storm water drains or for structures for prevention of

salinity ingress and freshwater recharge based on carried out by any agency to be specified by MoEF.

(v) Setting up and expansion of units or mechanism for disposal of wastes and effluents except facilities required for,-

(a) Discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under the Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);

(b) Storm water drains and ancillary structures for pumping;

(c) Treatment of waste and effluents arising from hotels, beach resorts and human settlements located in CRZ areas other than CRZ-

I and disposal of treated wastes and effluents;


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(vi) Discharge of untreated waste and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other human settlements. The concerned authorities

shall implement schemes for phasing out existing discharge of this nature, if any, within a time period not exceeding two years from the

date of issue of this notification.

(vii) Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris, industrial solid wastes, flyash for the purpose of land filling and the

like and the concerned authority shall implement schemes for phasing out any existing practice, if any, shall be phased out within a

period of one year from date of commencement of this notification.

Note:-The MoEF will issue a separate instruction to the State Governments and Union territory

Administration in respect of preparation of Action Plans and their implementation as also monitoring including the time schedule

thereof, in respect of paras (v), (vi) and (vii).(viii) Port and harbours projects in high eroding stretches of the coast, except those projects classified as strategic and defence related in

terms of EIA notification, 2006 identified by MoEF based on scientific studies and in consultation with the State Government or the

Union territory Administration.

(ix) Reclamation for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and entertainment activities.

(x) Mining of sand, rocks and other sub-strata materials except,-

(a) Those rare minerals not available outside the CRZ area,

(b) Exploration and exploitation of Oil and Natural Gas.

(xi) Drawl of groundwater and construction related thereto, within 200mts of HTL; except the following:-

(a) In the areas which are inhabited by the local communities and only for their use.

(b) In the area between 200mts-500mts zone the drawl of groundwater shall be permitted only when done manually through

ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries and where no other source of water is available.

Note:-Restrictions for such drawl may be imposed by the Authority designated by the State Government and Union territory

Administration in the areas affected by sea water intrusion.(xi) Construction activities in CRZ-I except those specified in para 8 of this notification.

(xiii) Dressing or altering the sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for beautification, recreation and other

such purpose.

(xiv) Facilities required for patrolling and vigilance activities of marine/coastal police stations.

4. Regulation of permissible activities in CRZ area.

The following activities shall be regulated except those prohibited in para 3 above,-

(i)(a) Clearance shall be given for any activity within the CRZ only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities;

(b) For those projects which are listed under this notification and also attract EIA notification,

2006 (S.O.1533 (E), dated the 14th September, 2006), for such projects clearance under

EIA notification only shall be required subject to being recommended by the concerned

State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority (hereinafter referred to as the CZMA).

(c) Housing schemes in CRZ as specified in paragraph 8 of this notification;

(d) Construction involving more than 20,000sq mts built-up area in CRZ-II shall be considered in accordance with EIA notification,2006 and in case of projects less than 20,000sq mts built-up area shall be approved by the concerned State or Union territory

Planning authorities in accordance with this notification after obtaining recommendations from the concerned CZMA and prior

recommendations of the concern CZMA shall be essential for considering the grant of environmental clearance under EIA notification,

2006 or grant of approval by the relevant planning authority.

(e) MoEF may under a specific or general order specify projects which require prior public hearing of project affected people.

(f) Construction and operation for ports and harbours, jetties, wharves, quays, slipways, ship construction yards, breakwaters,

groynes, erosion control measures;

(ii) The following activities shall require clearance from MoEF, namely:-

(a) Those activities not listed in the EIA notification, 2006.

(b) Construction activities relating to projects of Department of Atomic Energy or Defence requirements for which foreshore facilities

are essential such as, slipways, jetties, wharves, quays; except for classified operational component of defence projects. Residential

buildings, office buildings, hospital complexes, workshops of strategic and defence projects in terms of

EIA notification, 2006;(c) Construction, operation of lighthouses;

(d) Laying of pipelines, conveying systems, transmission line;

(e) Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and facilities thereto;

(f) Foreshore requiring facilities for transport of raw materials, facilities for intake of cooling water and outfall for discharge of

treated wastewater or cooling water from thermal power plants. MoEF may specify for category of projects such as at (f), (g) and (h)

of para 4;

(g) Mining of rare minerals as listed by the Department of Atomic Energy;

(h) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy resources, desalination plants and weather radars;

(i) Demolition and reconstruction of (a) buildings of archaeological and historical importance, (ii) heritage buildings; and buildings

under public use which means buildings such as for the purposes of worship, education, medical care and cultural activities;

4.2 Procedure for clearance of permissible activities.-

All projects attracting this notification shall be considered for CRZ clearance as per the following procedure, namely:-

(i) The project proponents shall apply with the following documents seeking prior clearance under CRZ notification to the concernedState or the Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority,-

(a) Form-1 (Annexure-IV of the notification);

(b) Rapid EIA Report including marine and terrestrial component except for construction projects listed under 4(c) and (d)


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(c) Comprehensive EIA with cumulative studies for projects in the stretches classified as low and medium eroding by MoEF based

on scientific studies and in consultation with the State

Governments and Union territory Administration;

(d) Disaster Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and Management Plan;

(e) CRZ map indicating HTL and LTL demarcated by one of the authorized agency (as indicated in para 2) i n 1:4000 scale;

(f) Project layout superimposed on the above map indicated at (e) above;

(g) The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project site.

(h) The CRZ map indicating the CRZ-I, II, III and IV areas including other notified ecologically sensitive areas;

(i) No Objection Certificate from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or Union territory Pollution Control Committees forthe projects involving discharge of effluents, solid wastes, sewage and the like.;

(ii) The concerned CZMA shall examine the above documents in accordance with the approved CZMP and in compliance with CRZ

notification and make recommendations within a period of sixty days from date of receipt of complete application,-

(a) MoEF or State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (hereinafter referred to as the

SEIAA) as the case may be for the project attracting EIA notification, 2006;

(b) MoEF for the projects not covered in the EIA notification, 2006 but attracting para 4(ii) of the CRZ notification;

(iii) MoEF or S E I A A shall consider such projects for clearance based on the recommendations of the concerned CZMA within a period

of sixty days.

(vi) The clearance accorded to the projects under the CRZ notification shall be valid for the period of five years from the date of issue of

the clearance for commencement of construction and operation.

(v) F o r Post clearance monitoring (a) it shall be mandatory for the project proponent to submit half-yearly compliance reports in

respect of the stipulated terms and conditions of the environmental clearance in hard and soft copies to the regulatory authority(s)

concerned, on 1st June and 31st December of each calendar year and all such compliance reports submitted by the project p r o p o n e nt shall be published in public domain and its copies shall be given to any person on application to the concerned CZMA.

(b) The compliance report shall also be displayed on the website of the concerned regulatory authority.

(vi) To maintain transparency in the working of the CZMAs it shall be the responsibility of the

CZMA to create a dedicated website and post the agenda, minutes, decisions taken, clearance letters, violations, action taken on the

violations and court matters including the Orders of the Honble Court as also the approved CZMPs of the respective State Government

or Union territory.

7. Classification of the CRZ For the purpose of conserving and protecting the coastal areas and marine waters, the CRZ area shall be

classified as follows, namely:-

(iii) CRZ-III,-

Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ-I or II which include coastal zone in the rural areas

(developed and undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not

substantially built up.

8. Norms for regulation of activities permissible under this notification,-

(i) The development or construction activities in different categories of CRZ shall be regulated by the concerned CZMA in accordance

with the following norms, namely:-

Note: - The word existing use hereinafter in relation to existence of various features or existence of regularisation or norms shall mean

existence of these features or regularisation or norms as on 19.2.1991 wherein CRZ notification, was notified.

III. CRZ-III,-

A. Area upto 200mts from HTL on the landward side in case of seafront and 100mts along tidal influenced water bodies or width of

the creek whichever is less is to be earmarked as No Development Zone (NDZ),-

(i) The NDZ shall not be applicable in such area falling within any notified port limits;

(ii) No construction shall be permitted within NDZ except for repairs or reconstruction of existing authorized structure not exceedingexisting Floor Space Index, existing plinth area and existing density and for permissible activities under the notification including

facilities essential for activities; Construction/reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk

may be permitted between 100 and 200 metres from the HTL along the seafront in accordance with a comprehensive plan prepared by

the State Government or the Union territory in consultation with the traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk and

incorporating the necessary disaster management provision, sanitation and recommended by the concerned State or the Union territory

CZMA to NCZMA for approval by MoEF;

(iii) However, the following activities may be permitted in NDZ

(a) Agriculture, horticulture, gardens, pasture, parks, play field, and forestry;

(b) Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy;

(c) Mining of rare minerals;

(d) Salt manufacture from seawater;

(e) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II;

(f) Facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas subject to conditions as mentioned in subparagraph (ii) of paragraph 3;(g) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources;

(h) Foreshore facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities;

(i) Weather radars;


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(j) Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, provision of facilities for water

supply, drainage, sewerage, crematoria, cemeteries and electric sub-station which are required for the local inhabitants may be

permitted on a case to case basis by CZMA;

(k) Construction of units or auxiliary thereto for domestic sewage, treatment and disposal with the prior approval of the concerned

Pollution Control Board or Committee;

(l) Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat

building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities and the like;

(m) Development of green field airport already permitted only at Navi Mumbai.

B. Area between 200mts to 500mts,-

The following activities shall be permissible in the above areas;

(i) Development of vacant plot in designated areas for construction of hotels or beach resorts for tourists or visitors subject to the

conditions as specified in the guidelines at Annexure-III;

(ii) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II;

(iii) Facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas subject to conditions as mentioned in sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph 3;

(iv) Storage of non-hazardous cargo such as, edible oil, fertilizers, food grain in notified ports;

(v) Foreshore facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities;

(vi) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources;

(vii) Construction or reconstruction of dwelling units so long it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as

existing fishing villages and goathans.

Building permission for such construction or reconstruction will be subject to local town and country planning rules with overall heightof construction not exceeding 9mts with two floors (ground + one floor);

(viii) Construction of public rain shelters, community toilets, water supply drainage,

sewerage, roads and bridges by CZMA who ma y a l s o permit construction of schools and dispensaries for local inhabitants of the area

for those panchayats, the major part of which falls within CRZ if no other area is available for construction of such facilities;

(ix) Reconstruction or alteration of existing authorised building subject to sub-paragraph

(vii), (viii);

(x) Development of green field airport already permitted only at Navi Mumbai.


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3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT

Udupi is one of the twenty-seven districts in the state of Karnataka. It was formed on 24th August, 1997, carved out of erstwhile

Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara) district with three taluks namely Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura. Udupi city is the District Head

Quarters. Administratively, the district has 248 villages, 146 GPs, one city municipality (Udupi city), two town municipalities (Karkala

and Kundapura) and one town panchayat (Saligrama).

Located between the foothills of Western Ghats in the east and Arabian Sea in the west, Udupi is one of the three coastal districts of the

state. Along its southern border lies Dakshina Kannada district; Uttara Kannada lies to the north and Shimoga and Chikamagalore to theeast. Arabian Sea forms its western boundary. The total geographical area of the district is 3575 square kms. The district has three

distinct natural regions; coastal region with a coastal belt of about 98 kms, midland plain terrain, covering 75 percent of the district and

malnad region and the ghat section with hills and thick forests. Many rivers take birth in the foothills of Western Ghats, flowing

westwards and joining the Arabian Sea. Udupi district has varied climatic zones; it is humid in the coastal region, cool in the ghat region

and warm in the eastern region. There are four distinct seasons viz. rainy season (from June to September), two months of warm and

damp weather (during October and November), winter season (between December and February) and a hot and sultry summer season

(from March to May). The district gets rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. Normal rainfall is about 4302 mm during the rainy

season.

Udupi district has a long history and a aweinspiring cultural heritage. Many dynasties have ruled and played key roles in socio-cultural

and economic transformation of the district. Historically, the culture of other regions influenced and fused with the local culture and

evolved into a distinctly different culture from other cultures known as Tuluva culture. Tuluva culture got lot of importance at the time

of the Vijayanagar Empire, in the early 14th century and Udupi district, along with Dakshina Kannada, was thereafter commonly known

as Tulunadu. Tulu was the spoken language of the people. The social system was evolved on line with the customary functional caste

system. Villages were self-sufficient and self-reliant in all respects.

Tuluva culture is known for nature worship particularly Naga-aradhane-snake worship and Boota-aradhane- spirit worship. The district

is also known for the birth ofAdvaitha philosophy of Shankaracharya in the ninth century and the Dwaitha philosophy of Madhwacharya

in the thirteenth century. The Dwaitha philosophy propounded by Madhwacharya had its original seat at Udupi. Though, the majority of

the Hindus are worshippers of Shiva and Durgamba, since Udupi is the place, where Asta Mathas were set up, Madhwa philososphy has a

strong influence on the cultural setting of the district. When Jains were the rulers, Jainism spread in parts of the district. Similarly,

Muslim and Christian religions followed thereafter and became integral parts of the society. The activities of Christain Missions

profoundly influenced the socio-cultural traditions of the district, as they were involved actively in education, health and social sectors.

The district has now more than 50 important temples, 12 churches, 10 mosques and Jain religious basadis (in Karkal and Barkur).

Religious centers, which attract pilgrims from all over India, include Udupi, Kollur, Anegudde, Hattiangadi, Mandarthi, Attur, Karkala and

Barkur.i


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4. CONCERNS

4.1. COASTAL VULNERABILITY

Udupi coast in Karnataka state, along the west coast of India, is well known for sandy beaches, aquaculture ponds, lush greenery,

temples and major and minor industries. The study was done for Udupi coast starting from Surathkal in the south and Navunda in the

north along Karnataka coast which lies between 13000001304500 north latitudes and 74047307403000 east longitudes, the

length of the coastline is 95 km, and is oriented along the NNWSSE direction. It is vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due to

its low topography and its high ecological and touristy value. A study had been carried out by (G.S. Dwarakish et all 2009) with a view to

calculate the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to know the high and low vulnerable areas and area of inundation due to future SLR, and

land loss due to coastal erosion. Both conventional and remotely sensed data were used and analyzed through the modeling technique

and by using ERDAS Imagine and geographical information system software. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km2/ year during 2000

2006 and around 46 km of the total 95 km stretch is under critical erosion. Out of the 95 km stretch coastline, 59% is at very high risk,

7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to SLR. Results of the inundation analysis indicate that 42.19 km2

and 372.08 km2of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m inundation levels. The most severely affected sectors are

expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural land, and the natural ecosystem. ii

For vulnerability assessment the factors considered are as follows

The rise of sea level (SLR) which directly results in submerging the coastal zone under water (shoreline recession) as well as

change in natural environment.

Inundation can also exacerbate coastal erosion by transporting submerged sediments offshore, and extending the effects of

coastal flooding by allowing storm waves to act further

Wave heights also increase when concentrated on head lands or when travelling into bays having wide entrances that become

progressively narrower.

The study area has a tropical climate. MarchMay constitute the hot season. With respect to the mean daily temperature, May (36 0C)

and December (230C) are the hottest and coolest months respectively. The area receives a very heavy downpour between June and

September due to the southwest monsoon. The average annual rainfall is 3954 mm of which 87% is received during the monsoon

season.

The coastal area experiences tropical and monsoon climate, with constantly high humidity with alternate wet and dry seasons. Besides

the regular monsoon, the Arabian Sea and the west coast of India is also exposed to occasional cyclones, but the effects of cyclones are

minimal for this coast. The temperature in the coast is generally equable with temperature ranging between 20-36oC. The climate is

marked by heavy rainfall, high humidity and oppressive weather conditions in summer. SW monsoon months are the coolest (mean

daily temperature is < 29oC) and April-May are the hottest months of the year. The air is highly humid all through the year. Winds arestrong and mainly westerly or southwesterly during SW monsoon months. During the rest of the year, winds blow mainly from

directions between north and east in the mornings and westerly or northwesterly in the afternoons (Jayappa et. Al., 2003)

Rainfall controls coastal processes of this area and determines fresh water discharge into the Arabian Sea through various river systems.

The detritus from Western Ghats, isolated hilltops in the midland and lowlands collected and transported to coastal areas through the

river systems, nourish the adjoining beaches to some extent. This is a process associated with heavy rainfall, which is concentrated

during SW monsoon months.

The coast is subjected to very strong sea breezes during the non-monsoon months. The sea breezes in the afternoons predominate over

the land breezes in the early mornings. Deep water waves approach this coast from the directions between W, SW and NW. The

maximum significant wave height Hs is about 3.44m with the average zero-crossing period of 10.4 sec. The largest single wave recorded

is about 5.4m and typical SW monsoon waves are of height about 4m. Tides are semidiurnal with a mean tidal range of 1.2m and spring

tidal range 1.8m. (KREC study team 1994)iii

The ocean waves are high along coast in the months from June to September. Wave periods range from 9 to 10 seconds in monsoon.

Maximum wave height recorded is 6.5m while the wave heights are less than 1m during non-monsoon season and the wave periods

show variation with the presence of long period waves.

Changes during 30 years period are studied at each station. Significant morphological changes in landformslike spit, channel Island,

coastal plain, tidal flat, lateritic plain, alluvial plain and sand bar within and adjacent to estuarine river mouths of Kali, Sharavathi,

Kollur-ChakkaraHaladi and Udyavara Rivers are observed. The study indicates that gradual erosion is observed at i) Karwar spit along

the northern side of the Kali river mouth, ii) the spit at the southern side of the Sharavathi river mouth and iii) at some regions of

Kundapur.iv

The tide variation between the satellite imageries of 1998 and 2008 for the path/row-096-062 (Karwar and Honnavar) is negligible but

path/row 097-063 (Kundapur and Malpe) shows 65 cm change in the tide between two data. The erosion observed is not continuous all

along the coast but in isolated stretches along the coast. Comparatively large erosion have been observed at the river mouths of Devbag

(north of Kali River), at Pavinakurve (north of Sharavathi River) and at Kundapur. The coastline at Malpe is almost stable with negligibleerosion and deposition. Significant amount of loss of land is observed mainly at the river mouth due to the sediment erosion from the

banks because of complex interactions between river flow, waves and the tides.


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FIGURE 4-1: DRAINAGE PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT FIGURE 4-2: GEOLOGICAL PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT

FIGURE 4-3: GEOMORPHOLOGY OF UDUPI DISTRICT FIGURE 4-4 TANKS AND RIVERS OF UDUPI DISTICT


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FIGURE 4-5: LAND USE AND LANDCOVER OF UDUPI DISTRICT


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TABLE 4-1: DATA REQUIRED TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS FOR VARIOUS COASTAL PROBLEMS.(ICMAM-PD, 2007)

TABLE 4-2: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF SHORELINE PROTECTION SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES(ICMAM-PD,2007)

TABLE 4-3: CRITERIA FRO SELECTING SHORELINE PROTECTION MEASURES. (ICMAM-PD, 2007)


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The report onManagement of Tidal Inlets along West Coast, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Local Implementing

Agency NITK, Surathkal, June 2007, discusses at length on the process of design and parameters to be considered in design process.

Detailed study of shoreline behavior along west coast is discussed.

The river mouths and the long and narrow sand spits are highly vulnerable areas since they consist of sand which can easily worked out

by waters both the sea and the river. The sand spit at Uliyaragoli Padukere adjoining the Udyavara river near Malpe is about 10km long

and at places it is only 50m wide with a vital link road running in the middle. At some locations on the split, the coastal erosion threatens

to cut off the road. The beaches along the Udupi coast are more vulnerable to erosion due to high water table caused by flood flows of

the adjoining rivers. Even smaller waves in these cases can cause significant erosion.

The basic types of protective structures adopted in this coast are:

Seawall

Riverbank protection in the tidal reaches

Spurs across river banks in tidal reaches

Breakwaters as river training jetties

Mangrove Plantation

Sea walls failure is due to wrong position of the wall and bad selection of rock and construction technique. The best place for a seawall is

at the back of beach where it provides a protection against the largest storms. It is found that a properly located and constructed seawall

does not accelerate the erosion either in front of it or in the adjoining areas. By contrast, a seawall built out to the mean high water line

due to scarcity of space which in turn is due to beach encroachment may constantly create problems related to frontal and end scour as

well as up-coast sand impoundments, and this is the case at many locations along D.K. and Udupi coasts.

FIGURE 4-6: A TYPICAL BEACH PROFILE SHOWING BEACH WIDTH, FORESHORE AND BACKSHORE

vTABLE 4-4: SPITS LOCATED IN THE WEST COAST OF KARNATAKA (KUNTE P.D. ET AL, 1991)


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FIGURE 4-7: VULNERABILITY MAP OF UDUPI COAST AS PER STUDY BY G.S. DWARAKISH ET ALL 2009


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FIGURE 4-8: SHORELINE ASSESSMENT: THIS IS THE MAP SUBMITTED BY INSTITUTE OF OCEAN MANAGEMENT ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, TO MINISTRY OF

ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2012


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After assigning the risk value based on each specific data variable to each section of the coastline, the CVI had been calculated. The

calculated CVI value for the coastal stretch ranges from 7.5 to 17.89. The mean value is 14.33 and standard deviation is 1.95. The CVI

scores are divided into low, moderate, high and very high vulnerability categories based on the quartile ranges and visual inspection of

the data. CVI values below 10.29 are assigned low vulnerability. Values from 10.29 to 12.2 are assigned moderate vulnerability; high

vulnerability lies between 12.82 and 15.36. CVI values more than 15.36 are assigned very high vulnerability. Locations along the coastal

stretch such as Maravanthe, Gujjadi, Bijadi, Parampalli are under the very high vulnerability category. Places such as Kapu and Malpe fall

under the moderate category whereas Tonse, Padubidri, Sasihithlu and Surathkal have low vulnerability.

A total of 95 km of the shoreline is ranked in the study area, out of which 59% of the mapped shoreline is classified as being at very high

risk due to future SLR. The percentage of high and moderate risk is only 11%, and the remaining 30% of the shoreline is under the low

risk category. From this it is very clear that the Udupi coast is highly vulnerable for future SLR, and the different LU/LC features under

the direct risk of flooding include coastal villages, agricultural land, wetland, salt pans, aquaculture ponds, link roads, beaches and

coastal dunes. This implies that the population living presently in these areas would be displaced. Figure shows the vulnerable areas

along the study area for the SLR determined using coastal vulnerability indices.

The area of submergence for 1 m rise in water level is up to 42.19 km2 and subsequently for 2 m, 3 m, 4 m, 5 m and 10 m rise in water

level are 56.34 km2, 75.04 km2, 89.58 km2, 150.67 km2 and 372.08 km2 respectively. The low lying areas of the study area are highly

vulnerable for submergence in case of a tsunami or a rise in sea level. From the LU/LC map it is clear that the maximum area is covered

by agriculture lands and other categories, which include aquaculture ponds in the low lying area, and they will get affected first by

future SLR. The inundation maps can be overlaid on land use/land cover maps to find out the extent of submergence of different LU/LC

areas. It is necessary to incorporate the elevation levels for new/expanded settlement areas under the town planning acts so that human

life and property are saved from natural hazards/vulnerabilities. The run-up levels can be used as guidance to determine safe locations

of settlements from the shoreline. Based on the vulnerability assessment study, it is clear that three issues are of great concern to theauthorities and decision makers: coastal land loss, ecosystem disturbance and erosion and degradation of shoreline.

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India in

February 1991, as part of the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 to protect the coast from eroding and to preserve its natural

resources and was adopted in June 1992. Accordingly coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are

influenced by tidal action in the landward direction up to 500 m from the high tide line (HTL) were considered as coastal regulation

zones. The low lying nature of the Udupi coastal zone coupled with significant land reclamation investments and extensive industrial,

commercial, and residential activity emphasizes that ecological and socio-economical systems are currently facing tremendous pressure

due to rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and economic development. SLR phenomena are going to accelerate degradation of the

coastal and marine resources and could lead to serious displacement of people, commercial and industrial activities. Hence, strict

enforcement of the CRZ Act is needed in order to protect the coastal ecosystem and to reduce degradation.

The options available for the protection of the Udupi coast from future SLR could be dune afforestation, mangrove restoration and

management, periodic beach nourishment and building seawalls and groins. The construction of seawalls is costly and hence it would be

used only for some settlements at high risk of inundation.

The performance of properly constructed and maintained seawalls along the undivided Dakshina Kannada coast is satisfactory. The

integrated coastal zone management plan, though active in India, is still not fully functional. It must emphasize more on building

regulation, urban growth planning, development of institutional capacity, involvement of local community, increasing public awareness

and should be based on long-term sustainable developmental programmes. The coastal vulnerability index (CVI) provides insight into

the relative potential of coastal damage due to future SLR. The maps presented here can be viewed in at least two ways: (i) to identify

areas where physical changes are most likely to occur as sea level rises; and (ii) as a planning tool for managing and protecting

resources in the study area. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km2/yr during 20002006 and 46 km of the total 95 km is under critical

erosion; and 59% is at very high risk, 7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to future SLR. Based on the

inundation study, it was found that 42.19 km2 and 372.08 km2 of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m

inundation levels respectively. The most severely affected sectors are expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural

lands and the natural ecosystem. These are to be protected through strict enforcement of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

Act and any further coastal developmental activities and protection work along the Udupi coast should be based upon an integrated

coastal zone management (ICZM) approach for long-term sustainable development.

Most of the beaches of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts experience erosion during SW monsoon due to natural processes and

man-made structures. Minimum sediment storage is noticed on the beaches during July/August and maximum during April/May.

Almost all the eroded open beaches start growing during post-monsoon period and are fully developed by April/May. Hence erosional

and accretional trends on the open beaches in the study area are cyclic in nature and repeat every year. This balance is not found along

the engineered shorelines and at those places where rock promontories or river mouths intercept shoreline. In most of these cases,

gradual accumulation of sediment on the updrift and erosion on the downdrift sides is a common process. Estuarine beaches suffer

erosion due to migration of river mouths. Sediment budget estimations and beach profile configurations reveal that the beaches of

Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts are fairly stable except a few eroding sites which are migratory in nature. Uplift of land and

presence of spits and barrier beaches provide the other evidence that the coast is not retreating. Rather it is changing from a dynamic

equilibrium to an accumulative state. Seawalls either intensify beach erosion or shift the erosional sites towards adjacent areas or

undergo destruction themselves. Net littoral drift is directed towards the south and any construction acting as a barrier to this drift

results in erosion on the downdrift side. The beaches, which are encroached by man, have suffered from loss of property and claims are


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made by the affected people to protect these beaches. Existence of high quality long-term beach monitoring data, its analysis and

quantification of the change at the coast combined with geomorphological interpretation are needed to provide meaningful information

for coastal zone management. Hence, the results of this study would provide the basic data required for the management.vi

4.2. EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT

FIGURE 4-9: ZONING OF RISK ASSESSMENT (FROM GAZETEER 2011)FIGURE 4-10: MAP OF UDUPI DISTRICT WITH POPULATION DENSITY AND PROMINENT FAULT

LINES

FIGURE 4-11: RECORDED EARTHQUAKES THEIR MAGNITUDE FIGURE 4-12: PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TRANSPORT NETWORK SUPERIMPOSED ON FAULT

LINES


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Forming the western mountainous part of the DC, the Sahyadri encompasses the NNWSSE ending en echelon ranges that abruptly end

as steep slope-breaks at their northwestern ends and as very high scarps that face west. It has been described as an example of a

retreating rift-flank. The Western Ghats escarpment is not straight or curved, but characterized by en echelon pattern of slope-breaks

and scarps. The mountainous terrain is cut by a multiplicity of predominant NNW-SSE trending en echelon sinistral faults and less

common ESE/EWNW/W oriented shear zones West of the-more-than-700 m high escarpment lies the Coastal Belt of an undulating

terrain, characterized by low ridges and shallow depressions that have approximately NNWSSE trend and by a thick mantle of laterite.

The elevation of this erosion surface (coastal belt) varies from 40 to 120 m above sea level. Lithologically and structurally the Coastal

Belt is not different from the mountainous Sahyadri. However, the altitudinal contrast is very great and the change of elevation is quite

abrupt. Interestingly, the geological, geomorphological and tide-gauge data near Mangalore on the coast (13N) confirm earlier studiesthat this coastal tract has been rising at the rate of 1.95- 0.14 mm/yr. and 3.22- 1.1 mm/yr. relative to the areas, respectively to the

north and the south. Significantly, these three areas (of observation) lie on three different NNWSSE trending fault-delimited low ridges.

It may therefore be inferred that these three linear blocks have different rates of uplift. This can happen only if the faults that delimit

them are active to different degrees.

The current rates of uplift indicated by tide-gauge data (= 3 mm/yr.) and spirit-level data (= 6 mm/yr.) are higher than the Quaternary

rates and are consistent with the recent strain (< 10 Nano strain/yr.) measured geodetically in southern India.vii

FIGURE 4-13: ACTIVE FAULT LINES MAPPED (SITHARAM T.G. ET AL, 2012) FIGURE 4-14 TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES AND STUDY AREAS WHICH DOES NOT

INCLUDE KARNATAKA COAST

4.2.1.PREPAREDNESS

The district has a disaster management plan where the village wise people and equipment available for various disaster situations is put

together and overall structure of administration in the scenario of a disaster is explained.

4.3. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

The development and environment have close linkages. Development has impact on the environment and environment also impacts

development. Environmental damage hits badly both present and future generations and their developments. It is therefore argued that

any development must be pro-nature, nature friendly and future friendly. Development at the cost of nature or future is not sustainable.

The examination of issues related to environment of the district and its implications from sustainable human development perspective

is, therefore, important.

Udupi, like other coastal districts, has a geographical background of 80-100 million years. The district has thick forests and vegetation.

With high out-migration and declining population growth rate, the population growth is not a threat. Only 18 percent of the populationlives in urban areas. The district has no major industries. The environmental problems related to land use, air, industrial pollution, rapid

urbanization and proliferation of slums do not exist. The most prominent problems faced by the district environment are related to

erosion of natural forests, sea erosion and degradation of coastal belt, salanity of water in the coastal areas, water pollution and


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contamination, sound pollution, problem of waste disposal in urban areas and heavy rainfall and floods. They not only affect human

health, but also peoples livelihoods and survival.

4.3.1. EROSION OF NATURAL FORESTS:

Udupi has a total geographical area of 3376 Sq.Kms, of which 60 percent of the area has forest cover.The Western Ghat belt, which was

once the natural forest is in the process of decimation. More than onethird of original forest has disappeared. The natural forests in the

Ghats bind soil to the ground, regulate water supplies and help govern the climate and rainfall. There has been a steep decline in the

area of forest to the extent of 11percent in other parts of the district. To overcome this problem, social foresting and regulating

deforestation are essential.

4.3.2. SEA EROSION:

Coastal land belt land gets eroded by the onslaught of the sea at several places in the district such as Maravanthe, Udyavara, Padukere,

Kodi, Bengre, Kaup and Hejmadi. Sea ha

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