Computer Fundamentals - MUEEN AL-RUBAYE · Computer Fundamentals Southern Technical University Basra Engineering Technical College Thermal Mechanical Techniques Department . ... A

MUEEN M. AL-RUBAYE www.mueen-it.weebly.com [email protected]

Computer

Fundamentals

Southern Technical University

Basra Engineering Technical College

Thermal Mechanical Techniques Department

http://www.mueen-it.weebly.com/

mailto:[email protected]

Southern Technical University Computer Application by Lecture

Basra Technical Collage First Class Farah A. Al-

Salam

Thermal Mechanical Engineering Dep.

1

Computer

A computer is an electronic device which accepts and processes data by following a set of

instruction (program) to give a result (information).

Functionalities of a computer

Types of Computers

1- Mini and Mainframe Computers

Very powerful, used by large organizations such a banks to control

The entire business operation. They are very expensive!



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3- Workstation

It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a

moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics

capabilities.

2- Personal Computers

Cheap and easy to use. Often used as stand-alone computers or in a network. May be

connected to large mainframe computers within big companies.



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Computer Components

Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the

monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), etc. all of which

are physical objects that can be touched

Computer

Hardware Software

Input devices

Output devices

CPU

Memory etc. Application

Software

System

Software


Basra Technical Collage First Class Farah A. Al-Salam


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1- Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A CPU is brain of a computer. They are consists of millions transistors. They are small

pieces of semi – conducting material (silicon) .CPU that gets data from memory and

performs mathematical or logical operations to process the data.

2- Memory Unit:

An area within a computer system that holds data waiting to be processed.

a. RAM (Random Access Memory) this memory stores data that want to process. This

type of memory is delete the information when the computer is tuned off.

b. ROM (Read Only Memory) this memory it have special instructions for the

computer to operate.




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3- Data Storage Devices

The area within a computer system where data can be left on a longer term basis while it is

not needed for processing. Hard Drive (HD): A hard disk is main part of a storage unit,

often called a "Hard Disk Drive HDD" that record and store large amounts of data.

Various types of storage media and their capacities.

STORAGE MEDIUM CAPABILITIES STORAGE CAPACITY

Hard Drive Read and write External: Up to 2 TB (Terabyte).

Internal: Up to 500 GB (Giga byte).

-CD

-CD-RW

-Read-only.

- Read and write. 700 MB (Megabyte)

- DVD

- DVD+RW

-Read-only.

- Read and write.

- 4.7 GB (for single-sided, single-

layered DVDs).

- 9.4 GB (for single-sided, double-

layered DVDs).

Flash Memory Cards Read and write 16 MB to 8 GB

Flash Drive Read and write Up to 6 GB




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Comparision between main memory (RAM) and hard desik (HD)

RAM Hard Disk

memory storage

Smaller amount (typically 500 MB – 6 GB) Much large amount(typically 80GB – 1000 GB)

Temporary storage of files and programs Permantent storage of files and programs

Consist of chips(microprocessors) Consist of hard disk (platters)

4- Input Devices

The devices that allow data and instructions to enter a computer (such as a keyboard,

mouse, scanner, Microphone voice as input, Light Pen, touch screen , web cam.)

5- Output Devices

The devices that allow information to be represented (that is, given out) to the user, such as

Monitor printer, speakers, plotter etc.)




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Software

Is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer, its hardware,

or perform tasks. Without software, most computers would be useless. Software is divided

into two main parts:

1- Operation System Software

The operation system software is a special type of program that loads automatically when

you start your computer.it is the underlying principle behind the working of the computer.

For examples are: windows 7, windows XP and windows XP professional etc.

2- Application Program Software

An application software is the type of program that use after the operating system has been

loaded. Enable you to perform common tasks such as typing, designing etc. Example

include: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and databases program… etc.

What is windows operating system?

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft each version of windows

it’s have graphical user interface, with a desktop that allow users to view files and folders

in window.

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How the window operating system works?

When you press on the electric switch the computer will download the operating system

from the hard disk. Up to the windows desk top show.

What is the window?

Whenever you open a program, file, or folder, it appears on your screen in a box or frame

called a window (that's where the Windows operating system gets its name). Because

windows are everywhere in Windows, it's important to understand how to move them,

change their size, or just make them go away

Window Elements

1. Menu bar

2. Title bar

3. Minimize button.

4. Maximize button (restore).

5. Close button.

6. Scroll bar

7. Border




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- Menu bar. Contains items that you can click to make choices in a program.

-Title bar. Displays the name of the document and program (or the folder name if you're

working in a folder).

- Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons. These buttons hide the window, enlarge it to

fill the whole screen, and close it, respectively (more details on these shortly).

- Scroll bar. Let’s you scroll the contents of the window to see information that is currently

out of view

- Borders and corners. You can drag these with your mouse pointer to change the size of

the window.

Moving a window To move a window, point to its title bar with the mouse pointer. Then drag the window

to the location that you want. (Dragging means pointing to an item, holding down the mouse

button, moving the item with the pointer, and then releasing the mouse button.)

Changing the size of a window

-To make a window fill the entire screen, click its Maximize button or double-click

the window's title bar.

-To return a maximized window to its former size, click its Restore button (this appear

in place of the Maximize button). Or, double-click the window's title bar.

- To resize a window (make it smaller or bigger), point to any of the window's borders or

corners. When the mouse pointer changes to a two headed arrow (see picture below), drag

the border or corner to shrink or enlarge the window.




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Note: A window that is maximized cannot be resized. You must restore it to its previous

size first.

Hiding a Window

•Hiding a window is called minimizing it. If you want to get a window out of the way

temporarily without closing it, minimize it.

• To minimize a window, click its Minimize button . The window disappears from the

desktop and is visible only as a button on the taskbar, the long horizontal bar at the bottom

of your screen.

• To make a minimized window appear again on the desktop, click its taskbar button. The

window appears exactly as it did before you minimized it.

Closing a Window

• Closing a window removes it from the desktop and taskbar. If you're done with a program

or document and don't need to return to it right away, close it.

• To close a window, click its Close button

• If you close a document without saving any changes you made, a message appears that

gives you the option to save your changes.




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Switching between windows

If you open more than one program or document, your desktop can quickly become cluttered

with windows. Keeping track of which windows you have open isn’t always easy, because

some windows might partially or completely cover others.

a) Using the taskbar.

The taskbar provides a way to organize all of your windows. Each window has a

corresponding button on the taskbar. To switch to another window, just click its taskbar

button.

b) Using Alt +Tab

You can switch to the previous window by pressing Alt+Tab, or cycle through all open

windows and the desktop by holding down Alt and repeatedly pressing Tab. Release Alt to

show the selected window.

c) Using key + Tap




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Dialog boxes

A dialog box is a special type of window that asks you a question, allows you to select

options to perform a task, or provides you with information. You'll often see dialog boxes

when a program or Windows needs a response from you before it can continue.

Working with Windows Desktop

Graphical User Interface - Each type of file is represented by a picture and description,

and each command is represented by a button. Programs are arranged on a series of menus

to make them easy to locate.

Desktop

The most basic element of the Windows user interface is a background screen called the

desktop. All programs are opened over this background screen.




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Taskbar

A bar located at the bottom of the screen first introduced with all the versions of Windows

that followed. The taskbar allows you to locate and launch programs through the Start

button or view any program that is currently open. It also allows them to check the date and

time.

Rearrange icons on the taskbar

You can rearrange and organize program icons on the taskbar, including pinned programs

and running programs by drag and drop it.

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/start.htm

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/start.htm




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Start button:

The Start button is located at the bottom of the screen on the left-hand side of the taskbar

and gives you access to most things available on your computer. When you click on the

START button, you will see a menu. Clicking on this item will run the application.

-In the left column of the Start menu you can find:

Display a list of programs that you commonly access on the

computer.

This gets you going quickly if you need one of these application.

If you use Microsoft word consistently, it will show on this list.

-In the right column of the Start menu you can find:

- My Documents – the default folder for user files.

- My Recent Documents – the list of recently used files.

- My Pictures – the default folder for user pictures.

- My Computer – browses the computer for folders and files.

- Printers and Faxes – enables viewing of installed printers and faxes.

- Control Panel – this panel provides all options for managing the computer (display,

sound, add or remove program etc.)

- Help and Support

- Search – searches the computer for a file or folder.




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- Run – runs applications by entering the name of the application.

- Log off – logs off the user, but does not shut down the computer.

- Turn Off Computer – options: shut down or restart the computer.

Icons:

A small pictures that represent applications, program, folders, files or other things on the

desktop.

Opening an icon:

double-left click on the icon with the left mouse button, or

right click on the icon and choose from shown list the command (open)

select the icon and press Enter

Working with icons

Selecting icons: position the mouse pointer (cursor, arrow) over the desired icon, press

and release the left mouse button; the icon will become colored meaning that it is

selected.

Moving icons (the drag-and-drop method):

1. Press and hold down the left mouse button on the desired icon

2. Drag the icon to the desired position

3. Release the left mouse button

Personalization of Desk Top

Two ways to get into computer personalization options:




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A. Right click the mouse in a blank space on your desktop and click Personalize.

B. Through Control Panel

1. Click start button

2. Click control panel

3. Make sure view by category is selected at the top

4. Click Appearance and Personalization

5. Click Personalization

The desktop background include built in categories or you may select a personal picture from

the folder on your computer.

Many people enjoy placing family photos or pet photos on the background of their desktop

likewise the screen saver, which provides privacy for your open files on the computer when

you are away from your desktop, is changed with built in screen savers. The color of the

borders of your windows is another change that you can make to your desktop. You can mix

your own colors and change the intensity of the colors as desired. Different themes are built




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in, download from online theme libraries or created by you. These change the desktop

background, window color, sounds and screen saver all at one time.

Notification area

The notification area alerts you to important information about activities going on behind

the scenes in your computer.

Managing the Data and Time Display

1. Right-click on the notification area

2. Choose from shown list adjust data/time.

3. Click on change date and time setting.

4. Choose the time you want and press ok.

The Main Icons on the Desktop

1. My Computer

My Computer allows the user to explore the contents of their computer drives as well as

manage their computer files. Once My Computer is open you'll see all available drives on

your computer. The user can also access external drives examples of an external drive are a

floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D :) .My computer also lets the user access

my document and other files.




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How to Open My Computer Icons

In all versions of windows, pressing Window key +E opens this icon. Or after clicking

start, select my computer.

2. Recycle bin:

The Recycle Bin is a location (Folder) where deleted files are temporarily stored on

Microsoft Windows. The Recycling Bin allows users to recover files that have been deleted

in Windows

3. Network

Network in window for browsing available network connections, computer and devices.in

a home network setting, network can display the other computers, network printer and other

network resources.




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Icon Operations

• Arrange Icons on the Desktop

To change the arrangement of icons on the desktop do the following

1 - Right Click the desktop

2- Click Sort by

3- Select one of the 4 options to arrange icons from sub-menu .

• To Hide Icons

1- Right Click the desktop

2- Click View from shown list

3- Click (hide) desktop icon

• To show Icons


2- Click View from shown list

3- Click (show) desktop icon




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• Change Icon size


2- Click View

3- Show the required size

• Auto Arrange Icon

1 - Right Click the desktop

2- Click View

3- Check to see if Auto Arrange has a check mark

4- If it does uncheck it

• Way of Creating Shortcut of Icons

1- Right – click anywhere on the desktop.

2- Choose new shortcut

3- Browse for the file or program you want to create the icon for

4- Click next, name your icon

5- Click finish

• Ways of deleting of icon

1. Right click on the icon that you want to delete it.

2. Select delete from shown list. Or

1. Click once on the icon to select.

2. Press the (delete key) on your keyboard.

How to rename the icon




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1. Right click on the icon that you want to rename it.

2. Select rename from shown list.

3. Type the new rename

• Adding Gadgets

Gadgets such as a clock, calendar and photo slide show are added to your desktop to make

it easier for you to use. Gadgets run always on your desktop.to install a gadgets on your

desktop, right click on an empty portion of your desktop and click gadgets. Double click

or drag a gadget to place it on your desktop. To remove a gadget from desktop right click

on the gadget and click close gadget.

Change from and hide the main icons on the desktop

To change the form of the main icons on the desktop follow the steps:

1. Right click on the desktop.

2. Choose (Personalize) from shown list.

3. In the lift side of window choose the option (change desktop icons).

4. From the new window show choose the options (change icon)




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5. Choose any from you like it and click ok.

To hide the main icons on the desktop follow the steps:



3. In the lift side of window choose the option (change desktop icons).

4. Remove the (true symbol) from icon that you want to hide.

5. Click ok.

Note: if you want get back to set default of icons click on (restore default) and click ok.

Change your account picture

To change your account picture follow steps:



3. In the lift side of window choose the option (change your account picture).

4. Choose picture from the window shown or browse for picture in your PC.

5. Click on (change picture).




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Files and Folders

Files: set of digital data representing specific content (text, image, video, program) .files

are placed in folders.

Folders: it is a container for files. Every file is stored in a folder or subfolder (a folder

within a folder).you can access all your folders by clicking computer icon or click on start

menu.

Create a Folder

• Open the drive or folder where you want to create a folder.

• Right-click a blank area point to New, and then click Folder.

• With the New Folder name selected, type a new name.

• Press Enter.

Selecting the file or folder

To select a single object, click on it once.

• Multiple object

• Start on an open empty area of the windows and draw a diagonal box around your file

list or icons.

• Ctrl- A: If you wish to select all file in the current folder, hold down the CTRL key and

press the letter “A”. To de-select, just click on any white area




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Change the Icon for a Folder

• Right - click the folder that you want to change, and then click properties.

• In the properties dialog box, click the customize tab.

• Under the folder icons, click change icon.

• Click an icon from default list, click ok, and then click ok again.

Rename Folder or File in Windows • Right-click the file or folder you want to rename it.

• Choose from shown list Rename command.

• Write the new name

• Press Enter

Note: You can also select the folder or file, then press F2, type a name, and then press

Enter.

Copy Folder or File in Windows • Right-click the file or folder you want to Copy it.

• Choose from shown list Rename command.

• Right –click on empty place.

• Choose from shown list Past command.




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Notes:

•Another way to copy and paste files or folders is to use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+C

(Copy) and Ctrl+V (Paste).

• You can also press and hold the right-mouse button and then drag the file or folder to the

new location. When you release the mouse button, click Copy here.

Move Folder or File in Windows

• Select the file or folder you want to Move it.

• Press the right mouse button and on the quick menu choose the tool Cut (Ctrl +X)

• Position the cursor to the place you want to move the content to

• Press the right mouse button and on the quick menu choose the tool Paste

Notes: You can also press and hold the right-mouse button and then drag the file or folder

to the new location. When you release the mouse button, click Move here.

Delete Folder or file in Windows

• Right-click the file or folder you want to delete it.

• Choose from shown list Delete command.

• Choose from shown dialog box yes to complete process of delete.

Note: You can also delete a file or folder by press Delete buttons on the keyboard, or by

drag and drop it to Recycle Bin.

Delete or Restore File or Folder in Recycle Bin

When you Delete a file or any folder, it's usually moved to the Recycle Bin .you can restore

this file by this step:




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1- Open recycle bin

2- Right click on the file or folder you want restore.

3- Choose from list restore command.

If you want to delete the file or folder from Recycle Bin by this step:

1-right-clicking the Recycle Bin.

2- Choose from list empty command.

3- Choose from shown dialog box yes to complete process of delete.

Note: You can permanently delete a file from your computer without sending it to the

Recycle Bin by clicking the file and then pressing Shift + Delete.

Search for a file and folder

You can use the search box on the Start menu by this step:

• Click the Start button and then type a word or part of a word in the search

box.

• Search result appear as soon as you start typing in the search box.

as you start typing in the search box. As you type, items that match your text will appear on

the Start menu. The search results are based on text in the file name, text in the file, tags,

and other file properties




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What is the difference between a file and a folder?

Answer: All the data on your hard drive consists of files and folders. The basic difference

between the two is that files store data, while folders store files and other folders. The

folders, often referred to as directories, are used to organize files on your computer. The

folders themselves take up virtually no space on the hard drive. Files, on the other hand, is

a collection of data. Stored in one unit, identified by a filename. And filename period file

extension can range from a few bytes to several gigabytes. They can be documents,

programs, libraries, and other compilations of data. File name consists of two part name and

extension

Working with Control Panel You can use Control Panel to change settings for Windows. These settings control nearly

everything about how Windows looks and works, and you can use them to set up Windows.

To open Control Panel by clicking the Start button and then clicking Control

Panel.




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Category View

By default, the control panel is displayed in category view, which is separate into eight

categories, ranging from system and security to ease of access. To open a window with the

control panel options for any one of these categories, simply click the category’s hyperlink.

• The following table gives you a description of all the Control Panel categories, including

the various programs you can find by clicking each category’s hyperlink.

Category Name . . . To Display These Groups of Links

System and

Security

Action Center, Windows Firewall, System, Windows Update, Power Options,

Backup and

Restore, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and Administrative Tools

User Accounts User Accounts, Windows CardSpace, Credential Manager, and Mail (32-bit)

Network and

Internet

Network and Sharing Center, Home group, and Internet Options

Appearance and

Personalization

Personalization, Display, Desktop Gadgets, Taskbar and Start Menu, Ease of

Access Center,

Folder Options, and Fonts

Hardware and

Sound

Devices and Printers, AutoPlay, Sound, Power Options, Display, and Windows

Mobility

Center

Clock, Language,

and Region

Date and Time, and Region and Language

Programs Programs and Features, Default Programs, and Desktop Gadgets

Ease of Access Ease of Access Center and Speech Recognition




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The Mouse Properties

Some people find the standard mouse cursor too small to see on screen and can have trouble

finding it. There are several ways to make it easier to see and use. Most of these changes are

made in the mouse properties in the Control Panel.

To change the mouse pointer by the following steps:

Open Mouse Properties by Clicking on the Start button and then Clicking Control

Panel and then click Mouse. In the Mouse Properties window that appears, click the Pointers tab and then do one of

the following:

a. To give all your pointers a new look, click the scheme drop – down list, and then click a

new mouse pointer scheme.

b. To change an individual pointer, under customize, click the pointer you want to change

in the list, click brows, click the pointer you want to use, and then click open.

c. Click ok.

To change the mouse properties by the following steps:

Open Mouse Properties by Clicking on the Start button and then Clicking Control

Panel and then click Mouse. In the Mouse Properties window that appears, click the Pointers tab and then do any of

the following

a. To swap the function of the right and left mouse buttons, under button configuration,

select the switch primary and secondary buttons check box.

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tab.htm

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tab.htm




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b. To change how quickly you must click the buttons to perform a double –click, under

double click speed, move the speed slider toward slow or fast.

c. To turn on click lock, which enables you to drag items without holding down the

mouse button, under click lock, select the turn on click lock check box.

Click ok.

Changing the Computer Name

1. Right- click on the computer icon.

2. Select properties.

3. Choose from shown window change setting.

4. Click change button under computer name tab.

5. Type in the new name for your computer under computer name filed

6. Click ok.

Run command

You can also access the run command by pressing the window logo key on the keyboard

+ R

Run command list

1. Calc : open the Calculator

Step 3 Step 4




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2. Charmap: open the Character Map

3. Osk: On Screen Keyboard

Log Off or Shut Down?

Once you have closed all open applications, you can either log off your computer or shut

down. It will depend on whether someone else will be using your computer when you’ve

finished as to which action you choose.

Log Off means that you log off as a User without turning the computer off. Someone else

can then log on.

Shut Down means that you log off as a User and the computer is turned off at the same

time. If you are leaving work for the day and no-one else will be using your computer, you

will need to Shut Down your computer as this saves power.

Log Off

To log off from your computer:

1. Click on the Start Button.

2. Select Log off (click the arrow next to Shut down).

3. If you have any open programs then you will be asked to close them down or to let

Windows, Force them to shut down. You will lose any un-saved information if you do this.




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Shut Down

To shut down your computer:

1. Click on the Start Button

2. Select Shut down

3. You will then see the Shutdown Windows dialog box

4. If you have any open programs then you will be asked to close them down or to let

Windows, Force them to shut down. You will lose any un-saved information if you do

this.

Restarting your Computer

The Restart Command is occasionally used because:

• You do not have access to the network drives

• The Service Desk has asked you to restart your computer

Restarting your computer means that the computer logs you off the system, turns itself

off and turns itself back on again so you can re-log on.

To restart your computer:

1. Follow Steps 1 – 3 of the Shut Down Instructions

2. Select Restart from the drop down menu

3. Your computer will log you off, turn itself off and turn itself on again so you can re-log

on.




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Shortcut Keys

Use this key To do this

Windows key or CTRL+Esc Open the Start menu.

Windows key+M Minimize all applications.

Alt+Tab Switch between applications.

ALT+SPACEBAR Opens the shortcut menu for the active

window.

ALT+ENTER View properties for the selected item.

ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order they were

opened.

ALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active

program.

CTRL+A Select all.

CTRL+C Copy

CTRL+X Cut

CTRL+V Paste

CTRL+Z Undo

ESC Cancel the current task.