CongressCongress

For TuesdayFor Tuesday

Enduring Debate CH4Enduring Debate CH4

110- #1110- #1

122 #1122 #1

Pg 139 #1,2Pg 139 #1,2

Read a Political BlogRead a Political Blog

RepresentationRepresentation

What do you think of when you think of What do you think of when you think of representation?representation?

What qualities are desirable in in a What qualities are desirable in in a representative?representative?

How ought a representative represent?How ought a representative represent?

DelegateDelegate

TrusteeTrustee

CongressCongress

Article 1Article 1

Enumerated PowersEnumerated Powers

Implied PowersImplied Powers

Framer’s Expected to Framer’s Expected to dominatedominate

BicameralismBicameralism Check on selfCheck on self Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

SenateSenate

More eliteMore elite

More DeliberativeMore Deliberative

Indirect ElectionIndirect Election Changed by 17Changed by 17thth

amendment 1913amendment 1913

6 year terms6 year terms

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Equal Representation Equal Representation

Among StatesAmong States

Represent Whole StatesRepresent Whole States

2 Senators per state2 Senators per state

The framers and the House of The framers and the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Expected to be more populistExpected to be more populist2 year terms2 year termsDirect ElectionDirect ElectionVirginia PlanVirginia Plan Representation Based on PopulationRepresentation Based on Population

ApportionmentApportionment By PopulationBy Population 435 seats total435 seats total 1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT)1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT) 53 (CA)53 (CA)

ApportionmentApportionment

CensusCensus

Power to statesPower to states

Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)

Average district 647,000Average district 647,000

GerrymanderingGerrymandering

Texas Redistricting DramaTexas Redistricting Drama

Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

Over PresidentOver President Approve NomineesApprove Nominees Override Veto (2/3)Override Veto (2/3) Declare WarDeclare War ImpeachmentImpeachment

Over CourtsOver Courts Confirm appointeesConfirm appointees Control Structure of lower courtsControl Structure of lower courts ImpeachmentImpeachment

House and SenateHouse and Senate

House much bigger, more unwieldyHouse much bigger, more unwieldy

Senate- more manageableSenate- more manageable

Committees in both to ease work loadCommittees in both to ease work load

Senate- Multiple membershipsSenate- Multiple memberships

House- Powerful LeadershipHouse- Powerful Leadership

Leadership and the HouseLeadership and the House

Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House

Most Powerful positionMost Powerful position

ElectedElected

22ndnd in line to presidency in line to presidency

Minority LeaderMinority Leader

Various amounts of Various amounts of powerpower

WhipWhip MajorityMajority MinorityMinority

Leadership in the SenateLeadership in the Senate

Less ImportantLess Important

President Pro Tempore President Pro Tempore

Majority and Minority Majority and Minority LeadersLeaders

Late 19Late 19thth Century Century DevelopmentDevelopment

SpokesmanSpokesman

Seek party unity on Seek party unity on issuesissues

Majority and Minority Majority and Minority Whip Whip

How a bill becomes a lawHow a bill becomes a law

Introduced in either houseIntroduced in either house By a memberBy a member Revenue bills must originate in houseRevenue bills must originate in house

Assigned to a committeeAssigned to a committee Hearings?Hearings? Discharge Petition?Discharge Petition?

Given a “rule”Given a “rule”

How a bill becomes a law How a bill becomes a law

Floor DebateFloor DebateAmendmentsAmendmentsFilibusterFilibuster ClotureCloture

VoteVoteConference CommitteeConference CommitteeSend to presidentSend to presidentVeto OverrideVeto OverrideChallenging system for new bills Challenging system for new bills

What Determines VotesWhat Determines Votes

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

Interest Group PressureInterest Group Pressure

Personal BeliefsPersonal Beliefs

LogrollingLogrolling

Committees Committees

Provide for expertiseProvide for expertiseProvide first hurdle a bill must clearProvide first hurdle a bill must clearHouse- Rules Committee House- Rules Committee Standing CommitteesStanding CommitteesAppropriations Committee Appropriations Committee Ad HocAd HocConference CommitteesConference CommitteesAssignment based on party strengthAssignment based on party strengthChairs typically handed out by seniorityChairs typically handed out by seniority

OversightOversight

Congressional review of actions of Congressional review of actions of agencies, departments, officesagencies, departments, offices

Ensure following spirit of lawEnsure following spirit of law

House Oversight CommitteeHouse Oversight Committee

Government Accounting OfficeGovernment Accounting Office

PartiesParties

Federalist 10- Federalist 10- FactionsFactions

Gradual EmergenceGradual Emergence

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-and the Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Gradual EmergenceGradual Emergence

PartiesParties

Provide Structure to congressProvide Structure to congress Unite Diverse InterestsUnite Diverse Interests Leadership based on partiesLeadership based on parties

Provide electoral supportProvide electoral support

Strength of PartisanshipStrength of Partisanship

In public, up and downIn public, up and down

In congress- Up Up UpIn congress- Up Up Up

Increased Party coherenceIncreased Party coherence

Increased polarizationIncreased polarization

RealignmentRealignment

Divided GovernmentDivided Government

Legislative and Executive branch from Legislative and Executive branch from different partiesdifferent parties

More frequent recentlyMore frequent recently

Causes?Causes? Differences in electoral districtsDifferences in electoral districts Madisonian system Madisonian system Giving the people what they wantGiving the people what they want

Divided Government- Divided Government- ConsequencesConsequences

Gridlock?Gridlock?

More vetoesMore vetoes

Major legislation?Major legislation?

About the same amountAbout the same amount

Investigations?Investigations?

About the same numberAbout the same number

What determines decisions on What determines decisions on bills?bills?

PartyParty Shapes individual ideologyShapes individual ideology Specific party preferencesSpecific party preferences

Caucuses Caucuses

Interest GroupsInterest Groups PluralismPluralism

The Public?The Public?

The public, Congress, and The public, Congress, and RepresentationRepresentation

ElectionsElections

Provide accountabilityProvide accountability Money?Money? IncumbencyIncumbency

Public OpinionPublic Opinion

Public Opinion and CongressPublic Opinion and Congress

DivideDivide Hate CongressHate Congress Love your CongressmanLove your Congressman

Public may have opinions on issuesPublic may have opinions on issues

Large shifts in opinion -> changes in policyLarge shifts in opinion -> changes in policy

District level Congruence in some policy District level Congruence in some policy domainsdomains Strongest in states with referendumStrongest in states with referendum

Public Opinion and CongressPublic Opinion and Congress

Can reign in lobbyistsCan reign in lobbyistsWhen is public opinion influential?When is public opinion influential?When it sends a clear messageWhen it sends a clear messageWhen it moves dramaticallyWhen it moves dramaticallyWhen Issue is SalientWhen Issue is SalientLimitsLimitsNot all issues salientNot all issues salientPublic opinion shiftsPublic opinion shifts

The public and representationThe public and representation

DelegateDelegate

TrusteeTrustee

PoliticoPolitico