CONQUEST, CONQUEST, COLONIZATION & COLONIZATION & COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM

CE 636 (Yarmouck) – 1810 (Independence)

After Defeating Byzantine Christians After Defeating Byzantine Christians Muslim Militants Move on Western Muslim Militants Move on Western

Europe Europe (Pre-conquest) (Pre-conquest)

Battle of GuadaleteBattle of Guadalete(711) (711)

Invading force of Muslim Arabs and Berbers under Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad

Destruction of Christian army under King Roderic

Opens way for Islamic conquest of Spain

Maximum Extent of Maximum Extent of Muslim Conquest Muslim Conquest

Re-conquest Gains Re-conquest Gains Momentum Momentum

Moslem Spain: Center of High Moslem Spain: Center of High Culture Culture

Moslem Spain: Enclave in Al-Moslem Spain: Enclave in Al-Andalus Andalus

Expulsion of Moors in 1492 Expulsion of Moors in 1492 leads to interest in the leads to interest in the

Atlantic RegionAtlantic Region

Spain Establishes its Presence in Spain Establishes its Presence in the Caribbean Basin 1492 – 1515 the Caribbean Basin 1492 – 1515 Hispanola: first center of imperial

powerCuba supplants Hispanola as the

center of Spanish power in the Caribbean (1515)

Conquest of MexicoConquest of MexicoMexico Falls to

Spain 1519◦ Moctezuma’s

apprehension ◦ Noche Triste in

TenochtitlanSmallpox and the

end of the Aztec empire

Mexico City becomes the capital of New Spain

Caribbean BasinCaribbean Basin

Conquest of GuatemalaConquest of GuatemalaMaya civilization in decline

◦Known as “Greeks” of New World◦City states at war with each other

Guatemala Falls to Pedro Alvaraco (1523)

Cultural genocide of the Mayas

Conquest of Spanish South Conquest of Spanish South AmericaAmerica

Hernando Pizarro sets sale for the South (1530)

The Nature/Extent of the Inca Empire

Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca ◦ Ransom and execution◦ Cuzco captured (1533)◦ Order not consolidated

until 1551

Conquest Spills Over: North & Conquest Spills Over: North & SouthSouth

Spanish occupy Colombian highlands and establish Bogotá

Venezuela a frontier outpostArgentina / Viceroyalty de La

Plata◦Settled from Peru◦Of secondary importance

Spanish Empire at its Spanish Empire at its HeightHeight

1616thth Century Century

The Pillars of Hercules with the

motto “Plus Ultra” as symbol symbol of the Emperor Charles V in the Town Hall of Seville

Discovery & Conquest of Discovery & Conquest of Brazil Brazil

1500 accidental discovery (Pedro Cabral)

Indifference gives way to interest◦Profits in dyewood◦French designs◦Fear of Spanish designs◦Stress of maintaining Asian colonies

Sailing ships and the discovery Sailing ships and the discovery of Brazil of Brazil

Occupation and Conquest Occupation and Conquest of Brazil of Brazil

Portuguese presence in enclaves within captaincies ◦Individual captaincies stretched inland

from an Atlantic seaboard ◦Captaincy of Pernambuco in the north

(source of dyewood)◦Captaincy of Sao Vicente in the south

(aim at containing Spain)

Battle of Ksar El Kebir Battle of Ksar El Kebir 15781578

ResultDecisive Moroccan victory 1580 Portuguese

succession crisis◦ Philip II of Spain ascends to

throne of Portugal Dynastic union between

Portugal and Spain Minimal concern over boundaries between

Brazil and Spanish colonies

Spanish Colonialism: Spanish Colonialism: Conflicting Imperial ideologiesConflicting Imperial ideologies

Aristotilian notion of Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Thomistic view of Bartolome de las Casas

Franciscan mysticism of Friar Geronimo de Mendieta

Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the Americas Americas Political

◦Territorial organization◦Council of the Indies◦Royal government◦Cabildo

Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the Americas: Social Structure IAmericas: Social Structure I

Classes & Casts◦Peninsulares◦Criollos◦Mestizos◦Mulattos◦Indians◦Blacks◦Zambos

Spanish Empire in the Americas: Spanish Empire in the Americas: Social Structure II Social Structure II Church

◦Conversion◦Ideology◦Tied with royal authorities

Education◦Law◦Medicine ◦Theology◦Engineering

Spanish Empire in the Americas: Spanish Empire in the Americas: Political Economy Political Economy

Agriculture and the repartimientos

Royal ExchequerSpanish commercial system

◦Mercantilism◦Embedded privileges◦Industry prohibited (in general)

Portuguese Establish a Presence Portuguese Establish a Presence the New Worldthe New World

Control by means of system of captaincies (type of concession)◦Donatarios◦Similar to English colonies in North

AmericaDifficulties in holding territory

against European competitors

Portuguese Consolidate their Portuguese Consolidate their Brazilian EmpireBrazilian Empire

Centralization in 1549◦Appointment of Capitão Mor (Captain

general)◦Bahia is capital of all Brazil

Portuguese Empire in Brazil:Portuguese Empire in Brazil:Foreign CompetitorsForeign Competitors

Spanish Interlude (1580-1640)Half-hearted efforts by British

and French

Portuguese Empire in Brazil:Portuguese Empire in Brazil:The Dutch ChallengeThe Dutch Challenge

Dutch West India Company attempts to repeat its victory in the East Indies◦Capture of Bahia (1624) and Recife

(1630)◦Eventually held 1,200 miles of coast

Expulsion of the Dutch◦Turned on military developments in

Europe◦Dutch withdrew from Recife in 1654

Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Empire in Brazil Brazil

Class structure mimics that of the Spanish empire – but: fewer Amerindians and more Africans

Church is pivotal Europeanizing agency

Education ◦Pivotal role of church◦Most of elite went to Coimbra

(Portugal) for university education