Construction Materials Notes

8/11/2019 Construction Materials Notes.

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GONDER UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGCourse Title: Construction mterils!Course No CEn"# $%&'($#)#)*

Instructor: Demels+ SmuelAc,emic Yer $%'$-$%')

1) INTRODUCTION Classification and Nature of construction Materials Mechanical properties of materials.

2). CEMENTING MATERIALS Lime

Gypsum Portland Cement3) CONCRETE

Concrete Making Materials Fresh Concrete ardened concrete Concrete Mi! "esign

#) BRICKS Manufacture $ypes $esting and Classification

%) ) TIMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTION Characteristics and "efects Preser&ations 'trength Properties Con&ersions

() METALIC MATERIALS7) MASONARYS

STONES CONCRETE BLOCKS

8)PAINTS. AD/ESIVES AND ASP/ALTS

REFERENCESa) Ci&il *ngineering Materials + Fifth *dition, *dited -y Neil ackson and

/a&indra 0."hir.-) Materials of Construction + $hird *dition, 1y /.C. 'mithc) Construction Materials + $ypes ses and pplications, 1y Cale- orn-osteld) Construction Materials + 1y Mikyas -aynehe) Properties of Concrete + $hird *dition, 1y .M. Ne&ille

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4. Mechanical prper!ie" #S!a!ic "!re""$"!rain prper!ie")

pplication of forces on solid -odies under e5uili-rium results in the

de&elopment of internal resisting forces and the -ody undergoes deformations toa &arying degree.

6 7nternal forces are called stresses.6 7nternal deformations are called strains.

"epending upon the arrangement and direction of the e!ternal forces, the stressproduced in a -ody may -e 8

(a) $ensile stress

(b) Compressi&e stress(c) 'hearing stress(d) 1ending stress(e) $orsional stress(f) 9arious com-ination of the a-o&e stresses

material is said to -e elastic if it reco&ers its original form. :n the contrary if itfails to reco&er its original form it is said to -e plastic. Most engineeringmaterials are in part elastic and in part plastic.

Materials used for -uilding structures are said to -e strong if they are capa-le ofsafely supporting their o;n ;eight and any applied loads ;ithout distortion.'trength properties &ary ;ith the rate and fre5uency of loading and, in non6homogeneous materials, ;ith the direction of load. $he moisture content such asin tim-er ) and temperature such as in plastics) also influence the strength

properties.

Mechanical $ests


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(iv) Long6time tests 8 made ;ith loads applied for a long period of time.(v) Fatigue tests 8 made ;ith fluctuating stresses repeated a large num-er of

times.


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ductile material ;ill e!hi-it a large deformation -efore complete failure;hereas a -rittle material ;ill fail ;ithout sho;ing much deformation.

For practical engineering purposes and many engineering materials, the initialstress strain relations may -e assumed to -e linear.

t? * or E p A

$ L

PL

A $

t= = =

)

)

>

>

>

>

*, the slope of the straight line, is called the modulus of elasticity.

$he stress6strain relation is referred to as ook@s la;.

E$a

ooks la; applies for the elastic range.

Properties for the elastic range

(i) Proportional limit 8 the greatest stress ;hich the material is capa-le of;ithstanding ;ithout a de&iation from the la; of proportionality of stress tostrain. point a)

(ii) *lastic limit 8 the greatest stress ;hich a material is capa-le of ;ithstanding;ithout a permanent deformation remaining upon release of stress. point -)

%

e

B

A& Strain , mm/mm

Stress

,

Pa

E$asti#

P$asti# ran'e(

#

b

a

Stress

,

Pa

Strain , mm/mm

Strain ,

E$asti# an( P$asti# strains &r ("#ti$e !eterminati&n & yie$( stren't* &r britt$e

#) N&n+meta$$i# e$asti# materia$s s&t

Stress

,

Pa

Strain ,


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(iii) *lastic strength 6 measured -y the stress ;hich represents the transitionfrom the elastic range to the plastic range a to d are on the -oundary -et;eenthe elastic and plastic ranges)

(iv) Aield point 8 stress at ;hich there occurs a marked increase in strain

;ithout an increase in stress only for ductile materials). c 6 upper yield point. d 6 lo;er yield point. 7t indicates transition from the elastic to the plastic range.

(v) Aield strength 8 the stress at ;hich yielding occurs. 'tress6strain relations of most materials do not sho; specific yield points.

$o determine this stress, an offset strain : ? >is measured from theoriginal :

as sho;n in the second figure) and a line 1 is dra;n through the point ,

parallelto the straight line portion of the stress6strain cur&e. $he stress, at the

intersectionpoint e, is called the yield stress and is a measure of the yield strength -ased

on the

offset method. . '. $. M. commonly used &alues are >? >.>>2 and >?>.>>3%.

&i) Modulus of *lasticity young@s modulus) 8 the slope of the initial linear

portion of thestress6strain cur&e. $hree different methods are employed for materials ;ith

cur&edstress6strain diagrams.(a) 7nitial tangent modulus 8 the slope at the origin of the cur&e.

*4? tan4(b) 'ecant modulus 8 the slope of the line =oining the origin and a

selected point onthe cur&e.

*2? tan2(c) $angent modulus 8 the slope of the tangent to the cur&e at a selected point1.

*3? tan3(vii) 'tiffness 8 measured -y its modulus of elasticity. stiffer material e!hi-its

arelati&ely small deformation in the elastic range.

3

Str

es

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Properties for the plastic range

7n the plastic range a permanent deformation remains in the stressed -ody aftercomplete remo&al of the load.

Plastic strength 8 it is the ma!imum stress a material can possi-ly resist =ust-efore failure. 7t may correspond to the ultimate strength ultimate stress) or tothe fracture rupture) strength

"uctility 8 it represents the material a-ility to deform in the plastic range.

7t is measured -y the percentage elongation.

!L L

Le

)

)=

=>

>

4>> 4>>B B

L>? original length.

Lf? length at rupture.

7t is also measured -y the percentage reduction in area.

-

.$timate &r

ra#t

"restress

, "

.$timate

stren

ra#t"r

etr

es

Stres

,

A

Strain , mm/mm

21

a !"#ti$e materia$ b Britt$e

Stres

,


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!A A

Aa

)=

>

>

4>>B

$oughness 8 materials a-ility to a-sor- energy in the plastic range. 7t comprises

-oth strength and ductility.

= )

p

(T

Ce%en!in& %a!erial"

0n a 'enera$ sense & t*e &r(, #ements are materia$s it* a(*esie an(#&*esie pr&perties, *i#* mae t*em #apab$e & "nitin' &r b&n(in' t&'et*er

ra'ments &r parti#$es & s&$i( matter int& a #&mpa#t *&$e4

&r en'ineerin' p"rp&ses t*e meanin' is $imite( t& t*&se materia$s *en mi5e(it* ater &rm a paste, *i#* is temp&rari$y p$asti# an( $ater &n a ri'i( massater settin' an( *ar(enin'4 Cements & t*is are n&n as #a$#are&"s #ements

*&se prin#ipa$ #&nstit"ents are #&mp&"n(s & $ime4

6

Stress

Strainp


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Ca$#are&"s #ements are #$assiie( int& N&n + *y(ra"$i# #ements an( *y(ra"$i##ements4

N&n + *y(ra"$i# #ements7 eit*er n&t ab$e t& set an( *ar(en in ater e5amp$e7

n&n+

y(ra"$i# $ime &r at $ime) &r n&t stab$e in ater e5amp$e7 'yps"m p$asters)y(ra"$i# #ements7 ab$e t& set an( *ar(en in ater an( remain stab$e in

ater E5amp$e7 P&rt$an( #ement, *y(ra"$i# $imes)4

Lime, 'yps"m, P&rt$an( #ement are "se( in t*e #&nstr"#ti&n & b"i$(in's an(en'ineerin' &rs eit*er as #&mp&nents &r bin(in' materia$s e5amp$e7m&rtar) &r as #&nstit"ents & b"i$(in' materia$s e5amp$e7 #&n#rete)4

LIME

Lime is ma(e r&m #a$#i"m &r ma'nesi"m #arb&nate, *i#* are ab"n(antminera$s an( #"r in $imest&ne rs4 i'* + #a$#i"m $imest&ne #&nsists &m&re t*an 9: per#ent & #a$#i"m #arb&nate *i$e (&$&miti# $imest&ne #&ntainsab&"t %: an( %3 per#ent & ma'nesi"m #arb&nate4

Production and use of lime

Lime, a$s& #a$$e( ;"i#$ime, is #a$#i"m &5i(e CaO), a *ite &r 'rayis* *ite,ine$y #rysta$$ine s"bstan#e t*at s&metimes *as a ye$$& &r br&n tint be#a"se& ir&n imp"rities4T*e ra materia$s "se( &r t*e pr&("#ti&n & $ime is $imest&ne CaC&3), b"t

s&metimes (&$&mites a minera$ &rm & #a$#i"m+ma'nesi"m #arb&nates) is"se(4 T*e $imest&ne "se( s*&"$( be & *i'* #a$#i"m type #&ntainin' m&re t*an9:< CaCO34

Lime is man"a#t"re( by #r"s*in', 'rin(in', an( 'ra(in' t*e ra materia$ an(t*en #a$#inin' &r b"rnin' it at ab&"t 9::+11::&C in i$ns t& (rie & #arb&n(i&5i(e4

CaC&3 =>'CO3) = *eat CaO=>'O) = CO2

Lime rea#ts i'&r&"s$y it* ater t& &rm #a$#i"m *y(r&5i(e ?CaO)2@ n&nas SLAKE! &r !RATE! $ime4 *en $ime is "se( as a #ementin' a'ent inm&rtar &r mas&nry &r p$aster, it is "se( in t*e *y(rate( &rm4

CaO = 2O CaO)2 = eat

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T*is press is n&n as s$ain' &r *y(rati&n4 0t re;"ires ab&"t 6 t& 1 (ays s&t*at a$$ t*e parti#$es i$$ 'et en&"'* time t& be *y(rate(4

Sl0in"

!"rin' s$ain' #&nsi(erab$e *eat is e&$e( &$$&e( by s"((en e5pansi&n*i#* maes t*e $ime b"rst int& pie#es an( ina$$y be#&mes p&(er &r pasty4

!epen(in' &n t*e am&"nt & ater a((e(, t*ere are t& types & s$ain'7 et+s$ain' an( !ry+s$ain'

et+s$ain'

"i#$ime is mi5e( it* e5#ess ater &n sites4 Ater siein' "ns$ae( parti#$es

t*e *y(rate( $ime is $et t& mat"re &r seera$ (ays4

!ry+s$ain'

.n(er #are"$$y #&ntr&$$e( &perati&n as it #an be in a a#t&ry) D"st s"i#ientater is a((e( t& *y(rate t*e ;"i#$ime, t*e $"mps brea (&n int& a (ry

p&(er n&n as (ry *y(rate &r *y(rate( $ime4 0t is &btaine( by a((in' a$m&ste5a#t$y t*e t*e&reti#a$ ;"antity & ater re;"ire( t& #*an'e t*e b"rnt $ime int&*y(rate( $ime4

"i#$ime m"st be ept in (ry st&ra'e an( #are"$$y pr&te#te( r&m (ampness"nti$ "se(4

Settin" n, /r,enin" o1 Lime

S$ae( $ime *ar(ens &r sets by 'ra("a$$y $&sin' its ater t*r&"'* eap&rati&nan( abs&rbin' #arb&n (i&5i(e r&m t*e air, t*"s re2ertin" 3c0 t& #a$#i"mCarb&nate CaCO3)4T*e #y#$e is #&mp$ete( in t*e #*emi#a$ #*an'es r&m t*e &ri'ina$ $imest&ne,t*r&"'* b"rnin', s$ain', an( settin', as s*&n be$&4

"rying

C:2

CaC:3

Ca:Ca:)2

eating around

'laking 9


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Lime m&rtar (&es n&t *ar(en "n(er ater, an( &r #&nstr"#ti&n "n(er ater$ime *as t& be 'r&"n( t&'et*er it* a &$#ani# as* &r ine$y 'r&"n( b"rnt #$ay

ti$e7 Si$i#a = A$"mina = $ime p&&$ani# #ement4) T*e press &*ar(enin' & $ime m&rtar is s& s$& t*at n&a(ays+p"re $ime m&rtar is n&tm"#* "se( in t*e #&nstr"#ti&n in("stry4

Uses

0n #&nstr"#ti&n, s$ae( $ime #*ie$y "se( t& mae m&rtar &r b"i$(in' bri# an(st&ne mas&nry an( &r p$asterin' a$$s & b"i$(in's4

T*e &$$&in' are t*e maD&r "ses & $ime in t*e #&nstr"#ti&n in("stry7

1. Be((in' &r $ayin' mas&nry "nits i4e4 bri#s, #&n#rete b$s, st&ne "nitset#)7 $ime #ement m&rtar is "se( &r t*is p"rp&se, "s"a$$y in t*e rati& &C7 L7 S & 1717- &r 1727-4 T*e 1717- rati& 'ies/res"$ts in a str&n'erm&rtar *i$e t*e 1727- rati&s are m&re &rab$e, be#a"se in m&rtar#ement #&ntrib"tes t& stren't* *ere as $ime impr&es &rabi$ity & t*e

res* m&rtar42. Be#a"se $ime rea#ts it* si$i#e&"s materia$s "n(er *y(r&t*erma$

#&n(iti&ns, it is emp$&ye( in t*e man"a#t"re & a n"mber & #a$#i"msi$i#ate pr&("#ts s"#* as bri#s, b$s, ti$es et#43. Stabi$iati&n & r&a( s"ra#es bases an( s"b+bases4 T*e "se (epen(s "p&n

t*e rea#ti&n & $ime it* parti#"$ar #&nstit"ent materia$s & t*e s&i$ t&'ie a #ementin' ee#t4 S$& F inee#tie in #&&$er #$imates4

T*e presen#e & $ime in a m&rtar #&ntrib"tes t*e &$$&in'71. P$asti#ity an( &rabi$ity2. i'* ater retentiity *ar(ens s$&$y)3. 0mpr&e( b&n( stren't*

4. A $i'*ter #&$&"r m&rtar5. i'* san( #arryin' #apa#ity

Typi#a$ m&rtar pr&p&rti&ns an( app$i#ati&ns7

>&rtarP&rt$an( #ement C) 7 Lime L) 7San( S)

App$i#ati&n

1 :42 3 i'*$y stresse( en'ineerin'

app$i#ati&ns1 1 - Genera$ p"rp&se

1:


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1 2 9 Genera$ p"rp&se b"t "ns"itab$e *ere(ampness #"rs

1 3 12 0nteri&r "se &r *ere s*e$tere( r&mseer e5p&s"reH "ns"itab$e *ere

(ampness #"rsNeer attempt t& "se $ime as p$aster "nmi5e( it* &t*er materia$, as i(e#ra#s &"$( #"r &n a##&"nt & t*e s*rina'e & $ime &n *ar(enin'4

y(rate( $imes are &ten a((e( t& P&rt$an( #ement m&rtars in pr&p&rti&nsaryin' r&m t& 8 per#ent & t*e ei'*t & #ement t*e pr&("#t bein' compomortar) t& in#rease t*e p$asti#ity an( &rabi$ity4

Lime *as been "se( in t*e *y(rate( &rm a$t*&"'* #a$#i"m &5i(e ;"i#$ime)may be m&re ee#tie in s&me #ases e4'4 app$i#ati&n in stabi$iati&n)4

"i#$ime i$$ #&rr&sie$y atta# e;"ipment an( t*ere is a ris & seere sinb"rns t& pers&nne$4 Een *en &rin' it* s$ae( $ime, pr&$&n'e( e5p&s"re &t*e sin #an res"$t in irritati&n, an( #asi&na$$y, ras*es4

T*e aera'e #&mpressie stren't* & $ime m&rtar is $ess t*an t*at & #ement+an('yps"m+m&rtars4 0t aries r&m '/#m2t& 2: '/#m24 0ts tensi$e stren't* isab&"t 3 t& '/#m24 .s"a$$y a((in' P&rt$an( #ement t& t*e mi5t"re impr&est*e me#*ani#a$ pr&perties & $ime+m&rtar4

'(ra*lic li%e+t*is a spe#ia$ type & $ime #&ntainin' 1: t& 16< ea#* &a$"min"m &5i(e, si$i#&n, an( ir&n &5i(e it* %: t& %< $ime an( s&mema'nesi"m &5i(e, an( #an "e! *ner +a!er4 0t is "se( *ere s$& "n(er ater

settin' is re;"ire(4

Production and use of gypsum

Gyps"m is a *y(rate( #a$#i"m s"$p*ate it* t*e #*emi#a$ &rm"$a CaSO%422O4 0t is i(e$y &"n( in nat"re in &re b&(ies & se(imentary &ri'in

s&metimes #&ere( by (ep&sits & NaC$ &r #$ay an( $ime rs4 0t is rare$y &"n(in t*e p"re &rm4

Pr*c!in Prce""

Gyps"m *as a "ni;"e pr&perty t*at maes it a$"ab$e in #&nstr"#ti&n4 *en t*era 'yps"m, CaSO%422O, is *eate( t& a temperat"re & ab&"t 1-:+2::

:C, it$&ses ab&"t t*ree+&"rt*s 3/%) & its ater & #rysta$$iati&n, 'iin' a #a$#ine(

s"bstan#e #&mm&n$y #a$$e( PL'$*/ :F P/7', &r *emi*y(rates4

2?CaSO%422O@ = eat 2?CaSO%4 I2O = 3/2 2O@

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2CaSO%4 22O = eat CaSO%)242O = 32O

By b"rnin' 'yps"m t& a #&nsi(erab$y *i'*er temperat"re an*y(r&"s s"$p*atemay be pr&("#e( *i'* temperat"re 'yps"m (eriatie)

CaSO%422O) = i'* *eat J CaSO% = 22O

JP$aster t&& s$& in settin' a#ti&n re$"#tant t& abs&rb ater)

*en ater is a((e( t& 2?CaSO%41/2 2O@, it *y(rates int& e$te( ibers matte(t&'et*er) #rysta$s #emente( t&'et*er an( resets in any (esire( s*ape t& its&ri'ina$ r$ie &rm, CaSO%4 22O4

CaSO%422O

y(rati&n >&(erate *eatre+#rysta$$iati&n)

CaSO%41/22O

A i(e ariety & settin' a##e$erat&rs an( retar(ants retar(ers) are "se( in t*ete#*n&$&'y & 'yps"m4 A##e$erati&ns in#$"(e s"#* s"bstan#es as p&tassi"ma$"m an( #a$#i"m4 T*e m&st "se( retar(ers are 'enera$$y &r'ani# s"bstan#es &*i'* m&$e#"$ar ei'*t, *i#* a#t as pr&te#tie #&$$&i(s an( impr&e t*e

stiness an( me#*ani#a$ stren't* & t*e materia$s4 C&mm&n$y "se( retar(rs areeratin, a$i'imate, s&(i"m si$i#ate, '$y#er&$, bent&nite, '$"e, sa("st et#4

Pro4erties o1 G54sum s Construction Mteril

A seri&"s $imitati&n in t*e "se & 'yps"m (eries r&m t*e in*erent

#*ara#teristi#s & t*e str"#t"re & 'yps"m t& abs&rb m&ist"re4 Oin' t& t*isp*en&men&n, t*e me#*ani#a$ stren't* 'reat$y (e#reases4Gyps"m *as $& #&ei#ient & t*erma$ #&n("#tiity an( t*ere&re, it is a ery

'&&( materia$ &r t*erma$ ire) pr&&in'4 A 'reat (ea$ & *eat is re;"ire( t&rem&e t*e ater & *y(rati&n & 'yps"m an( as t*e eap&rati&n taes p$a#e,t*e 'yps"m p$aster) (&esnt #ra# &r spa$ b"t its s"ra#e is #&nerte( t&an*y(r&"s p&(er *i#* a#ts as an e5#e$$ent *eat ins"$at&r retar(in' t*e

"rt*er eap&rati&n & ater & #rysta$$iati&n & t*e insi(e $ayers & 'yps"m4T*e stren't* & 'yps"m is, *&eer, (estr&ye( by pr&$&n'e( e5p&s"re t&e5treme *eat ater t*e ater & *y(rati&n is ina$$y rem&e( &r (rien &4

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13/32

Gyps"m is a$s& "se( &r s&"n(+abs&rbin' #&nstr"#ti&ns as in a#&"sti#a$ p$aster,p$asters b&ar(s, partiti&n ti$e, r&& ti$e an( rein&r#e( p$aster (e#in'4.n#a$#ine( 'yps"m is an ee#tie, e#&n&mi#a$ retar(er in #ement4

S!ren&!h , S!r*c!*ral G(p"*%

T*e "$timate stren't* & 'yps"m *as been &"n( t& ary r&m '/#m 2t& 2::'/#m2, (epen(in' "p&n t*e am&"nt & 2O "se( in mi5in' t*e 'yps"m paste,t*e #&mp$eteness & (ryin' &"t & 2O ater t*e 'yps"m paste *as set, t*eam&"nt & &rei'n materia$s mi5e( it* t*e 'yps"m t& retar( &r a##e$erate itsrate & settin' an( t*e temperat"re "se( in #a$#inin' t*e 'yps"m r

&r *i'*est stren't*, $east p&ssib$e am&"nt & ater s*&"$( be a((e( &r "se( inpreparin' t*e 'yps"m p$aster4 T& mae 'yps"m s"i#ient$y p$asti# &r &rab$e

33+38< ater is re;"ire(4 it* #are in mi5in' an( (ryin' &"t, 'yps"m #an bepr&("#e( re'"$ar$y it* an aera'e #&mpressie stren't* & 1:: '/#m24Gyps"m 'ains it "$$ stren't* in a e *&"rs i #are"$$y i$n+(rie(, an( air+#"re( 'yps"m 'ains stren't* s& rapi($y t*at &rms may be rem&e( t*e (ay t*e

'yps"m is p&"re(4

Gyps"m is eaene( by pr&$&n'e( e5p&s"re t& ater an( s*&"$( n&t be "se(*ere it i$$ be ept et &r a $&n' peri&( & time4

T*e m&("$"s & e$asti#ity & str"#t"ra$ 'yps"m is ab&"t 6:,:::+'/#m

2

an(2,1::,::: '/#m2&r stee$4 T*e "nit ei'*t & str"#t"ra$ 'yps"m is ab&"t 128:'/m3, *ereas t*at & #&n#rete is 2,%:: '/m34

PORTLAND CEMENT

P&rt$an( #ement is a #ementin' materia$ *i#* is &btaine( by t*&r&"'*$y

mi5in' t&'et*er calcare*" &r &t*er $ime bearin' materia$ it* ar&illace*"

an(/&r &t*er si$i#a, a$"mina &r ir&n &5i(e bearin' materia$s, b"rnin' t*em at a

#$inerin' temperat"re an( 'rin(in' t*e res"$tin' #$iner4

Mnu1cture

T*e press & man"a#t"re & #ement #&nsists & 'rin(in' t*e ra materia$s,

mi5in' t*em intimate$y in #ertain pr&p&rti&ns (epen(in' "p&n t*eir p"rity an(

#&mp&siti&n an( b"rnin' t*em in a i$n at a temperat"re & ab&"t 13:: t&

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1:::#, at *i#* temperat"re t*e materia$ sinters an( partia$$y "ses t& &rm a

n&("$ar s*ape( #$iner4 T*e #$iner is #&&$e( an( 'r&"n( t& a ine p&(er it*

a((iti&n & ab&"t 2 t& 3< & &(p"*%4

>i5in' may be in ,r5 ,r5 or semi#,r5 4rocess) &r 6et 6et 4rocess) state

(epen(in' &n t*e *ar(ness & t*e aai$ab$e r

T*e et press is "se(, in 'enera$ &r t*e s&ter materia$s s"#* as chal- r

cla(4 ater is a((e( t& t*e pr&p&rti&n mi5t"re & #r"s*e( #*a$ an( #$ay t&

pr&("#e s$"rry, *i#* is eent"a$$y $e( t& a i$n4

T*e r( &r"e%i$r(press is "se( &r t*e *ar(er rs s"#* as $imest&ne an(

s*a$e4 T*e #&nstit"ent materia$s are #r"s*e( int& p&(er &rm an(, it* a

minim"m am&"nt & ater, passe( int& an in#$ine( r&tatin' n&("$isin' pan

*ere n&("$es are &rme( n&n as ra+ %eal)4 T*is is e( int& a i$n an(

1%

Cl5

as* mi$$

St&ra'e basins et 'rin(in' mi$$s t& mae

Limestone

Cr"s*er

St&ra'e basins

B$en(in' & s$"rry t& #&rre#t #&mp&siti&n

St&ra'e & #&rre#te(

P&(ere( C&a$ &r C&rre#te( s$"rry e( t& r&tary

S$"rry is #&nerte( int&

A((iti&n & 2 t& 3< & C$iner is 'r&"n( in ba$$

Cement si$&s

Pa#in' p$ant


15/32

t*ereater t*e man"a#t"rin' press is simi$ar t& t*e et press a$t*&"'* a

m"#* s*&rter $en't* & i$n is "se(4 !ry an( semi+(ry presses are m&re

ener&( e,,icien!t*an t*e et press4

Prpr!inin& , Ra+ Ma!erial"

0n &r(er t& i5 t*e pr&p&rti&ns a##"rate$y, #*emi#a$ ana$ysis s*&"$( be ma(e &n

t*e ra materia$s4 T*e res"$ts are "s"a$$y repr!ein terms & t*e .ie"& t*e

principal cn"!i!*en! ele%en!"/

T*e ra materia$s "se( &r t*e man"a#t"re & #ement #&nsist main$y & li%e,

"ilica, al*%ina an( irn .ie4 T*ese &5i(es intera#t it* &ne an&t*er in t*ei$n t& &rm m&re #&mp$e5 #&mp&"n(s4 T*e re$atie prpr!in" & t*ese .ie

c%p"i!in"are resp&nsib$e &r in$"en#in' t*e ari&"s pr&perties & #ementH

in a((iti&n t& ra!e , clin& an ,inene"" , &rinin&/

Appr&5imate O5i(e C&mp&siti&n Limits & Ra >ateria$s4

O7i,e Content (8t! 9*

Lime CaO) -: + -6Si$i#a SiO2) 16 + 2

A$"mina A$2O3) 3 + 8

0r&n O5i(e e2O3) :4 + -4:

>a'nesia >'O) :4 %4:

S"$p*"r tri&5i(e SO3) 1 + 3

A$a$is + S&(a Na2O) + P&tas* K2O) :43 + 142

Titani"m O5i(e TiO2) :41 + :4%

P*&sp*&r&"s Pent+&5i(eP2O)

:41 + :42

Carb&n (i&5i(e CO2) 1 + 3

>an'anese O5i(e >n2O3) : + :41

1


16/32

sic C+rcteristics

C+emicl Com4osition

Genera$$y &"r prin#ipa$ #&mp&"n(s are #&nsi(ere( t& be imp&rtant4

Nme o1 com4oun,s C+emicl Com4osition Usul 33re2ition

Tri#a$#i"m si$i#ate 3CaO4SiO2 C3S

!i#a$#i"m si$i#ate 2CaO4SiO2 C2S

Tri#a$#i"m a$"minate 3CaO4A$ 2O3 C3A

Tetra#a$#i"m

a$"min&errite

%CaO4A$2O34e2O3 C%A

0t is m&re "s"a$ t& #a$#"$ate t*e pr&p&rti&ns & t*ese #&mp&"n(s r&m t*e

pr&p&rti&ns & t*eir &5i(e #&nstit"ents "sin' B&'"es met*&(4

C3S M %4:6 CaO) + 64-:SiO2= -462A$2O3= 14%3e2O3= 248SO3)

C2S M 2486SiO2 + :46%C3S

C3A M 24-A$2O3 + 14-9e2O3

C%A M 34:%e2O3

T*e t& si$i#ates, C3S an( C2S t&'et*er &rm 6: t& 8: per #ent & t*e

#&nstit"ents in t*e #ement an( #&ntrib"te m&st t& t*e p*ysi#a$ pr&perties &

#&n#rete4 !"rin' *y(rati&n C0S*y(rates rapi($y, 'eneratin' a #&nsi(erab$e

am&"nt & *eat an( main' a si'nii#ant #&ntrib"ti&n t& t*e (ee$&pment & t*e

earl( "!ren&!h #ini!ial "e!!in&), parti#"$ar$y ("rin' t*e irst 12 a("4 C3S

*y(rates s$&$y an( is main$y resp&nsib$e &r t*e (ee$&pment in stren't* ater

ab&"t 7 a("4 Cements ri#* in C2S res"$t a greater resistance to chemical attack

an( a sma$$er r(in& "hrin-a&e4

T*e *y(rati&n & C0A is e5treme$y e.!her%ican( taes p$a#e ery ;"i#$y,

pr&("#in' $itt$e in#rease in stren't* ater ab&"t 32 h*r"4 0t is t*e lea"! "!a4le

an( #&n#rete & a #ement ri#* in C3A are "*"cep!i4le ! "*lpha!e a!!ac-4

1-


17/32

S"$p*ate #&mbines it* C3A t& pr&("#e an e5pan(in' #&mp&"n( *i#* #&"$(

res"$t in (isinte'rati&n & t*e #&n#rete4

C;AF rea#ts s$&$y4 0ts main p"rp&se in P&rt$an( #ement is t& re("#e t*e

temperat"re re;"ire( ("rin' b"rnin' in t*e i$n4

*i$e t*ere #an be & $ar'e (ieren#es in t*e ear$y stren't* & #&n#retes ma(e

it* (ierent P&rt$an( #ements, t*eir ina$ stren't*s i$$ 'enera$$y be ery

m"#* t*e same4

FinenessT*e 'reater t*e s"ra#e area & a 'ien &$"me & #ement t*e 'reater t*e

*y(rati&n4 T*ere&re ine #ement i$$ (ee$&p stren't* an( 'enerate *eat m&re

;"i#$y t*an #&arse #ement4

ine #ements, in 'enera$, impr&e t*e #&*esieness & res* #&n#rete an( #an be

ee#tie in re("#in' t*e ris & b$ee(in', b"t t*ey in#rease t*e ten(en#y &r

s*rina'e #ra#in'4

>eas"re( ineness is an &era$$ a$"e n&n as "peci,ic "*r,ace an( is

e5presse( in s;"are metres per i$&'ram m2/')4

/5,rtion

Parti#$es & #ement tae "p ater, &rmin' a 'e$, *i#* #ements t*e in(ii("a$

parti#$es t&'et*er4 T*is #*emi#a$ press is #a$$e( h(ra!in4 0t #&ntin"es &r

m&nt*s &r years as $&n' as ater is present4 T*e t&ta$ am&"nt & ater re;"ire(

t& #&mp$ete t*e *y(rati&n & t*e #ement is ab&"t 2< & t*e mass & t*e #ement4

T*e rate & *y(rati&n (epen(s &n t*e re$atie pr&p&rti&n & si$i#ate an(

a$"minate #&mp&"n(s, t*e ce%en! ,inene"" an( t*e a%4ien! cni!in"

parti#"$ar$y temperat"re an( m&ist"re)4

Time taen t& a#*iee 8: per #ent *y(rati&n & t*e main #&mp&"n(s & P&rt$an(

#ement4

16


18/32

C*emi#a$ #&mp&"n( Time, (ays eat & *y(rati&n

Ca$/' /'

C3S 1: 12: :2

C2S 1:: -2 21

C3A - 2:6 836C%A : 1:: %19

0t is t*e rate at *i#* *eat is 'enerate( an( n&t t*e t&ta$ $iberate( *eat, *i#*

in pra#ti#e ae#ts t*e rise in temperat"re4 As #&n#rete is a p&&r #&n("#t&r &

*eat 'enerate( ("rin' *y(rati&n #an (ee$&p mi#r&+#ra# &n t*e bin(in'

me(i"m ae#ts t*e ("rabi$ity & #&n#rete)4

T*e pr&'ress & *y(rati&n in #ement #an be (etermine( by (ierent means, s"#*

as meas"rement &7

1. T*e am&"nt & CaO)2in t*e paste

2. T*e *eat e&$e( by *y(rati&n

3. T*e spe#ii# 'raity & t*e paste

4. T*e am&"nt & #*emi#a$$y #&mbine( ater

5. T*e am&"nt & "n*y(rate( #ement paste

6. A$s& in(ire#t$y r&m t*e stren't* & t*e *y(rate( paste

T*e ina$ pr&("#t & *y(rati&n may appr&5imate$y be ritten as &$$&s7

2C3S = - C3S23= 3CaO)2

2C2S = % C3S23 = CaO)2

T*e initia$ *y(rati&n in&$es ery *i'* *eat & *y(rati&n *i#* ("e t& C3A at

t*e s"ra#e & #ement parti#$es4 T*e ("rati&n & t*is *i'* *eat & *y(rati&n is

ery s*&rt, an( t*ere &$$&s a s&+#a$$e( r%an! peri, s&metimes #a$$e(

a$s& an in*c!in peri, ("rin' *i#* t*e rate is ery *i'*4 T*is peri&( $asts

&ne &r t& *&"rs ("rin' *i#* t*e #ement paste is +r-a4le4

18


19/32

Settin" n, /r,enin"

T*e #ement paste be'ins t& $&se its $"i(ity *en t*e $ayers & 'e$, &rme(

ar&"n( ea#* & t*e #ement parti#$es ("rin' *y(rati&n, 'r& t& t*e e5tent t*at

t*ey #&me int& #&nta#t it* ea#* &t*er4

T*e be'innin' & n&ti#eab$e stienin' in t*e #ement paste is n&n as t*e initial

set.

T*e sta'e at *i#* in#rement in t*e &$"me & 'e$ is #&mp$ete( &$$&e( by

#&mmen#ement & ina$ *ar(enin' press resp&nsib$e &r #ement stren't* is

n&n as final set4 T*e times r&m t*e a((iti&n & t*e ater t& t*e initia$ an(

ina$ set are n&n as t*e setting times4 5ica!apparat"s meas"res t*e settin'times & t*e #ement by "sin' (ierent penetrati&n atta#*ments4

&r t*e (eterminati&n & t*e initia$ set, a r&"n( nee($e it* a (iameter &

1413:4: mm is "se(4 T*is nee($e, a#tin' "n(er a pres#ribe( ei'*t, is "se( t&

penetrate a paste & stan(ar( #&nsisten#y p$a#e( in a spe#ia$ m&"$(4

ina$ set is (etermine( by simi$ar nee($e itte( it* a meta$ atta#*ment

*&$$&e( &"t s& as t& $eae a #ir#"$ar #"ttin' a'e mm in (iameter an( set :4

mm be*in( t*e tip & t*e nee($e4 ina$ set is sai( t& *ae taen p$a#e *en t*e

nee($e, 'ent$y $&ere( t& t*e s"ra#e & t*e paste, penetrates it t& a (ept* & :4

mm b"t t*e #ir#"$ar #"ttin' a'e ai$s t& mae an impressi&n &n t*e s"ra#e &

t*e paste4

Stienin' & #ement it*in a e min"tes ater mi5in' ("e t& ins"i#ient

'yps"m t& #&ntr&$ rapi( rea#ti&n & C3A it* ater is n&n as t*e flash set4

A false seta$s& pr&("#es a rapi( stienin' & t*e paste t*at #an re'ain its

p$asti#ity by re+mi5in'4 Fal"e "e!is t*&"'*t t& be t*e res"$t & inter+'rin(in'

'yps"m it* a ery *&t #$iner in t*e ina$ sta'es & t*e man"a#t"re & #ement4

Stren"t+

19


20/32

T*e #ement paste a$&ne is n&t "se( &r t*e stren't* test be#a"se & t*e

"na##eptab$y $ar'e ariati&n & stren't* t*"s &btaine(4 Stan(ar( a''re'ates are

"se( &r main' pres#ribe( m&rtar &r #&n#rete test mi5es4

Soun,ness

0t is essentia$ t*at #ement paste, &n#e it *as set, (&es n&t "n(er'& a $ar'e

#*an'e in &$"me4 E5#essie #*an'e in &$"me & #ement is n&n as

unsoundness. E.pan"in& *y(rate( #ement paste may tae p$a#e ("e t& t*e

(e$aye( &r s$& *y(rati&n, &r &t*er rea#ti&n, & s&me #&mp&"n(s present in t*e*ar(ene( #ement, name$y ,ree li%e, %a&ne"iaan( calci*%"*lpha!e4

L"" n i&ni!in

T*e $&ss & i'niti&n s*&s t*e e5tent & #arb&nati&n an( *y(rati&n & ree $ime

an( ree ma'nesia ("e t& t*e e5p&s"re & #ement t& t*e atm&sp*ere4 T*e

ma5im"m $&ss &n i'niti&n at 1:::&C) permitte( by AST> is 0 6 26 i"

accep!a4le ,r ce%en!" in !rpic")4 Be#a"se *y(rate( ree $ime is inn"&"s,

&r a 'ien ree $ime #&ntent & #ement, a 'reater $&ss &n i'niti&n is

a(anta'e&"s4

T54es Cement (ASTM Clssi1iction*

aryin' t*e prin#ipa$ #&mp&"n(s, *i#* #an be a(D"ste( in ra materia$

#&mp&siti&n & &5i(es, #an (ee$&p #ements *ain' spe#ii# pr&perties4 Sma$$

#*an'e in &5i(e #&mp&siti&n in("#es $ar'e in$"en#e &n #&mp&"n( #&mp&siti&n

& #ement4 A##&r(in'$y, t*e &$$&in' maD&r types & #&mmer#ia$ #ements #an

be pr&("#e(7

T54e I (Or,inr5 Portln, Cement*

2:


21/32

&r "se in 'enera$ #&n#rete #&nstr"#ti&n, *ere t*e spe#ia$ pr&perties spe#iie(

&r Types 00, 000, 0 F are n&t re;"ire(4

T54e II (Mo,i1ie, cement*

&r "se in 'enera$ #&n#rete #&nstr"#ti&n e5p&se( t& m&(erate s"$p*ate a#ti&n,

&r *ere m&(erate *eat & *y(rati&n is re;"ire(4

T54e III (R4i, /r,enin" cement*

!ee$&ps stren't* rapi($y 3 (ays stren't* M 6 (ays stren't* & &r(inary

P&rt$an( #ement)4 T*e rapi( rate & (ee$&pment & stren't* is attrib"te( t& t*e

*i'*er ineness & 'rin(in' spe#ii# s"ra#e n&t $ess t*an 038 "9/ c% per

&ra%) an( *i'*er C0San( $&er C3S#&ntent4

T*e "se & rapi( *ar(enin' #ement is re#&mmen(e( in t*e &$$&in' sit"ati&ns7

1. 0n pre+abri#ate( #&n#rete #&nstr"#ti&n4

2. *ere &rm&r is re;"ire( t& be rem&e( ear$y &r re+"se e$se*ere4

3. R&a( repair &rs4

4. 0n #&$( eat*er #&n#rete, *ere t*e rapi( rate & (ee$&pment & stren't*

re("#es t*e "$nerabi$ity & #&n#rete t& t*e r&st (ama'e4

21


22/32

T54e IV (Lo6 /et cement*

&r "se *en $& *eat & *y(rati&n is re;"ire(4 Re("#in' t*e #&ntents & C3S

an( C3A, an( in#reasin' C2S a#*iee a $&+*eat e&$"ti&n4 .se( in mass

#&n#rete &rs, s"#* as (am, *ere #ra#s #an be &rme( ("e t& t*e rapi( rate

& *y(rati&n4

T54e V (Sul4+te Resistin" cement*

&r "se *en *i'* s"$p*ate resistan#e is re;"ire(4 0t *as a *i'*er #&ntent &

C2S an( a $&er #&ntent & C3A4

T*e "se is re#&mmen(e( "n(er t*e &$$&in' #&n(iti&ns4

1. C&n#rete t& be "se( in marine str"#t"re nearby sea ater) #&n(iti&n42. C&n#rete t& be "se( in &"n(ati&n an( basement, *ere s&i$ is ineste(

it* s"$p*ates4

3. C&n#rete "se( &r abri#ati&n & pipes, *i#* are $ie$y t& be b"rie( in

mars*y re'i&n &r s"$p*ate bearin' s&i$s4

4. C&n#rete t& be "se( in t*e #&nstr"#ti&n & sea'e treatment &rs4

T(pe IP #Pr!lan P::lana ce%en!)

A p::lanais essentia$$y a si$i#e&"s materia$, *i#*, *i$e in itse$ p&ssessin'

n& &r $itt$e #ementiti&"s pr&perties, i$$ in ine$y (ii(e( an( in t*e presen#e &

ater, rea#t it* #a$#i"m *y(r&5i(e at &r(inary temperat"re t& &rm #&mp&"n(s

p&ssessin' #ementiti&"s pr&perties4

0t may in#$"(e s"#* nat"ra$ materia$s as (iat&ma#e&"s eart*, &pa$ine #*erts

an( s*a$es, t"s, &$#ani# as*es an( p"mi#ites4

0t pr&("#es $ess *eat & *y(rati&n an( &ers 'reater resistan#e t& t*e atta# &

a''ressie aters t*an &r(inary P&rt$an( #ement4 >&re&er, it re("#es t*e

$ea#*in' & #a$#i"m *y(r&5i(e *en "se( in *y(ra"$i# str"#t"res4

T54icl Com4oun, Com4osition n, Fineness o1 Portln, Cements!

Type & #ement !esi'nati&nAST>

C&mp&"n( #&mp4< inenessJ,#m2/'

C3S C2S C3A C%A

Or(inary Type 0 : 2% 11 8 18::

22


23/32

>&(iie( Type 00 %2 33 13 18::

Rapi( ar(enin' Type 000 -: 13 9 8 2-::

L& eat Type 0 2- : 12 19::

S"$p*ate

Resistin'

Type %: %: % 9 19::

J ineness as (etermine( by a'ner t"rbi(imeter test4

CONCRETE

Com4osition o1 Concrete

C&n#rete is #&mp&se( main$y & t*ree materia$s, name$y, #ement, ater an(a''re'ate inertQ minera$ i$$ers), an( an a((iti&na$ materia$, n&n as ana(mi5t"re, is s&metimes a((e( t& m&(iy #ertain & its pr&perties4

*en t*ese materia$s are mi5e( an( p$a#e( in &rms an( a$$&e( t& #"re, t*e#*emi#a$ rea#ti&n beteen t*e ater an( #ement &rms a *ar(ene( bin(in'me(i"m & #ement paste, *i#* s"rr&"n(s an( *&$(s t&'et*er t*e a''re'ates bya(*erin' t*em t& a aryin' (e'ree4

T*e pr&perties & #&n#rete may be '&erne( by #are"$ se$e#ti&n (esi'n) an(#&ntr&$ & t*e #&nstit"ent materia$s4 T*e re;"irements &r a res* an( a*ar(ene( #&n#rete may ary in i(e ran'e, (epen(ent &n t*e type & str"#t"ret& be #ast an( t*e aai$ab$e e;"ipment4 &r pra#ti#a$ #&n#rete mi5es, t*e#ement, ater an( a''re'ates s*&"$( be s& pr&p&rti&ne( t*at t*e res"$tin'#&n#rete *as t*e &$$&in' pr&perties7

1. *en res*$y mi5e( it is &rab$e en&"'* &r e#&n&mi#a$ an(easy "ni&rm p$a#ement, b"t n&t e5#essie$y $"i(4

2. *en *ar(ene( it p&ssesses stren't* an( ("rabi$ity a(e;"ate t&

t*e p"rp&se &r *i#* it is inten(e(43. 0t in&$es minim"m #&st #&nsistent it* a##eptab$e ;"a$ity4

O0!S 1 + 2 per #ent

CE>ENT PASTE #ement = ater) 2 + %: per #ent

AGGREGATES C&"rse = ine) -: + 6 per #ent4

C&n#rete #&mp&siti&n

Concrete M0in" Mterils

8ter

23


24/32

ater it &r (rinin' is 'enera$$y s"itab$e &r main' #&n#rete4arm"$ s"bstan#es i present in $ar'e am&"nts are7 sa$t, &i$, in("stria$ astes,a$a$is, s"$p*ates, &r'ani# matter, si$t, sea'e et#4 Sme$$, si'*t &r taste s*&"$(

reea$ s"#* imp"rities4 ater & (&"bt"$ ;"a$ity s*&"$( be s"bmitte( &r$ab&rat&ry ana$ysis an( tests4

ater "se( in #&n#rete mi5es *as t& "n#ti&ns, t*e irst is t& rea#t #*emi#a$$yit* t*e #ement, *i#* i$$ ina$$y set an( *ar(en, an( t*e se#&n( "n#ti&n is t&$"bri#ate a$$ &t*er materia$s an( mae t*e #&n#rete &rab$e4

T*e t&ta$ am&"nt & ater re;"ire( per "nit &$"me & res* #&n#rete (epen(s&n t*e &$$&in' a#t&rs4

1. T*e (esire( #&nsisten#y & t*e #&n#rete, *i#* may be e5presse(, as i$$ beseen by t*e s$"mp &r ba$$ penetrati&n test4

2. T*e ma5im"m sie, parti#$e s*ape an( 'ra(in' & t*e a''re'ate43. ater re("#in' &r air entrainin' a(mi5t"res4

T*e "se & seaater (&es n&t appear t& *ae any a(erse ee#t &n t*e stren't*an( ("rabi$ity & P&rt$an( #ement #&n#rete b"t it is n&n t& #a"se s"ra#e(ampness, e$&res#en#e an( stainin'4 Seaater a$s& in#reases t*e ris &rr&si&n & stee$ an( its "se in rein&r#e( #&n#rete is n&t re#&mmen(e(4

0n 'enera$, t*e presen#e & imp"rities in t*e #"rin' ater (&esnt *ae any*arm"$ ee#ts, a$t*&"'* it may sp&i$ t*e appearan#e & #&n#rete4

8ter-Cement Rtio

0t is t*e re$ati&ns*ip beteen t*e t&ta$ ree ater an( t*e #ement4 &r a 'ientype & #ement an( a''re'ate, t*e stren't* an( p&r&sity & t*e paste+str"#t"reare (epen(ent a$m&st entire$y "p&n t*e ater+#ement rati&4

&r a 'ien #&nsisten#y, t*e $&er t*e ater #ement rati& in t*e res* #&n#rete,

t*e $ess &i(s an( m&re stren't*, $ess (ryin' s*rina'e an( m&re ("rabi$ity,meanin' a$$ in a$$ a better res"$tin' #&n#rete4

A""re"te

T*&"'* t*e term inert minera$ i$$ers is &ten "se( t& (es#ribe a''re'ates, t*eyare n&t tr"$y inert4 T*eir p*ysi#a$, t*erma$ an( at times #*emi#a$ pr&pertiesin$"en#e t*&se & t*e #&n#rete4 0n #*&&sin' a''re'ate &r "se in a parti#"$ar#&n#rete attenti&n s*&"$( be 'ien, am&n' &t*er t*in's, t& t*ree imp&rtantre;"irements7

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1. &rabi$ity *en res* &r *i#* t*e sie an( 'ra(ati&n & t*e a''re'ates*&"$( be s"#* t*at "n("e $ab&"r in mi5in' an( p$a#in' i$$ n&t be re;"ire(4

2. Stren't* an( ("rabi$ity *en *ar(ene( + &r *i#* t*e a''re'ate s*&"$(7

(a) Be str&n'er t*an t*e re;"ire( #&n#rete stren't*(b) C&ntain n& imp"rities, *i#* a(erse$y ae#t stren't* an(("rabi$ity4

(c)N&t "n(er'& int& "n(esirab$e rea#ti&n it* t*e #ement4(d) Be resistant t& eat*erin' a#ti&n4

3. E#&n&my & t*e mi5t"re + meanin' t& say t*at t*e a''re'ate s*&"$( be7(a) Aai$ab$e r&m $a$ an( easi$y a##essib$e (ep&sit &r ;"arry4(b) e$$ 'ra(e( in &r(er t& minimise paste, *en#e #ement re;"irement4

Cla""i,ica!in , A&&re&a!e"

A''re'ates are 'enera$$y #$assiie( base( &n t*eir s&"r#e, t*eir #*emi#a$#&mp&siti&n, t*eir ei'*t, t*eir sie &r t*e m&(e & preparati&n4

Ba"e n "*rce

(i) Nat"ra$ a''re'ates7 &btaine( r&m rier be(s san(, 'rae$) &r t*e ;"arries#ras*e( r)

(ii)Artii#ia$ a''re'ates7 'enera$$y &btaine( r&m in("stria$ astes s"#* as t*e

b$ast "rna#e s$a'4

Ba"e n che%ical c%p"i!in

(i) Ar"illceous7 #&mp&se( primari$y & a$"mini"m A$2O3), t*e #*ie#&mp&nent & #$ay4

(ii)Siliceous7 #&mp&se( primari$y & si$i#&n (i&5i(e SiO2), t*e prin#ipa$in're(ient & ;"art san(4

iii) Clcreous7 #&mp&se( primari$y & #a$#i"m #arb&nate &r $ime CaCO3)4

Ba"e n +ei&h!

(i) /e25 6ei"+t ""re"tes7 in#$"(es *ematite, barite, $im&nite, ma'netite,an( ir&n an( stee$+p"n#*in' ei'*t r&m 28:: t& -%::K'/m 3) #&n#rete is"se( &r ra(iati&n s*ie$(in'4

(ii)Norml 6ei"+t ""re"tes7 in#$"(es san(, 'rae$, #r"s*e( st&ne, an( air#&&$e( b$ast "rna#e ei'*t r&m

21-: t& 2-: K'/m3)(iii) Li"+t6ei"+t ""re"tes4 ei'*t r&m 13-: '/m3 t& 18%:K'/m3) &r

str"#t"ra$ #&n#rete, e5pan(e( #$ay, s*a$e, s$ate, an( s$a' are "se( *ereas

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E5amp$e & siee ana$ysis & ine a''re'ate

Siee sie ei'*t

retaine( 'r)

< retaine( C"m"$atie >

4>>3=

E5amp$e & siee ana$ysis & #&arse a''re'ate 19 + mm)

Siee sie ei'*t

retaine( 'r)

< Retaine( C"m"$atie >

T*e abs&rpti&n #apa#ity is a meas"re & t*e p&r&sity & an a''re'ate4

>ateria$ Abs&rpti&n Capa#ity, &ist"re a((e(, t e(i"m san(C + C&arse san(

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Construction Materials Notes